Name: system for efficacy and cytotoxicity screening of inhibitors targeting intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis
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This work was supported by BC Lung Association and Mitacs.

1. बैक्टीरियल तनाव और विकास का माध्यम <ol><li> गोजातीय सीरम albumin 25 ग्राम, डेक्सट्रोज की 10.0 ग्राम, और विआयनीकृत जल की 460 एमएल में सोडियम क्लोराइड की 4.05 ग्राम solubilizing द्वारा एल्बुमिन डेक्सट्रोज और नमक शेयर समाधान (एडी...

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इस अध्ययन का लक्ष्य एम तपेदिक के लिए एक मानव intracellular संक्रमण मॉडल का उपयोग कर एक सरल और लागत प्रभावी एचटीएस विधि बनाने के लिए किया गया था। क्षय रोग एक मानव रोग एम तपेदिक से वायुकोशीय मैक्रोफेज के सं?...

माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग, तपेदिक (टीबी) की प्रेरणा का एजेंट, रुग्णता और मृत्यु दर दुनिया भर के एक प्रमुख कारण है। नशीली दवाओं के प्रति संवेदनशील टीबी एक इलाज बीमारी है जो 6 महीने की अवधि के लिए एक से अधिक एंटीबायोटिक दवाओं की आवश्यकता है। एक इलाज बीमारी होने के बावजूद, टीबी मृत्यु दर 2015 1 में 15 लाख होने का अनुमान था। पिछले 10 वर्षों में, वहाँ दवा प्रतिरोधी तपेदिक एम के प्रसार पर चिंता बढ़ रही है। बहुत दबा प्रतिरोधी टीबी (एमडीआर-टीबी) टीबी कि कम से कम आइसोनियाज़िड (INH) और रिफैम्पिसिन (आरएमपी), और सबसे एमडीआर-टीबी उपभेदों भी दूसरी पंक्ति टीबी दवाओं का चयन करने के प्रतिरोधी रहे हैं, इस प्रकार उपचार के विकल्प सीमित के लिए प्रतिरोधी है के रूप में परिभाषित किया गया है । दवा प्रतिरोध के प्रभाव ह्यूमन इम्यूनो वायरस (एचआईवी) के साथ मिलकर संक्रमित रोगियों के इलाज के लिए एक अधिक से अधिक चुनौती बनाएँ; 400,000 रोगियों दुनिया भर में 2015 1 में एचआईवी जुड़े टीबी की मृत्यु हो गई। निराश, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के खाद्य एवं औषधि Administराशन पिछले 40 वर्षों 2 में एमडीआर-टीबी, bedaquiline के खिलाफ केवल एक नए टीबी दवा को मंजूरी दी है,। बेहतर और कम टीबी उपचारों की खोज के क्षेत्र में अग्रिम तत्काल आदेश टीबी और एमडीआर-टीबी के खिलाफ लड़ाई में आगे रहने के लिए में की जरूरत है। परंपरागत रूप से, टीबी दवा स्क्रीन विकास माध्यम में इन विट्रो विकास की स्थिति, जिससे यौगिकों बढ़ती संस्कृति से जुड़ जाते हैं और सूक्ष्मजीवों उन्मूलन में उनकी प्रभावशीलता ठोस माध्यम पर कॉलोनी के गठन इकाइयों (CFU) की गणना के द्वारा निर्धारित कर रहे हैं के तहत प्रदर्शन कर रहे हैं। CFU मायने रखता है श्रम गहन काफ़ी समय है, और महंगी हैं के रूप में, विभिन्न अप्रत्यक्ष तरीकों से इस समस्या को कम करने के लिए विकसित किया गया है। इस