Name: exposure of the pig cns for histological analysis: a manual for decapitation, skull opening, and brain removal
Uploaded: 2017-04-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal at JoVE.com

Os autores reconhecem com gratidão a ajuda hábil de Sra Trine W. Mikkelsen, Sra Lise M. Fitting, e os funcionários da Påskehøjgaard. O Medical Conselho Dinamarquês de Pesquisas, a Fundação Lundbeck, ea Nordisk Fundação Novo suportado financeiramente o estudo.

A anestesia dos animais e euthanesia foi realizada em conformidade com o &quot;Princípios de cuidados de animais de laboratório&quot; (publicação NIH No. 86-23, revista 1985) e aprovado pelo Conselho dinamarquês para animal de Ética. 1. Instrumentos <ol><li> Recolher os instrumentos apresentados no vídeo e listadas na Tabela de Materiais. </li></ol> 2. decapitação NOTA: A anestesia foi induzida através de uma inj...

<ol>
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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+neuromodulation+treatments+in+a+large+animal+model+-+Do+neurosurgeons+dream+of+electric+pigs?.">Development of neuromodulation treatments in a large animal model - Do neurosurgeons dream of electric pigs?.</a> Prog Brain Res. 194, 97-103 (2011).</li><li>Dolezalova, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pig+models+of+neurodegenerative+disorders:+utilization+in+cell+replacement-based+preclinical+safety+and+efficacy+studies.">Pig models of neurodegenerative disorders: utilization in cell replacement-based preclinical safety and efficacy studies.</a> J Comp Neurol. 522 (12), 2784-2801 (2014).</li><li>Mikkelsen, M., Moller, A., Jensen, L. H., Pedersen, A., Harajehi, J. 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N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Direct+MRI-guided+stereotaxic+viral+mediated+gene+transfer+of+alpha-synuclein+in+the+minipig+CNS.">Direct MRI-guided stereotaxic viral mediated gene transfer of alpha-synuclein in the minipig CNS.</a> Acta Neurobiol Exp. 71 (4), 508-518 (2011).</li><li>Ettrup, K. S., S&#248;rensen, J. C., Rodell, A., Alstrup, A. K. O., Bjarkam, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypothalamic+deep+brain+stimulation+influences+autonomic+and+limbic+circuitry+involved+in+the+regulation+of+aggression+and+cardiocerebrovascular+control+in+the+minipig.">Hypothalamic deep brain stimulation influences autonomic and limbic circuitry involved in the regulation of aggression and cardiocerebrovascular control in the minipig.</a> Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 90 (5), 281-291 (2012).</li><li>Nielsen, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+MPTP+intoxication+in+the+minipig+results+in+chronic+parkinsonian+deficits.">Continuous MPTP intoxication in the minipig results in chronic parkinsonian deficits.</a> Acta Neurobiol Exp. 76, 198-210 (2016).</li><li>Bjarkam, C. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+MRI-compatible+stereotaxic+localizer+box+enables+high-precision+stereotaxic+procedures+in+pigs.">A MRI-compatible stereotaxic localizer box enables high-precision stereotaxic procedures in pigs.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 139 (2), 293-298 (2004).</li><li>Bjarkam, C. R., Jorgensen, R. L., Jensen, K. N., Sunde, N. A. A., S&#248;rensen, J. C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Deep+brain+stimulation+electrode+anchoring+using+BioGlue&#174;,+a+protective+electrode+covering,+and+a+titanium+microplate.">Deep brain stimulation electrode anchoring using BioGlue&#174;, a protective electrode covering, and a titanium microplate.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 168, 151-155 (2008).</li><li>Ettrup, K. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Basic+Surgical+Techniques+in+the+Minipig:+Intubation,+Transurethral+Bladder+Catheterization,+Femoral+Vessel+Catheterization,+and+Transcardial+Perfusion.">Basic Surgical Techniques in the Minipig: Intubation, Transurethral Bladder Catheterization, Femoral Vessel Catheterization, and Transcardial Perfusion.</a> J Vis Exp. (52), e2652 (2011).</li><li>Ettrup, K. S., Torn&#248;e, J., S&#248;rensen, J. C., Bjarkam, C. 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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Positron+emission+tomography+of+living+brain+in+minipigs+and+domestic+pigs.">Positron emission tomography of living brain in minipigs and domestic pigs.</a> Scand J Lab Anim Sci Suppl. 25 (1), 127-135 (1998).</li><li>R&#248;hl, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+evolution+of+cerebral+perfusion+and+ADC+measured+by+MRI+in+a+porcine+stroke+model.">Time evolution of cerebral perfusion and ADC measured by MRI in a porcine stroke model.</a> J Magn Reson Imaging. 15 (2), 123-129 (2002).</li><li>Cumming, P., Gillings, N. M., Jensen, S. B., Bjarkam, C. 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A maior parte dos estudos experimentais neuroscience são realizados em espécies animais pequenos, tais como ratinhos e ratos, em que o acesso ao SNC é facilitado por um de espessura da dura-máter e o crânio fina. No entanto, em animais experimentais maiores, como porcos 1, 4, 8, ovinos 32, e primatas não-humanos, a espessura considerável destas estruturas que requer a utilização de instrumentos ...

