Name: bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice
Uploaded: 2017-03-01T10:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Cette recherche a été soutenue par la Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (CRC1039 A3) et le programme de financement de la recherche &quot;Landesoffensive zur Entwicklung Wissenschaftlich-ökonomischer Exzellenz&quot; (LOEWE) de l&#39;Etat de Hesse, Centre de recherche pour la médecine translationnelle et Pharmacologie TMP et Else Kröner-Fresenius Foundation (EKFS), Groupe de formation en recherche translationnelle innovation Research - Pharma (TRIP).

1. EAE Induction dans SJL / J Souris <ol><li> Souris <ol><li> Utilisez 11 semaines d&#39;âge SJL femelle / souris J et leur permettre de se habituent à la salle expérimentale pendant environ 7 jours. Utilisez n = 10 souris par groupe. </li><li> Pour l&#39;évaluation des effets des médicaments, administrer le médicament et le placebo pour le groupe de contrôle en continu via l&#39;eau de boisson ou par des boulettes de nourriture à partir de 3 ou 5 jours après l&#39;immunisation (n = 10 par groupe). D...

<ol>
	<li>Compston, A., Coles, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multiple+sclerosis.">Multiple sclerosis.</a> Lancet. 372 (9648), 1502-1517 (2008).</li><li>Dunn, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+mobility+impairment+on+the+burden+of+caregiving+in+individuals+with+multiple+sclerosis.">Impact of mobility impairment on the burden of caregiving in individuals with multiple sclerosis.</a> Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 10 (4), 433-440 (2010).</li><li>Dutta, R., Trapp, B. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+of+neuronal+dysfunction+and+degeneration+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Mechanisms of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in multiple sclerosis.</a> Prog Neurobiol. 93 (1), 1-12 (2011).</li><li>Sawcer, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+risk+and+a+primary+role+for+cell-mediated+immune+mechanisms+in+multiple+sclerosis.">Genetic risk and a primary role for cell-mediated immune mechanisms in multiple sclerosis.</a> Nature. 476 (7359), 214-219 (2011).</li><li>Schmitz, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=R-flurbiprofen+attenuates+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+in+mice.">R-flurbiprofen attenuates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.</a> EMBO Mol Med. 6 (11), 1398-1422 (2014).</li><li>Balls, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+origins+and+early+days+of+the+Three+Rs+concept.">The origins and early days of the Three Rs concept.</a> Altern Lab Anim. 37 (3), 255-265 (2009).</li><li>Barthelmes, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+Experimental+Autoimmune+Encephalomyelitis+in+Mice+and+Evaluation+of+the+Disease-dependent+Distribution+of+Immune+Cells+in+Various+Tissues.">Induction of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in Mice and Evaluation of the Disease-dependent Distribution of Immune Cells in Various Tissues.</a> J Vis Exp. (111), (2016).</li><li>Leahy, A. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Analysis+of+the+trajectory+of+osteoarthritis+development+in+a+mouse+model+by+serial+near-infrared+fluorescence+imaging+of+matrix+metalloproteinase+activities.">Analysis of the trajectory of osteoarthritis development in a mouse model by serial near-infrared fluorescence imaging of matrix metalloproteinase activities.</a> Arthritis Rheumatol. 67 (2), 442-453 (2015).</li><li>Scales, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+murine+collagen-induced+arthritis+by+longitudinal+non-invasive+duplexed+molecular+optical+imaging.">Assessment of murine collagen-induced arthritis by longitudinal non-invasive duplexed molecular optical imaging.</a> Rheumatology (Oxford). 55 (3), 564-572 (2016).</li><li>Nahrendorf, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+channel+optical+tomographic+imaging+of+leukocyte+recruitment+and+protease+activity+in+the+healing+myocardial+infarct.">Dual channel optical tomographic imaging of leukocyte recruitment and protease activity in the healing myocardial infarct.</a> Circ Res. 100 (8), 1218-1225 (2007).</li><li>Eaton, V. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+tomographic+imaging+of+near+infrared+imaging+agents+quantifies+disease+severity+and+immunomodulation+of+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+in+vivo.">Optical tomographic imaging of near infrared imaging agents quantifies disease severity and immunomodulation of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in vivo.</a> J Neuroinflammation. 10, (2013).</li><li>Kandagaddala, L. D., Kang, M. J., Chung, B. C., Patterson, T. A., Kwon, O. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+and+activation+of+matrix+metalloproteinase-9+and+NADPH+oxidase+in+tissues+and+plasma+of+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+in+mice.">Expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and NADPH oxidase in tissues and plasma of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice.</a> Exp Toxicol Pathol. 64 (1-2), 109-114 (2012).</li><li>Wang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+fluorescence+imaging+of+myelination.">In situ fluorescence imaging of myelination.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 58 (7), 611-621 (2010).</li><li>Wang, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Longitudinal+near-infrared+imaging+of+myelination.">Longitudinal near-infrared imaging of myelination.</a> J Neurosci. 31 (7), 2382-2390 (2011).</li><li>Engelhardt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+mechanisms+involved+in+T+cell+migration+across+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Molecular mechanisms involved in T cell migration across the blood-brain barrier.</a> J Neural Transm. 113 (4), 477-485 (2006).</li><li>Badawi, A. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+EAE+and+prevention+of+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+after+vaccination+with+novel+bifunctional+peptide+inhibitor.">Suppression of EAE and prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown after vaccination with novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor.</a> Neuropharmacology. 62 (4), 1874-1881 (2012).</li><li>Simmons, S. B., Pierson, E. R., Lee, S. Y., Goverman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+heterogeneity+of+multiple+sclerosis+in+animals.">Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals.</a> Trends in immunology. 34 (8), 410-422 (2013).</li><li>Lin, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+fMRI+detects+white-matter+dysfunction+in+mice+with+acute+optic+neuritis.">Diffusion fMRI detects white-matter dysfunction in mice with acute optic neuritis.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 67, 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Knier, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+IL-17+protects+the+optic+nerve+from+autoimmune+pathology+and+prevents+retinal+nerve+fiber+layer+atrophy+during+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Neutralizing IL-17 protects the optic nerve from autoimmune pathology and prevents retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Autoimmun. 56, 34-44 (2015).</li><li>Schellenberg, A. E., Buist, R., Yong, V. W., Del Bigio, M. R., Peeling, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Magnetic+resonance+imaging+of+blood-spinal+cord+barrier+disruption+in+mice+with+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Magnetic resonance imaging of blood-spinal cord barrier disruption in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Magn Reson Med. 58 (2), 298-305 (2007).</li><li>Mori, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+pathological+alterations+of+lower+lumbar+cords+detected+by+ultrahigh-field+MRI+in+a+mouse+multiple+sclerosis+model.">Early pathological alterations of lower lumbar cords detected by ultrahigh-field MRI in a mouse multiple sclerosis model.</a> Int Immunol. 26 (2), 93-101 (2014).</li><li>Bittner, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Endothelial+TWIK-related+potassium+channel-1+(TREK1)+regulates+immune-cell+trafficking+into+the+CNS.">Endothelial TWIK-related potassium channel-1 (TREK1) regulates immune-cell trafficking into the CNS.</a> Nat Med. 19 (9), 1161-1165 (2013).</li><li>Theien, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+effects+of+treatment+with+a+small-molecule+VLA-4+antagonist+before+and+after+onset+of+relapsing+EAE.">Differential effects of treatment with a small-molecule VLA-4 antagonist before and after onset of relapsing EAE.</a> Blood. 102 (13), 4464-4471 (2003).</li><li>Hawkins, B. T., Davis, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+blood-brain+barrier/neurovascular+unit+in+health+and+disease.">The blood-brain barrier/neurovascular unit in health and disease.</a> Pharmacol Rev. 57 (2), 173-185 (2005).</li><li>Coisne, C., Mao, W., Engelhardt, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cutting+edge:+Natalizumab+blocks+adhesion+but+not+initial+contact+of+human+T+cells+to+the+blood-brain+barrier+in+vivo+in+an+animal+model+of+multiple+sclerosis.">Cutting edge: Natalizumab blocks adhesion but not initial contact of human T cells to the blood-brain barrier in vivo in an animal model of multiple sclerosis.</a> J Immunol. 182 (10), 5909-5913 (2009).</li><li>Andresen, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-resolution+intravital+microscopy.">High-resolution intravital microscopy.</a> PLoS One. 7 (12), e50915 (2012).</li><li>Bukilica, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stress-induced+suppression+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis+in+the+rat.">Stress-induced suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in the rat.</a> Int J Neurosci. 59 (1-3), 167-175 (1991).</li></ol>