तरह के तरीके Alamar ब्लू व्यवहार्यता परख 3, हरी फ्लोरोसेंट प्रोटीन (GFP) या luciferase व्यक्त बैक्टीरिया से चमक 5 से प्रतिदीप्ति 4 के निर्धारण, और कुल एडेनोसाइन ट्रायफ़ोस्फेट के आकलन (ए में शामिलटीपी) 6, 7। ठेठ टीबी फेफड़े, जहां बैक्टीरिया रहते हैं और वायुकोशीय मैक्रोफेज 8 की phagosomes अंदर दोहराने के एम तपेदिक संक्रमण की विशेषता है। सरल में शोरबा प्ररूपी स्क्रीन बाह्य रोगाणुओं के अनुरूप कर सकते हैं; हालांकि, ऐतिहासिक परिप्रेक्ष्य में, मारा एम तपेदिक के खिलाफ यौगिकों इस पद्धति का उपयोग पहचान अक्सर संक्रमण मॉडल में नीचे की ओर सत्यापन चरणों के दौरान अपेक्षाओं पर खरा उतरने में विफल रहते हैं। हमारा प्रस्ताव है कि टीबी दवा सबसे अच्छा एक intracellular मेजबान सेल संक्रमण मॉडल में किया जाता है। फिर भी, intracellular मॉडल उच्च throughput स्क्रीनिंग (HTS) विकास के लिए कई तकनीकी और जैविक बाधाओं पास है। एक बड़ा बाधा संक्रमण प्रक्रिया की जटिलता, कई कदम और द्वारा बाह्य बैक्टीरिया की विस्तृत हटाने धोने के बीच द्वारा उदाहरण है। एक दूसरा बड़ी बाधा लंबा समय फिर से हैquirements, विकास का पता लगाने, सामान्य रूप से CFU संस्कृति प्लेटों पर भरोसा कर के द्वारा किया के रूप में, इस प्रक्रिया को पूर्ण करने के लिए 3 सप्ताह लेता है। CFU मायने रखता है को बदलने के लिए एक समाधान फ्लोरोसेंट बैक्टीरिया के साथ संयोजन में स्वचालित फ्लोरोसेंट माइक्रोस्कोपी द्वारा प्रदान की गई है। हालांकि, इस समाधान के लिए एक प्रारंभिक उपकरण निवेश कई अनुसंधान प्रयोगशालाओं के लिए पहुंच से बाहर है कि आवश्यकता है। एक सरल, कम लागत, और रोग-प्रासंगिक एचटीएस विधि बहुत दवाओं की खोज की प्रक्रिया में वृद्धि होगी। इस अध्ययन में, हम एक नए, मॉड्यूलर एचटीएस प्रणाली है कि एक तेजी से, और उच्च स्केलेबल, अभी तक किफायती, intracellular एम तपेदिक के खिलाफ यौगिकों की गतिविधि का पता लगाते उपयुक्त परख प्रदान करने के उद्देश्य से है रिपोर्ट। (I) intracellular, (ii) cytotoxicity, और (iii) में शोरबा assays: यह प्रणाली तीन मॉड्यूल से बना है। संयुक्त अंतिम परिणाम कार्रवाई के संभावित मोड के रूप में अतिरिक्त जानकारी के साथ, यौगिक संपत्तियों की एक व्यापक विवरण प्रदान करता है। यह अनुसूचित जातिreening प्रणाली दवा तालमेल 9 के विश्लेषण सहित विभिन्न यौगिक पुस्तकालयों कि कार्रवाई की विधा लक्षित करते हैं, के साथ कई परियोजनाओं में इस्तेमाल किया गया है, भोजी 10 की उत्तेजना, और एम तपेदिक के निषेध -secreted डाह कारक (अप्रकाशित)। कार्रवाई की अज्ञात मोड के यौगिकों भी 11 अध्ययन किया गया है। इस विधि का एक संशोधित संस्करण भी intracellular एम तपेदिक 11 के खिलाफ नए यौगिकों की पहचान करने के लिए प्राथमिक जांच पद्धति के रूप में हमारे औद्योगिक साथी द्वारा अपनाया गया था।