<html> estudos de neurociência de translação em suínos têm se tornado cada vez mais popular durante as últimas duas décadas. O grande tamanho do cérebro de porco permite o uso de geradores de imagens cerebrais clínica convencionais e a utilização directa e os ensaios de procedimentos neurocirúrgicos e equipamento de clínica humana 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. Nos últimos 20 anos, porcos, especialmente porcos chineses (por exemplo, Gottingen minipig), foram usadas para examinar as modalidades de tratamento neuromoduladores, tais como transplante de células estaminais; transfecção de vector viral; e estimulação cerebral profunda dirigida para a doença de Parkinson, obesidade, depressão, doença de Alzheimer e 2, 6,= &quot;refex&quot;&gt; 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17. Esta foi seguida pelo desenvolvimento de abordagens cirúrgicas estereotáxicas e para manipular o minipig SNC 3, 18, 19, 20, 21. As alterações do sistema nervoso central instituídos foram avaliadas em animais vivos utilizando imagiologia cerebral (PET 10, 13, 22, 24 e 23 MR), cistometria 11, 12, 25, a análise da marcha17, a avaliação neurológica 9, 17, e exame pós-morte com base na histologia e análise estereologia 14, 15, 17, 26, 27, 31. No entanto, a análise post-mortem requer a exposição e a remoção do cérebro de porco, que não é uma tarefa fácil, como uma cabeça dura, ósseo e uma dura-máter fibrosa que cobre rodeiam o cérebro de porco. O objectivo deste trabalho e vídeo de instruções é descrever como o cérebro de porco post-mortem e na pituitária podem ser expostos e removido em estado intacto em 15-20 min, utilizando instrumentos cirúrgicos não motorizados. O vídeo de instruções e ilustrações fotográficas mostram miniporcos do sexo masculino (idade: 6 meses, peso corporal: 20-25 kg) utilizados para um estudo anatômico na glândula pituitária minipig.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1036">
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Heavy Scalpel Handle #4</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST (Fine Science Tools)</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">10008-13</td>
			<td style="width:481px;">Good for skin incision and soft tissue removal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Scalpel Blades #23</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10023-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Scalpel Handle #7</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10007-12</td>
			<td>Optimal for dural incision and precision work</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Non-Sterile Scalpel Blades #11</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>10011-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Surgical Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td>11024-18</td>
			<td>The tip of the surgical forceps ensure a firm grip&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kerrison Bone Punch</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FF713R</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 3-5 mm</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bone Rongeur</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">MD615</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 15 x 5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Bone Rongeur</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">FO551R</td>
			<td>Must be robust, bite size 25 x 15 mm&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bone Chisel</td>
			<td>Lawton</td>
			<td>67-0335</td>
			<td>The size of the chisel head should not exceed 20 mm</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mallet (Hammer)</td>
			<td>Millarco</td>
			<td>5624108</td>
			<td>Weigth 300 g, length 30 cm, head hit area size 2 x 2 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Micro-Scissor</td>
			<td>FST&#160;</td>
			<td>14002-14&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dissector</td>
			<td>Aesculap Neurosurgery</td>
			<td style="width:149px;">OL165R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">&#160;G&#246;ttingen minipigs</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">&#160;Ellegaard G&#246;ttingen Minipigs A/S, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Euthanimal</td>
			<td style="width:191px;"></td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td>pentobarbital</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ketamine</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Pfizer</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Midazolam&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:191px;">Hameln Pharmaceuticals</td>
			<td style="width:149px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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exposure of the pig cns for histological analysis: a manual for decapitation, skull opening, and brain removal

Os porcos têm se tornado cada vez mais popular em grande animal investigação translacional neurociência como um substituto economicamente e eticamente viável para primatas não-humanos. O tamanho grande do cérebro do porco permite o uso de geradores de imagens cerebrais clínica convencionais e a utilização directa e testes de procedimentos e equipamentos neurocirúrgicos de clínica humana. Uma análise mais aprofundada macroscópico e histológico, no entanto, requer exposição post-mortem do sistema de porco nervoso central (SNC) e subsequente remoção do cérebro. Esta não é uma tarefa fácil, como o porco SNC é encapsulado por uma cabeça dura, ósseo e da coluna vertebral. O objectivo deste trabalho e vídeo de instruções é descrever como a expor e remover o cérebro de porco post-mortem e a glândula pituitária num estado intacto, adequado para análise macroscópica e histológica subsequente.