La présente vidéo montre les techniques de la bioluminescence et la fluorescence dans le proche infrarouge dans l&#39; imagerie in vivo de l&#39; EAE chez les souris SJL / J. Nous montrons que l&#39;imagerie par bioluminescence à l&#39;aide d&#39;une sonde sensible à l&#39;inflammation montre principalement la névrite optique et la quantification en accord avec l&#39;évaluation clinique de l&#39;EAE et la sévérité des effets des médicaments. Cependant, le procédé d&#39;imagerie par biolumin...

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice. 
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 "R" principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points. 
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals. 
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5. 
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1287">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">AngioSpark-680</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEV10149</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MMP-sense 680</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>NEV10126</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>760535</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLP139-151/CFA emulsion&#160;</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IVIS Lumina Spectrum</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LivingImage 4.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice

Experimental encéphalomyélite auto-immune (EAE) dans SJL / J souris est un modèle pour la sclérose en plaques récurrente-rémittente (RRMS). scores EAE cliniques décrivant moteur déficits de fonction sont des lectures de base de l&#39;inflammation de la médiation immunitaire de la moelle épinière. Toutefois, les scores et le poids corporel ne permettent pas une évaluation in vivo de l&#39; inflammation du cerveau et de la névrite optique. Ce dernier est une manifestation précoce et fréquente dans environ 2/3 des patients atteints de sclérose en plaques. Ici, nous montrons des méthodes de bioluminescence et de l&#39; imagerie en direct proche infrarouge pour évaluer EAE a évoqué la névrite optique, une inflammation du cerveau, et barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) perturbation chez les souris vivant en utilisant un système d&#39;imagerie in vivo dans. Un substrat de bioluminescence activée par des oxydases a montré principalement la névrite optique. Le signal était spécifique et a permis la visualisation des effets des médicaments et des cours de temps de la maladie, qui en parallèle les scores cliniques. nanoparticules fluorescentes pégylés qui sont restés dans le vasculature pendant de longues périodes de temps ont été utilisés pour évaluer l&#39;intégrité du Bureau. Proche infrarouge imagerie a révélé une fuite BBB au sommet de la maladie. Le signal est le plus fort autour des yeux. Un substrat proche de l&#39;infrarouge pour métalloprotéinases de matrice a été utilisé pour évaluer l&#39;inflammation de l&#39;EAE évoquée. Auto-fluorescence interféré avec le signal, ce qui nécessite déconvolution spectrale pour la quantification. Dans l&#39;ensemble, l&#39;imagerie par bioluminescence est une méthode fiable pour évaluer la névrite optique et de médicaments effets EAE-associé et était supérieur aux techniques du proche infrarouge en termes de spécificité du signal, la robustesse, la facilité de quantification, et le coût.

Cours Temps de bioluminescence de névrite optique Le signal de bioluminescence de la sonde de l&#39;inflammation a été la plus forte autour des yeux et est produite exclusivement chez des souris EAE avec névrite optique. Un signal a été dans ni les souris non-EAE, ni les souris non injectées avec la sonde de l&#39;inflammation. Le signal a disparu lorsque la souris récupéré. Par conséquent, le signa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

Nous montrons une technique de bioluminescence direct in vivo et l&#39; imagerie dans l&#39;infrarouge proche de la névrite optique et l&#39; encéphalite dans le modèle expérimental d&#39; encéphalomyélite auto - immune (EAE) pour la sclérose en plaques chez les souris SJL / J.