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R5886</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G7513</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12483020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Middlebrook 7H9</td>
			<td>Becton, Dickinson and Company</td>
			<td>271210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween80</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>T164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Albumin, Bovine pH7</td>
			<td>Affymetrix</td>
			<td>10857</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextrose</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP350</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP358</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>kanamycin sulfate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP906</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMA</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P8139</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MTT</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M2128</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>D131</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1M Hydrocholoric acid (HCl)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>351279212</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>351269</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SDS</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resazurin</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B21187</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D5879</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP229</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>THP-1</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>TIB-202</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>M. tuberculosis H37Rv</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well flat bottom white plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3917</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>95-well flat bottom clear plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3595</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transparent plate sealer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AB-0580</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Biomate 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microplate spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>Biotek</td>
			<td>Epoch</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>luminometer</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td>Tropix TR717</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

system for efficacy and cytotoxicity screening of inhibitors targeting intracellular mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread of multi drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), there is a real urgency to develop new therapeutic strategies against M. tuberculosis infections. Traditionally, compounds are evaluated based on their antibacterial activity under in vitro growth conditions in broth; however, results are often misleading for intracellular pathogens like M. tuberculosis since in-broth phenotypic screening conditions are significantly different from the actual disease conditions within the human body. Screening for inhibitors that work inside macrophages has been traditionally difficult due to the complexity, variability in infection, and slow replication rate of M. tuberculosis. In this study, we report a new approach to rapidly assess the effectiveness of compounds on the viability of M. tuberculosis in a macrophage infection model. Using a combination of a cytotoxicity assay and an in-broth M. tuberculosis viability assay, we were able to create a screening system that generates a comprehensive analysis of compounds of interest. This system is capable of producing quantitative data at a low cost that is within reach of most labs and yet is highly scalable to fit large industrial settings.

उच्च throughput intracellular स्क्रीनिंग एम तपेदिक luciferase जीन व्यक्त का उपयोग कर चित्रा 2A और तालिका 1 luminometer द्वारा एकत्र कच्चे डेटा,, रिश्तेदार luminescent इकाइयों (RLU) में व्यक्त ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis at JoVE.com

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

हम, माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग के खिलाफ उपन्यास यौगिकों की खोज intracellular लक्षित करने के लिए और इन-शोरबा बैक्टीरिया के साथ-साथ cytotoxicity बढ़ रही स्तनधारी मेजबान सेल के खिलाफ एक मॉड्यूलर उच्च throughput स्क्रीनिंग प्रणाली विकसित की है।

इंट्रासेलुलर लक्ष्य निर्धारण इनहिबिटर्स की प्रभावकारिता और cytotoxicity स्क्रीनिंग के लिए सिस्टम<em&gt; माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग</em

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. With the increased spread ...

