Name: bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice
Uploaded: 2017-03-01T10:10:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

この研究はドイツ学術協会（CRC1039 A3）と研究助成プログラムヘッセン州の「LandesoffensiveツアEntwicklung wissenschaftlich-ökonomischerExzellenz」（LOEWE）、トランスレーショナル医学・薬理学TMPとそうでないクローネ-フレゼニウス財団研究センターによってサポートされていました（EKFS）、研究研修グループトランスレーショナルリサーチイノベーション - ファーマ（TRIP）。

SJL / Jマウスにおける1 EAEの誘導<ol><li> マウス <ol><li> 11週齢の雌SJL / Jマウスを使用し、それらは約7日間の実験室に馴化することができます。グループあたりのn = 10匹のマウスを使用してください。 </li><li>薬物の効果を評価するために、免疫後3又は5日出発連続飲料水を介してまたは餌ペレットを介して制御グループの薬物およびプラセボを投与する（群あたりn = 10）。疾患のピーク?...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Suppression+of+EAE+and+prevention+of+blood-brain+barrier+breakdown+after+vaccination+with+novel+bifunctional+peptide+inhibitor.">Suppression of EAE and prevention of blood-brain barrier breakdown after vaccination with novel bifunctional peptide inhibitor.</a> Neuropharmacology. 62 (4), 1874-1881 (2012).</li><li>Simmons, S. B., Pierson, E. R., Lee, S. Y., Goverman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+the+heterogeneity+of+multiple+sclerosis+in+animals.">Modeling the heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis in animals.</a> Trends in immunology. 34 (8), 410-422 (2013).</li><li>Lin, T. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffusion+fMRI+detects+white-matter+dysfunction+in+mice+with+acute+optic+neuritis.">Diffusion fMRI detects white-matter dysfunction in mice with acute optic neuritis.</a> Neurobiol Dis. 67, 1-8 (2014).</li><li>Knier, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralizing+IL-17+protects+the+optic+nerve+from+autoimmune+pathology+and+prevents+retinal+nerve+fiber+layer+atrophy+during+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Neutralizing IL-17 protects the optic nerve from autoimmune pathology and prevents retinal nerve fiber layer atrophy during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Autoimmun. 56, 34-44 (2015).</li><li>Schellenberg, A. E., Buist, R., Yong, V. W., Del Bigio, M. 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現在のビデオは、SJL / JマウスにおけるEAEのin vivoイメージングにおける生物発光と近赤外蛍光のための技術を示しています。我々は、炎症感受性プローブを用いた生物発光イメージングは​​、主に視神経炎を示し、そして定量化はEAEの重症度の臨床評価および薬物の効果と一致することを示します。信号は脊柱によって吸収されるためしかし、生物発光イメージング法は、お?...