Bioluminescence et proche infrarouge Imaging de névrite optique et inflammation du cerveau dans le modèle EAE de la sclérose en plaques chez des souris

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

The overall goal of this imaging technique to to visualize and quantify optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis in living mice. The method can help answer key questions in the neuroimmunology field, such as novel mechanisms which impact the course of EAE and multiple sclerosis. The main advantage of this technique is that EAE evoked optic neuritis and brain inflammation can be observed and quantified in living mice throughout the course of the disease.The implications of this technique extend toward therapy because we can observe effect of medication, which do not reveal from the EAE scores. In this procedure dissolve PTX at two micrograms per milliliter in 1x PBS and mix well. Then inject 100 microliters of PLP/CFA in the mice subcutaneously twice at the base of the tail during short isoflurane anesthesia.Do not inject into the back of the neck, because any immune reactions in the skin in the upper back or neck will disturb imaging of the head and spinal cord. One to two hours after immunization, inject 100 microliters of PTX in the mice intraperitoneally. Then 24 hours after immunization, inject the mice with 100 microliters of PTX again.For the control mice, inject 100 microliters of CFA without PLP twice at the base of the tail. From day seven post immunization, assess the clinical symptoms daily according to the standard scoring systems. When the mice reach a score larger than one, which will occur around day 10 to 12 after immunization, perform the first imaging at the onset of the disease.Then perform the second imaging at the peak of the disease, which is about one to two days after the initial symptoms develop, and will last for one to three days. Subsequently, the mice will fully recover within seven to 10 days. Imaging during the intervals may still show vascular leaks, but inflammation indicators should be negative.To perform in vivo imaging keep the mice under 2%to 2.5%isoflurane anesthesia during all imaging procedures. Position two mice next to each other in the apparatus, and position the upper spines of the mice in the center. Next, shield the site of immunization with black cloth.Open the software for image capture and initialize the camera. Then take a baseline image to assess the correct positioning of the mice. Subsequently use B focus with a 6.5 centimeter distance to the camera for capturing all the images.Afterward mix the ready-to-use chemiluminescent reagent at 40 milligrams per milliliter before filling the syringe. Then, inject 100 microliters of it in the mice intraperitoneally and capture the bioluminescence images five, 10, and 15 minutes after injection. In this procedure open the bioluminescence analysis software.In the upper menu bar click on the File Browser icon. Go to the directory of the experiment folder and open the files, and then configure the columns showing the descriptions relevant to the experiment. For quality control click on a file of a non-responder mouse without the symptoms of EAE, or a naive mouse to check the specificity of the EAE signals.As further control of the specificity of the signal, check the baseline image before the probe injection for each mouse, which should be negative. To select an image click on the first file of the first EAE mouse and check the bioluminescent intensity and localization. Check all images one by one.For quantification, use the image with the strongest signal for each mouse. To adjust and export the image, double click the first file to be quantified. In a new popped up window under the Options button, customize the labels to display in each screen.In the right tool palette, go to Image Adjustment. By default minimum and maximum intensities are set to auto and displayed in rainbow pseudocolor. Select Manual to change the settings if necessary.Next, click in Image Export, select PNG, the directory, and an image name. For quantification of the regions of interest go to the ROI Tool in the tool palette. Select the ROI method and the number of ROIs.In the ROI window within the image window, adjust the size and position of the ROI. Use identical ROI thresholds for all the images when the auto ROI tool is used. Use identical areas for all the images if the ROI sizes and positions are defined manually.After that, click on Measure ROI. Customize the columns on the experimental details in a new pop-up window and save them. When ready, select all and copy and paste the table into a spreadsheet.After that, export the image as a PNG with the ROIs in place. Then, save and close the image file. Here are the examples of two SJL/J mice that were imaged at day 10 and 14 after EAE induction.The bioluminescent signal around the eyes was highest at day 10, and disappeared when the mice started to recover. The bar charts here show the quantification of the bioluminescent signals at day 10 and 14, whereas the clinical EAE scores are shown here. In this figure the bioluminscent images of five mice in each group show the effect of the medication in which optic neuritis was reduced in mice treated with R-flurbiprofen.The quantification of the total bioluminescent counts in ROIs confirmed the significant treatment efficacy. Once mastered, this technique can be done in two to three hours, depending on the number of mice to be imaged. While attempted this procedure, it's important to remember to use white mice and to closely observe the clinical EAE course.Following this procedure other methods like FACS analysis or immunohistochemistry can be performed in order to answer additional questions like immune cell infiltration of the spinal cord. After watching video, you should have a good understanding of how to asses optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis using bioluminescent imaging.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence (NIRF) Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