The overall goal of this protocol is to provide multidimensional assessment of how compounds affect M.tuberculosis survival inside human macrophages. This method is centered on a Luciferase-based efficacy assay. When combined with cytotoxicity an MIC assay can provide useful information into modification of HIT compounds in TB drug development.The main advantage of our method is that it is time and labor saving. It is replacing a CFU colony forming unit assay with a Luciferase based assay. Generally individuals new to this technique will struggle with consistency with manual pipetting instead of automation.A consistent pipetting technique is crucial. Grow THP1 cells in RPMI in complete medium. While maintaining a cell density of 0.2 to one million cells per milliliter of medium between passages.Use a spectrophotometer to measure the OD600 of an actively growing bacterial suspension. Then calculate the bacterial density using the conversion factor of 0.1 OD600 equals three times 10 to the seventh bacteria per milliliter. Pipette out sufficient bacteria for an MOI of 10 to one into a new centrifuge tube.Then pellet the bacteria at 3, 000 times G for 10 minutes. To opsonize the bacteria, add 50 microliters of human serum to 450 microliters of RPMI 1640 and use it to resuspend the bacterial pellet at a density of one times 10 to the eighth bacteria per 500 microliters of medium. Allow the mixture to incubate at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes.Next, using a hemocytometer and an inverted microscope, determine the THP1 cell culture density. Then, in sterile centrifuge tubes, pellet the cells at 100 times G in 37 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Aspirate the supernatant and resuspend the cells in RPMI in complete medium at a density of one million cells per milliliter.Add PMA to a final concentration of 40 nanograms per milliliter. This is differentiation mix. Combined opsonized M.tuberculosis with THP1 differentiation mix at an MOI of 10 to one.And aliquot the final mix at 100 microliters per well in a 96 well white flat bottom plate. Then allow the differentiation and infection to incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified incubator containing 5%carbon dioxide overnight. The following day, use 100 microliters of RPMI to wash the wells twice.Then add compounds diluted to the desired concentrations and RPMI in complete medium. Incubate the plates for three days. When using multichannel pipettes, remember to practice slow and steady plunger action and always land the pipette tips in the same spot inside each well to minimize disturbance to the THP1 cells.Following the incubation, aspirate the medium from the wells and add 50 microliters of luciferase assay reagent to each well. Then use transparent adhesive plate sealers to seal the plates. Incubate the plates at 22 degrees Celsius for five minutes, then use a luminometer to obtain a readout at one second per well.To differentiate THP1 cells, after preparing differentiation mix as demonstrated earlier in this video, dispense 100 microliters of the differentiation mix into each well of a clear, 96 well plate of cells. Incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified incubator with 5%carbon dioxide overnight. The following day, aspirate the medium from the wells and use RPMI 1640 to wash them twice.Add 100 microliters of compounds diluted in RPMI incomplete to the wells. Then, incubate the cells for three days. Dissolve 0.5 grams of MTT in 100 milliliters of PBS to make a stock solution of five milligrams per milliliter.Then filter sterilize the solution. Two and a half hours before the end of the three day incubation period, add 25 microliters of MTT solution to each well of cells and complete the incubation period. Prepare 50%NN dimethylformamide or DMF by mixing 250 milliliters of DMF with 250 milliliters of deionized water.Prepare MTT extraction buffer as follows. Lay 100 grams of SDS in a 500 milliliter bottle and add 300 milliliters of 50%DMF. Apply low heat to allow the SDS to dissolve.Add 10 milliliters of pure acetic acid and 12.5 milliliters of one molar hydrochloric acid. Then, use 50%DMF to fill up the bottle to the 500 milliliter mark. At the end of the treatment period, add 100 microliters of extraction buffer to each well.Incubate the mixture at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified incubator containing 5%carbon dioxide overnight. The following day, read the absorbance at 570 nanometers. To carry out a resazurin assay, grow M.tuberculosis in 7H9 ADST to midlock phase.Dilute the culture with 7H9 ADST to an OD600 of 0.01. Use 7H9 ADST to dilute the compounds to two times the testing concentrations. And aliquot 100 microliters of each diluted compound into each well of a clear 96 well plate.Transfer 100 microliters of the diluted bacterial suspension into each well. Incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius in a humidified incubator for five days. Dissolve 10 milligrams of resazurin in 100 milliliters of deionized water.And filter sterilize the solution. Add 30 microliters of resazurin solution to the wells. Then incubate the cells for 48 hours.Bacterial growth is indicated by a color conversion from blue to pink. Carry out quantitative analysis according to the text protocol. This scatterplot shows the raw luminescence data measured in relative luminescence units for the treatment of various concentrations of rifampicin on M.tuberculosis and THP1 cells.In this plot, the percent reduction and luminescence in treated wells compared to untreated wells is shown. Rifampicin is capable of reducing 99.9%of the relative light units, or RLUs from intracellular M.tuberculosis at a concentration of 0.1 micrograms per milliliter. Similar to previously published results determined from CFU.In this figure, the cytotoxicity caused by increasing concentrations of G1-1H used in the MTT assay is illustrated. Concentrations of 10 and three micromolar are clearly below the IC 50 cutoff. This figure shows the effects of various concentrations of the antibiotic apramycin on resazurin conversion by M.tuberculosis.The in-broth MIC90 was between 2.5 and five micrograms per milliliter. This is slightly higher than the previously published value of 1.5 micrograms per milliliter. But it is still well within the acceptable range.As demonstrated here, evaporation becomes significant for all experiments with prolonged incubation times. So care must be taken to keep incubators well humidified to avoid inconsistencies. Once mastered, this technique can provide reliable intracellular data in as little as four days.While attempting this procedure it is important to remember to be gentle with THP1 cells, and be consistent with pipetting if attempting without automation. Following this procedure, other methods like high content screening can be used to determine if hit compounds are bacteriostatic or bactericidal. After its development, this protocol paved the way for researchers in the field of tuberculosis drug discovery to rapidly assess compound efficacy against MTB inside human macrophages.Don't forget that working with microbacterium tuberculosis is dangerous. Use precautions and proper equipment when handling this microorganism.