Multiple sclerosis is caused by the autoimmune-mediated attack and destruction of the myelin sheath in the brain and the spinal cord1. With an overall incidence of about 3.6 cases per 100,000 people a year in women and about 2.0 in men, MS is the second most common cause of neurological disability in young adults, after traumatic injuries2,3. The disease pathology is contributed to by genetic and environmental factors4 but is still not completely understood. Autoreactive T lymphocytes enter the central nervous system and trigger an inflammatory cascade that causes focal infiltrates in the white matter of the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerve. In most cases, these infiltrates are initially reversible, but persistence increases with the number of relapses. A number of rodent models have been developed to study the pathology of the disease. The relapsing-remitting EAE in SJL/J mice and the primary-progressive EAE in C57BL6 mice are the most popular models.
The clinical EAE scores, which describe the extent of the motor function deficits, and body weight are the gold standards to assess EAE severity. These clinical signs agree with the extent of immune cell infiltration and myelin destruction in the spinal cord and moderately predict drug treatment efficacy in humans5. However, these signs mainly reflect the destruction of the ventral fiber tracts in the spinal cord. Presently, there is no easy, non-invasive, reliable, and reproducible method to assess in vivo brain infiltration and optic neuritis in living mice. 
The in vivo imaging agrees with the 3 "R" principles of Russel and Burch (1959), which claim a Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement of animal experiments6, because imaging increases the readouts of one animal at several time points and allows for a reduction of the overall numbers. Presently, inflammation or myelin status is mainly assessed ex vivo via immunohistochemistry, FACS-analysis, or different molecular biological methods7, all requiring euthanized mice at specific time points. 
A number of in vivo imaging system probes have been developed to assess inflammation in the skin, joints, and vascular system. The techniques rely on the activation of bioluminescent or near-infrared fluorescent substrates by tissue peroxidases, including myeloperoxidase (MPO), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)8, and cathepsins9 or cyclooxygenase2. These probes have been mainly validated in models of arthritis or atherosclerosis9,10. A cathepsin-sensitive probe has also been used for fluorescence molecular tomographic imaging of EAE11. MMPs, particularly MMP2 and MMP9, contribute to the protease-mediated BBB disruption in EAE and are upregulated at sites of immune cell infiltration12, suggesting that these probes may be useful for EAE imaging. The same holds true for peroxidase or cathepsin-based probes. Technically, imaging of inflammation in the brain or spinal cord is substantially more challenging because the skull or spine absorb bioluminescent and near-infrared signals. 
In addition to inflammation indicators, fluorescent chemicals have been described, which specifically bind to myelin and may allow for quantification of myelination13. A near-infrared fluorescent probe, 3,3'-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (DBT), was found to specifically bind to myelinated fibers and was validated as a quantitative tool in mouse models of primary myelination defects and in cuprizone-evoked demyelination14. In EAE, the DBT signal was rather increased, reflecting the inflammation of the myelin fibers5. 
An additional hallmark of EAE and MS is the BBB breakdown, resulting in increased vascular permeability and the extravasation of blood cells, extracellular fluid, and macromolecules into the CNS parenchyma. This can lead to edema, inflammation, oligodendrocyte damage, and, eventually, demyelination15,16. Hence, visualization of the BBB leak using fluorescent probes, such as fluorochrome-labeled bovine serum albumin5, which normally distribute very slowly from blood to tissue, may be useful to assess EAE.
In the present study, we have assessed the usefulness of different probes in EAE and show the procedure for the most reliable and robust bioluminescent technique. In addition, we discuss the pros and cons of near-infrared probes for MMP activity and BBB integrity.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1287">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">AngioSpark-680</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">NEV10149</td>
			<td style="width:636px;">Imaging probe, pegylated nanoparticles, useful for imaging of blood brain barrier integrity</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">MMP-sense 680</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>NEV10126</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by matrix metalloproteinases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">XenoLight RediJect Inflammation Probe</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>760535</td>
			<td>Imaging probe, activatable by oxidases, useful for imaging of inflammation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PLP139-151/CFA emulsion&#160;</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pertussis Toxin</td>
			<td>Hooke Labs, St Lawrence, MA</td>
			<td>EK-0123</td>
			<td>EAE induction kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">IVIS Lumina Spectrum</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td>Bioluminescence and Infrared Imaging System</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LivingImage 4.5 software&#160;</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer, Inc., Waltham, USA</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>IVIS analysis software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:265px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">Abbott Labs, Illinois, USA</td>
			<td>26675-46-7</td>
			<td>Anaesthetic</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bioluminescence and near-infrared imaging of optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the eae model of multiple sclerosis in mice

SJL / Jマウスにおける実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）は、再発寛解型多発性硬化症（RRMS）のモデルです。運動機能障害を記述する臨床EAEスコアは、脊髄の免疫媒介炎症の基本的な読み出しです。しかし、スコアおよび体重は脳の炎症と視神経炎のin vivoで評価することができません。後者は、約2/3のMS患者の早期かつ頻繁な症状です。ここでは、 インビボイメージングシステムを用いて、生きているマウスにおける生物発光およびEAEの視神経炎を誘発評価するための近赤外ライブイメージング、脳の炎症、及び血液脳関門（BBB）破壊するための方法を示します。酸化酵素によって活性化された生物発光基質は、主に視神経炎を示しました。信号は特異的であり、臨床スコアを並列薬の効果や病気の時間のコース、の可視化を可能にしました。 vasculatur内に留まったペグ化蛍光ナノ粒子長時間eがBBBの完全性を評価するために使用しました。近赤外イメージングは​​、疾患のピーク時BBB漏れを明らかにしました。信号は、目の周りの最も強かったです。マトリックスメタロプロテアーゼのための近赤外基質は、EAE誘発炎症を評価しました。自家蛍光は、定量化のためのスペクトルアンミキシングを必要とし、信号を妨害しました。全体として、生物発光イメージングは​​、EAEに関連する視神経炎および薬物の効果を評価するための信頼性の高い方法であり、シグナルの特異性、堅牢性、定量化の容易さ、及びコストの観点から近赤外の技術よりも優れていました。

視神経炎の生物発光の時間コース 炎症プローブの生物発光信号は、目の周りの最も強かったと視神経炎でEAEマウスでのみ発生しました。信号は非EAEマウスや炎症プローブを注入していないマウスでもないに発生しました。マウスが回復したときに信号が消失しました。したがって、信号は、視神経炎に特異?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice at JoVE.com

Bioluminescence and Near-infrared Imaging of Optic Neuritis and Brain Inflammation in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis in Mice

我々は、in vivoでのライブ生物発光およびSJL / Jマウスにおける多発性硬化症の実験的自己免疫性脳脊髄炎（EAE）モデルにおける視神経炎や脳炎の近赤外イメージングのための技術を示します。

マウスにおける多発性硬化症のEAEモデルにおける視神経炎と脳炎症の生物発光と近赤外イメージング

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice is a model for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). Clinical EAE scores describing ...