In vivo Near Infrared Fluorescence NIRF Intravascular Molecular Imaging of Inflammatory Plaque, a Multimodal Approach to Imaging of Atherosclerosis

In vivo par fluorescence dans le proche infrarouge (NIRF) intravasculaire d&#39;imagerie moléculaire de la plaque inflammatoire, une approche multimodale d&#39;imagerie de l&#39;athérosclérose

The vascular response to injury is a well-orchestrated inflammatory response triggered by the accumulation of macrophages within the vessel wall leading ...

Recherche

Médecine

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

In vivo Bioluminescence Imaging of Tumor Hypoxia Dynamics of Breast Cancer Brain Metastasis in a Mouse Model

Dans l&#39;imagerie de bioluminescence in vivo de la tumeur Dynamics hypoxie des métastases cérébrales du cancer du sein dans un modèle murin

It is well recognized that tumor hypoxia plays an important role in promoting malignant progression and affecting therapeutic response negatively. There ...

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Clinical Testing and Spinal Cord Removal in a Mouse Model for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis ALS

Tests cliniques et retrait de la moelle épinière dans un modèle de souris pour la sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder resulting in progressive degeneration of motoneurons. Peak of onset is around 60 ...

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Tests visuels dynamiques pour identifier et quantifier les dommages visuels et de réparation suite de démyélinisation dans la névrite optique patients

In order to follow optic neuritis patients and evaluate the effectiveness of their treatment, a handy, accurate and quantifiable tool is required to ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

Le test de la sclérose en plaques Performance (MSPT): Un outil basé sur iPad évaluation de l&#39;invalidité

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Th17 Inflammation Model of Oropharyngeal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice

Th17 Inflammation modèle de la candidose oropharyngée chez des souris immunodéficientes

Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC) disease is caused not only due to the lack of host immune resistance, but also the absence of appropriate regulation of ...

A Method of Trigonometric Modelling of Seasonal Variation Demonstrated with Multiple Sclerosis Relapse Data

Une méthode de modélisation trigonométrique de variation saisonnière démontrée avec la sclérose en plaques Relapse données

This report describes a novel Stata-based application of trigonometric regression modelling to  55 years of multiple sclerosis relapse data from 46 ...

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A Protocol for the Use of Remotely-Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Multiple Sclerosis MS

Un protocole pour l&#39;utilisation de la distance-Supervisé transcrânienne à courant de stimulation (STCC) dans la sclérose en plaques (MS)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses low amplitude direct currents to alter cortical ...

Combined Near-infrared Fluorescent Imaging and Micro-computed Tomography for Directly Visualizing Cerebral Thromboemboli

Combiné proche infrarouge imagerie fluorescente et la tomographie par Micro-calculé pour Directement Visualizing cérébrale thromboembolies

Direct thrombus imaging visualizes the root cause of thromboembolic infarction. Being able to image thrombus directly allows far better investigation of ...

Whole-brain Segmentation and Change-point Analysis of Anatomical Brain MRI&#8212;Application in Premanifest Huntington's Disease

Ensemble-cerveau Segmentation et analyse des points de changement d’IRM anatomique cérébrale — Application dans Premanifest la maladie de Huntington

Recent advances in MRI offer a variety of useful markers to identify neurodegenerative diseases. In Huntington&#39;s disease (HD), regional brain atrophy ...