Para evitar que o material tecido de secar, recomenda-se a armazenar o cérebro removido e pituitária em um frasco cheio com o fixador ou solução salina isotónica imediatamente após análise macroscópica foi realizada. O material de tecido pode ser armazenado no fixador por ano, ao passo que o armazenamento em solução salina isotónica, mesmo no frigorífico, irá conduzir à deterioração do tecido com o tempo. A pit...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal at JoVE.com

Exposure of the Pig CNS for Histological Analysis: A Manual for Decapitation, Skull Opening, and Brain Removal

O objectivo deste trabalho e vídeo de instruções é descrever como a expor e remover o cérebro de porco e glândula pituitária pós-morte num estado intacto, adequado para análise macroscópica e histológica subsequente.

Exposição do SNC porco para análise histológica: A manual por decapitação, crânio de abertura, e Cérebro Remoção

Pigs have become increasingly popular in large-animal translational neuroscience research as an economically and ethically feasible substitute to ...

In this video, we present how to expose and remove the intact pig brain and the intact pituitary by opening the skull and dura. Ethics statement:Animal anesthesia and euthanasia were performed in accordance with Principles of laboratory animal care"and approved by the Danish Council for Animal Research Ethics. Anesthesia was induced in male Gottingen minipigs by an intramuscular injection of midazolam and ketamine.Five to ten minutes later, when the animals were deeply sedated, an ear vein was cannulated and a lethal overdose of sodium pentobarbital was given intravenously. To secure the animals were completely euthanized, the interdigital pain reflex was tested as previously shown. After proper euthanization, the animals were transcardially perfused with five liters of isotonic saline.All the procedures demonstrated are, accordingly, performed postmortem, excluding the need for welfare precautions necessary for long term anesthesia and post-procedural survival. Instruments used. Heavy scalpel handle number four, and non-sterile scalpel blades, number 23.Good for skin incisions, and soft tissue removal. Scalpel handle number seven, and non-sterile scalpel blades, number 11. Optimal for dural incision, and precision work.Surgical forceps, with a bite that ensures a firm grip. KAIRison Bone Punch. Must be robust, with a bite size of three to five millimeters.Bone rongeur. Must be robust and have a bite size around five to 15 millimeters, for delicate bone work. Larger bone rongeur.With a bite size around 25 times 15 millimeters, for removal of thicker bone pieces. Bone chisel. The head should not be larger than 20 millimeters.A mallet, suitable for the bone chisel. Micro scissors, with a sharp tip.Dissector.Decapitation. The pig is decapitated by making a high circular cervical incision, just below the mandibular angle.Continue the incision, through the soft tissue of the neck. Cut through larynx, and esophagus, until the bone and spinal column is reached. Approximately at the level of the cranio-cervical junction.Advance the incision from the anterior side of the cranio-cervical junction, through the anterior atlantooccipital membrane. Whereby the spinal cord is exposed. Simultaneously, an assistant will pull the pig body away from the pig head, as this will ease the access between the skull base and the first cervical vertebra.Make sure the spinal cord is completely severed, before a forceful extension at the cranio-cervical junction finalizes the decapitation. Skull opening. Place a dorsal longitudinal incision through the skin and underlying soft tissue.From the back of the snout over the vertex of the head and down through the posterior part of the occipital region. Expose the dorsal and posterior part of the skull by removing soft tissue located lateral to the initial incision. Release the temporal muscle from the skull.Clean the posterior occipital bone from soft tissue. Use the posterior interest of the foramen magnum to remove the occipital bone in order to expose the dura-covered cerebellum. Return to the anterior side of the skull and select an entry point in the frontal bone, just in front of the eyes.At this point, use a bone chisel to penetrate the skull, and enter the frontal sinus. Use the extent of the frontal sinus for further removal of the other skull lamina. An inner thin skull lamina covering the cerebrum, is exposed.Open this lamina gently, to expose the dura covering the anterior part of the brain. Continue the bone removal laterally, through the temporal and parietal bone. In order to release the final part of the skull, located between the already-exposed parts of the cerebrum and cerebellum.Use the chisel to break open the remaining posterior skull bone, from one side, just like one opens a door. Brain removal. Lift the dura, for gentle incision close to the sagittal sinus.Use a dural opening for further removal of the dural sac covering the brain. Special care must be taken when removing the dura situated between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. As preservation of this dural leaf will prevent subsequent brain removal.Finally, the dura covering the cerebellum and the lower brain stem is sectioned. Position the pig head vertically, and release the cerebrum by blunt dissection of the olfactory bulbs from the dura-covered skull base. Section the exposed optic chiasm.Follow it by subsequent exposure and section of the pituitary stalk, and the oculomotor nerves. Release the brain stem by sectioning of the lower cranial nerves. Use a chisel to release the brain from the skull base.Pituitary removal. In the skull base, identify the pituitary stalk, with surrounding dural leaf. Cut the dural leaf laterally to the pituitary stalk.Use a dissector to release the pituitary, and lift it out of the pituitary fossa. Results and conclusion. The described technique enables safe removal of the postmortem pig brain and pituitary, in approximately 15 to 20 minutes.The obtained tissue may be submitted for microscopic analysis followed by oriented sectioning, into smaller brain slabs. The slabs are suitable for chemical analysis, or further histological processing.

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