The overall goal of this imaging technique to to visualize and quantify optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis in living mice. The method can help answer key questions in the neuroimmunology field, such as novel mechanisms which impact the course of EAE and multiple sclerosis. The main advantage of this technique is that EAE evoked optic neuritis and brain inflammation can be observed and quantified in living mice throughout the course of the disease.The implications of this technique extend toward therapy because we can observe effect of medication, which do not reveal from the EAE scores. In this procedure dissolve PTX at two micrograms per milliliter in 1x PBS and mix well. Then inject 100 microliters of PLP/CFA in the mice subcutaneously twice at the base of the tail during short isoflurane anesthesia.Do not inject into the back of the neck, because any immune reactions in the skin in the upper back or neck will disturb imaging of the head and spinal cord. One to two hours after immunization, inject 100 microliters of PTX in the mice intraperitoneally. Then 24 hours after immunization, inject the mice with 100 microliters of PTX again.For the control mice, inject 100 microliters of CFA without PLP twice at the base of the tail. From day seven post immunization, assess the clinical symptoms daily according to the standard scoring systems. When the mice reach a score larger than one, which will occur around day 10 to 12 after immunization, perform the first imaging at the onset of the disease.Then perform the second imaging at the peak of the disease, which is about one to two days after the initial symptoms develop, and will last for one to three days. Subsequently, the mice will fully recover within seven to 10 days. Imaging during the intervals may still show vascular leaks, but inflammation indicators should be negative.To perform in vivo imaging keep the mice under 2%to 2.5%isoflurane anesthesia during all imaging procedures. Position two mice next to each other in the apparatus, and position the upper spines of the mice in the center. Next, shield the site of immunization with black cloth.Open the software for image capture and initialize the camera. Then take a baseline image to assess the correct positioning of the mice. Subsequently use B focus with a 6.5 centimeter distance to the camera for capturing all the images.Afterward mix the ready-to-use chemiluminescent reagent at 40 milligrams per milliliter before filling the syringe. Then, inject 100 microliters of it in the mice intraperitoneally and capture the bioluminescence images five, 10, and 15 minutes after injection. In this procedure open the bioluminescence analysis software.In the upper menu bar click on the File Browser icon. Go to the directory of the experiment folder and open the files, and then configure the columns showing the descriptions relevant to the experiment. For quality control click on a file of a non-responder mouse without the symptoms of EAE, or a naive mouse to check the specificity of the EAE signals.As further control of the specificity of the signal, check the baseline image before the probe injection for each mouse, which should be negative. To select an image click on the first file of the first EAE mouse and check the bioluminescent intensity and localization. Check all images one by one.For quantification, use the image with the strongest signal for each mouse. To adjust and export the image, double click the first file to be quantified. In a new popped up window under the Options button, customize the labels to display in each screen.In the right tool palette, go to Image Adjustment. By default minimum and maximum intensities are set to auto and displayed in rainbow pseudocolor. Select Manual to change the settings if necessary.Next, click in Image Export, select PNG, the directory, and an image name. For quantification of the regions of interest go to the ROI Tool in the tool palette. Select the ROI method and the number of ROIs.In the ROI window within the image window, adjust the size and position of the ROI. Use identical ROI thresholds for all the images when the auto ROI tool is used. Use identical areas for all the images if the ROI sizes and positions are defined manually.After that, click on Measure ROI. Customize the columns on the experimental details in a new pop-up window and save them. When ready, select all and copy and paste the table into a spreadsheet.After that, export the image as a PNG with the ROIs in place. Then, save and close the image file. Here are the examples of two SJL/J mice that were imaged at day 10 and 14 after EAE induction.The bioluminescent signal around the eyes was highest at day 10, and disappeared when the mice started to recover. The bar charts here show the quantification of the bioluminescent signals at day 10 and 14, whereas the clinical EAE scores are shown here. In this figure the bioluminscent images of five mice in each group show the effect of the medication in which optic neuritis was reduced in mice treated with R-flurbiprofen.The quantification of the total bioluminescent counts in ROIs confirmed the significant treatment efficacy. Once mastered, this technique can be done in two to three hours, depending on the number of mice to be imaged. While attempted this procedure, it's important to remember to use white mice and to closely observe the clinical EAE course.Following this procedure other methods like FACS analysis or immunohistochemistry can be performed in order to answer additional questions like immune cell infiltration of the spinal cord. After watching video, you should have a good understanding of how to asses optic neuritis and brain inflammation in the EAE model of multiple sclerosis using bioluminescent imaging.

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

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医学

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