Name: bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice
Uploaded: 2017-03-01T10:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

وأيد هذا البحث من قبل جمعية الألمانية للبحوث (CRC1039 A3) وبرنامج تمويل البحوث &quot;Landesoffensive زور ENTWICKLUNG wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz&quot; (LOEWE) في ولاية هيسن، مركز بحوث الطب بالحركة والصيدلة TMP وعدا كورون سهم Fresenius مؤسسة (EKFS)، مجموعة بحوث التدريب بالحركة البحوث الاكتشافات - فارما (رحلة).

1. EAE التعريفي في SJL / J الفئران <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> الفئران <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> استخدام منذ 11 أسابيع الإناث SJL / J الفئران والسماح لهم روض إلى غرفة التجريبية لمدة 7 أيام. استخدام ن = 10 الفئران في المجموعة. </li><li ...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+EAE+and+prevention+of+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+after+vaccination+with+novel+bifunctional+peptide+inhibitor.">Suppression of EAE and prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown after vaccination with novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor.</a> Neuropharmacology. 62 (4), 1874-1881 (2012).</li><li>Simmons, S. B., Pierson, E. R., Lee, S. Y., Goverman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+heterogeneity+of+multiple+sclerosis+in+animals.">Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals.</a> Trends in immunology. 34 (8), 410-422 (2013).</li><li>Lin, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+fMRI+detects+white-matter+dysfunction+in+mice+with+acute+optic+neuritis.">Diffusion fMRI detects white-matter dysfunction in mice with acute optic neuritis.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 67, 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Knier, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+IL-17+protects+the+optic+nerve+from+autoimmune+pathology+and+prevents+retinal+nerve+fiber+layer+atrophy+during+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Neutralizing IL-17 protects the optic nerve from autoimmune pathology and prevents retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Autoimmun. 56, 34-44 (2015).</li><li>Schellenberg, A. E., Buist, R., Yong, V. W., Del Bigio, M. 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ويظهر شريط الفيديو الحالي تقنيات تلألؤ بيولوجي ومضان الأشعة تحت الحمراء القريبة في التصوير المجراة من EAE في الفئران SJL / J. وتبين لنا أن تلألؤ بيولوجي التصوير باستخدام مسبار الحساسة للالتهاب يظهر أساسا التهاب العصب البصري، ويوافق على القياس الكمي مع التقييم...

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice. 
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 "R" principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points. 
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals. 
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5. 
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1287">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">AngioSpark-680</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEV10149</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MMP-sense 680</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>NEV10126</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>760535</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLP139-151/CFA emulsion&#160;</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IVIS Lumina Spectrum</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LivingImage 4.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice

التجريبية التهاب الدماغ والنخاع المناعي الذاتي (بنت) في SJL / J الفئران هو نموذج للتحويل بين التصلب المتعدد الانتكاس (RRMS). عشرات EAE السريرية واصفا العجز وظيفة الحركة هي قراءات الأساسية للالتهاب بوساطة في مأمن من الحبل الشوكي. ومع ذلك، عشرات ووزن الجسم لا تسمح لإجراء تقييم في الجسم الحي من التهاب الدماغ والتهاب العصب البصري. وهذا الأخير هو مظهر باكر ومتكررة في حوالي 2/3 من مرضى التصلب المتعدد. هنا، وتبين لنا طرق تلألؤ بيولوجي والتصوير الحي القريب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء لتقييم EAE أثار التهاب العصب البصري، التهاب الدماغ، وحاجز الدم في الدماغ (BBB) اضطراب في الفئران الحية باستخدام المجراة نظام التصوير. والركيزة إضاءة الحيوية تفعيلها من خلال oxidases أظهر في المقام الأول التهاب العصب البصري. كانت إشارة محددة وسمحت التصور من آثار الدواء والمرض مرة الدورات، التي توازي عشرات من السريرية. النانوية الفلورسنت مضاد للفيروسات التي بقيت داخل vasculaturاستخدمت البريد لفترات طويلة من الوقت لتقييم سلامة BBB. بالقرب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء وكشف التصوير تسرب BBB في ذروة المرض. كانت إشارة أقوى حول العينين. تم استخدام الركيزة القريب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء للمصفوفة metalloproteinases لتقييم التهاب أثار EAE. تدخلت لصناعة السيارات في مضان مع إشارة، تتطلب unmixing الطيفي للالكمي. وعموما، كان التصوير تلألؤ بيولوجي طريقة موثوق بها لتقييم التهاب العصب البصري والدواء الآثار المرتبطة EAE وكان متفوقة على التقنيات القريب من الأشعة تحت الحمراء من حيث خصوصية إشارة، متانة، وسهولة القياس الكمي، والتكلفة.

<html> دورة الوقت من ضوء بارد من التهاب العصب البصري كانت إشارة تلألؤ بيولوجي لجنة التحقيق التهاب الأقوى حول العينين ويحدث بشكل حصري في الفئران EAE مع التهاب العصب البصري. حدثت إشارة في أي ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

وتبين لنا تقنية لفي الجسم الحي تلألؤ بيولوجي الحية والأشعة تحت الحمراء القريبة التصوير من التهاب العصب البصري والتهاب الدماغ في النموذج التجريبي التهاب الدماغ والنخاع المناعي الذاتي (بنت) لمرض التصلب المتعدد في الفئران SJL / J.