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

System for Efficacy and Cytotoxicity Screening of Inhibitors Targeting Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

Sample Preparation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Extracts for Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Metabolomic Studies

नमूने की तैयारी<em&gt; माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग</em&gt; परमाणु चुंबकीय अनुनाद metabolomic अध्ययन के लिए अर्क

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major cause of mortality in human beings on a global scale. The emergence of both multi- (MDR) and extensively-(XDR) ...

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

Growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Biofilms

के विकास माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग Biofilms

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiologic agent of human tuberculosis, has an extraordinary ability to survive against environmental stresses including ...

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

An Experimental Model to Study Tuberculosis-Malaria Coinfection upon Natural Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Plasmodium berghei

प्राकृतिक ट्रांसमिशन पर क्षय रोग मलेरिया coinfection अध्ययन करने के लिए एक प्रयोगात्मक मॉडल माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग और प्लाज्मोडियम berghei</i

Coinfections naturally occur due to the geographic overlap of distinct types of pathogenic organisms. Concurrent infections most likely modulate the ...

High-throughput Screening for Broad-spectrum Chemical Inhibitors of RNA Viruses

आरएनए वायरस के व्यापक स्पेक्ट्रम रासायनिक inhibitors के लिए उच्च throughput प्रदर्शन

RNA viruses are responsible for major human diseases such as flu, bronchitis, dengue, Hepatitis C or measles. They also represent an emerging threat ...

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

Demonstrating a Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amplification Microarray

एक बहु दवा प्रतिरोधी दिखाते<em&gt; माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग</em&gt; प्रवर्धन माइक्रोएरे

Simplifying microarray workflow is a necessary first step for creating MDR-TB microarray-based diagnostics that can be routinely used in lower-resource ...

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors

एचआईवी रिवर्स ट्रांसक्रिपटेस और इंटिग्रेस inhibitors की तेजी से जांच

Although a number of anti HIV drugs have been approved, there are still problems with toxicity and drug resistance. This demonstrates a need to identify ...

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

A 3D Human Lung Tissue Model for Functional Studies on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection

पर कार्यात्मक अध्ययन के लिए एक 3 डी मानव फेफड़े के ऊतकों मॉडल<em&gt; माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग</em&gt; संक्रमण

Tuberculosis (TB) still holds a major threat to the health of people worldwide, and there is a need for cost-efficient but reliable models to help us ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

एक उच्च throughput संगत परख Macrophage passaged के खिलाफ ड्रग प्रभावकारिता का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए<em&gt; माइकोबैक्टीरियम क्षयरोग</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

Analysis of 18FDG PET/CT Imaging as a Tool for Studying Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection and Treatment in Non-human Primates

18FDG पीईटी का विश्लेषण/ माइकोबैक्टीरियम तपेदिक संक्रमण और गैर-मानव रहनुमाओं में उपचार के लिए एक उपकरण के रूप में सीटी इमेजिंग

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains the number one infectious agent in the world today. With the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains, new clinically ...

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

Imaging Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Mice with Reporter Enzyme Fluorescence

इमेजिंग रिपोर्टर एंजाइम प्रतिदीप्ति के साथ चूहों में माइकोबैक्टीरियम तपेदिक

Reporter enzyme fluorescence (REF) utilizes substrates that are specific for enzymes present in target organisms of interest for imaging or detection by ...