تلألؤ بيولوجي والقريبة من تحت الحمراء التصوير من التهاب العصب البصري والمخ التهاب في نموذج EAE من مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد في الفئران

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

The overall goal of this imaging technique to to visualize and quantify optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis in living mice. The method can help answer key questions in the neuroimmunology field, such as novel mechanisms which impact the course of EAE and multiple sclerosis. The main advantage of this technique is that EAE evoked optic neuritis and brain inflammation can be observed and quantified in living mice throughout the course of the disease.The implications of this technique extend toward therapy because we can observe effect of medication, which do not reveal from the EAE scores. In this procedure dissolve PTX at two micrograms per milliliter in 1x PBS and mix well. Then inject 100 microliters of PLP/CFA in the mice subcutaneously twice at the base of the tail during short isoflurane anesthesia.Do not inject into the back of the neck, because any immune reactions in the skin in the upper back or neck will disturb imaging of the head and spinal cord. One to two hours after immunization, inject 100 microliters of PTX in the mice intraperitoneally. Then 24 hours after immunization, inject the mice with 100 microliters of PTX again.For the control mice, inject 100 microliters of CFA without PLP twice at the base of the tail. From day seven post immunization, assess the clinical symptoms daily according to the standard scoring systems. When the mice reach a score larger than one, which will occur around day 10 to 12 after immunization, perform the first imaging at the onset of the disease.Then perform the second imaging at the peak of the disease, which is about one to two days after the initial symptoms develop, and will last for one to three days. Subsequently, the mice will fully recover within seven to 10 days. Imaging during the intervals may still show vascular leaks, but inflammation indicators should be negative.To perform in vivo imaging keep the mice under 2%to 2.5%isoflurane anesthesia during all imaging procedures. Position two mice next to each other in the apparatus, and position the upper spines of the mice in the center. Next, shield the site of immunization with black cloth.Open the software for image capture and initialize the camera. Then take a baseline image to assess the correct positioning of the mice. Subsequently use B focus with a 6.5 centimeter distance to the camera for capturing all the images.Afterward mix the ready-to-use chemiluminescent reagent at 40 milligrams per milliliter before filling the syringe. Then, inject 100 microliters of it in the mice intraperitoneally and capture the bioluminescence images five, 10, and 15 minutes after injection. In this procedure open the bioluminescence analysis software.In the upper menu bar click on the File Browser icon. Go to the directory of the experiment folder and open the files, and then configure the columns showing the descriptions relevant to the experiment. For quality control click on a file of a non-responder mouse without the symptoms of EAE, or a naive mouse to check the specificity of the EAE signals.As further control of the specificity of the signal, check the baseline image before the probe injection for each mouse, which should be negative. To select an image click on the first file of the first EAE mouse and check the bioluminescent intensity and localization. Check all images one by one.For quantification, use the image with the strongest signal for each mouse. To adjust and export the image, double click the first file to be quantified. In a new popped up window under the Options button, customize the labels to display in each screen.In the right tool palette, go to Image Adjustment. By default minimum and maximum intensities are set to auto and displayed in rainbow pseudocolor. Select Manual to change the settings if necessary.Next, click in Image Export, select PNG, the directory, and an image name. For quantification of the regions of interest go to the ROI Tool in the tool palette. Select the ROI method and the number of ROIs.In the ROI window within the image window, adjust the size and position of the ROI. Use identical ROI thresholds for all the images when the auto ROI tool is used. Use identical areas for all the images if the ROI sizes and positions are defined manually.After that, click on Measure ROI. Customize the columns on the experimental details in a new pop-up window and save them. When ready, select all and copy and paste the table into a spreadsheet.After that, export the image as a PNG with the ROIs in place. Then, save and close the image file. Here are the examples of two SJL/J mice that were imaged at day 10 and 14 after EAE induction.The bioluminescent signal around the eyes was highest at day 10, and disappeared when the mice started to recover. The bar charts here show the quantification of the bioluminescent signals at day 10 and 14, whereas the clinical EAE scores are shown here. In this figure the bioluminscent images of five mice in each group show the effect of the medication in which optic neuritis was reduced in mice treated with R-flurbiprofen.The quantification of the total bioluminescent counts in ROIs confirmed the significant treatment efficacy. Once mastered, this technique can be done in two to three hours, depending on the number of mice to be imaged. While attempted this procedure, it's important to remember to use white mice and to closely observe the clinical EAE course.Following this procedure other methods like FACS analysis or immunohistochemistry can be performed in order to answer additional questions like immune cell infiltration of the spinal cord. After watching video, you should have a good understanding of how to asses optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis using bioluminescent imaging.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

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Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

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Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

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The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

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والتصلب المتعدد اختبار الأداء (MSPT): أداة تقييم الإعاقة باد المستندة

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Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

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Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

A طريقة المثلثية نمذجة الموسمية التغيير تظاهر مع التصلب المتعدد الانتكاس البيانات

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to  55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 ...

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

بروتوكول لاستخدام الإشراف عن بعد، عبر الجمجمة مباشرة الحالي تحفيز (tDCS) في التصلب المتعدد (MS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical ...

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli

التصوير نيون المشتركة القريبة من تحت الحمراء والتصوير المقطعي مايكرو لتصور مباشرة الشلل Thromboemboli

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of ...

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

الدماغ كل تجزئة وتحليل التغيير-نقطة من الدماغ التشريحية التصوير بالرنين المغناطيسي – التطبيق في مرض هنتنغتون بريمانيفيست

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy ...