Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1.试样的制备<ol><li>机平坦狗骨和使用激光切割机和一个计算机数字控制（CNC）铣床（对于在不同的应变路径包括单轴，平面应变成形性试验从市售材料的铝合金6082（AA6082）十字形标本和等双轴应变状态）。 </li><li>测量每个十字形试和每个狗骨样品的厚度用游标卡尺三次在中央计区域，并计算平均值。确保在一个十字形试测量部分的厚度为0.7±0.05mm与该单轴试样的厚度为1.5±0.1毫米。 </li><li>通?...

<ol>
	<li>Karbasian, H., Tekkaya, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+hot+stamping.">A review on hot stamping.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 210 (15), 2103-2118 (2010).</li><li>Miller, W. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+development+in+aluminium+alloys+for+the+automotive+industry.">Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry.</a> Mater. Sci. and Eng. 280 (1), 37-49 (2000).</li><li>Shao, Z., Li, N., Lin, J., Dean, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+New+Biaxial+Testing+System+for+Generating+Forming+Limit+Diagrams+for+Sheet+Metals+Under+Hot+Stamping+Conditions.">Development of a New Biaxial Testing System for Generating Forming Limit Diagrams for Sheet Metals Under Hot Stamping Conditions.</a> Exp. Mech. 56 (9), 1-12 (2016).</li><li>Ayres, R. A., Wenner, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+and+strain-rate+hardening+effects+in+punch+stretching+of+5182-0+aluminum+at+elevated+temperatures.">Strain and strain-rate hardening effects in punch stretching of 5182-0 aluminum at elevated temperatures.</a> Metall. Trans. A. 10 (1), 41-46 (1979).</li><li>Shao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+forming+limit+curves+and+deformation+features+in+warm+forming+of+an+aluminium+alloy.">Experimental investigation of forming limit curves and deformation features in warm forming of an aluminium alloy.</a> P. I. Mech. Eng. B-J. Eng. , (2016).</li><li>Marciniak, Z., Kuczynski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limit+strains+in+the+processes+of+stretch-forming+sheet+metal.">Limit strains in the processes of stretch-forming sheet metal.</a> Int. J. Mech. Sci. 9 (9), 609-620 (1967).</li><li>Li, D., Ghosh, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biaxial+warm+forming+behavior+of+aluminum+sheet+alloys.">Biaxial warm forming behavior of aluminum sheet alloys.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 145 (3), 281-293 (2004).</li><li>Palumbo, G., Sorgente, D., Tricarico, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+design+of+a+formability+test+in+warm+conditions+for+an+AZ31+magnesium+alloy+avoiding+friction+and+strain+rate+effects.">The design of a formability test in warm conditions for an AZ31 magnesium alloy avoiding friction and strain rate effects.</a> Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manu. 48 (14), 1535-1545 (2008).</li><li>Raghavan, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+to+generate+in-plane+forming+limit+curves+and+selected+applications.">A simple technique to generate in-plane forming limit curves and selected applications.</a> Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 26 (8), 2075-2084 (1995).</li><li>Ragab, A. R., Baudelet, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forming+limit+curves:+out-of-plane+and+in-plane+stretching.">Forming limit curves: out-of-plane and in-plane stretching.</a> J. Mech. Work. Technol. 6 (4), 267-276 (1982).</li><li>Fan, X. -. b., He, Z. -. b., Zhou, W. -. x., Yuan, S. -. j. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formability+and+strengthening+mechanism+of+solution+treated+Al-Mg-Si+alloy+sheet+under+hot+stamping+conditions.">Formability and strengthening mechanism of solution treated Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet under hot stamping conditions.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 228, 179-185 (2016).</li><li>Zidane, I., Guines, D., L&#233;otoing, L., Ragneau, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in-plane+biaxial+test+for+forming+limit+curve+(FLC)+characterization+of+metallic+sheets.">Development of an in-plane biaxial test for forming limit curve (FLC) characterization of metallic sheets.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 (5), 055701 (2010).</li><li>Hannon, A., Tiernan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+planar+biaxial+tensile+test+systems+for+sheet+metal.">A review of planar biaxial tensile test systems for sheet metal.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 198 (1-3), 1-13 (2008).</li><li>Garrett, R., Lin, J., Dean, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+the+effects+of+solution+heat+treatment+on+mechanical+properties+for+AA+6xxx+alloys:+experimentation+and+modelling.">An investigation of the effects of solution heat treatment on mechanical properties for AA 6xxx alloys: experimentation and modelling.</a> Int. J. Plasticity. 21 (8), 1640-1657 (2005).</li><li>Milkereit, B., Wanderka, N., Schick, C., Kessler, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cooling+precipitation+diagrams+of+Al-Mg-Si+alloys.">Continuous cooling precipitation diagrams of Al-Mg-Si alloys.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 550, 87-96 (2012).</li><li>Crammond, G., Boyd, S. W., Dulieu-Barton, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speckle+pattern+quality+assessment+for+digital+image+correlation.">Speckle pattern quality assessment for digital image correlation.</a> Opt. Laser. Eng. 51 (12), 1368-1378 (2013).</li></ol>

用于确定成形限制常规的成形性的测试方法是通常只在室温下适用。所呈现的技术可用于通过引入新颖的双轴测试设备到电阻加热单轴试验机来评价金属用于热片冲压应用的可成形性。这可以不使用用于热冲压应用的常规方法来进行。加热和冷却系统和DIC系统的设置是为了控制在样品温度分布的均匀性，并因此记录拉伸试样的变形历史的关键。 在该技术中，加热和冷却速率?...

汽车行业正面临着降低燃油消耗和车辆排放减少环境污染的一个巨大的全球性挑战。轻量化对提高汽车的性能是有益的，并且可以直接降低能耗1。由于金属板在室温下，热冲压和冷模淬火工艺低的可成形性（称为热冲压）2用于改进合金的成形性并因此获得在汽车应用中复杂形状的部件。 成形极限图（FLD）是评价的合金3的成形性的有用工具。外的平面的测试，如测试Nakazima 4， 图5和面内测试，如测试Marciniak 6，7，8，一个再常规的实验方法，以获得各种条件9，10，11下的金属板的成形极限。甲伺服液压双轴测试机也已经用于研究合金在室温下12，13中的可成形性。 然而，没有上述方法适用于热冲压条件下的可成形性的测试中，因为与加热和冷却速率的控制一起，需要成形之前的冷却过程。变形温度和应变速率很难获得准确。因此，一种新的成形性的测试系统是在本研究中提出的通过实验来确定片材金属的热冲压条件下成形极限。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

热冲压和冷模淬火工艺越来越多地用于形成金属片的复杂形状的结构部件。常规的实验方法，如外的平面和平面内的测试中，并不适用于加热和快速冷却处理之前形成用于热冲压条件下进行测试时引入成形极限的确定。一种新颖的平面内双轴测试系统的设计和用于形成在电阻加热单轴试验机加热和冷却过程后的不同应变路径，温度和应变率的金属板的限制的确定。双轴测试系统的核心部分是一个双轴设备，其传送由单轴试验机提供到双轴力的单轴力。十字形样品的一种类型被设计和验证的使用提出的双轴测试系统铝合金6082的成形性试验。数字IM使用年龄相关性（DIC）系统用高速照相机对变形期间采取的试样的应变测量。提出该双轴测试系统的目的是使合金的成形极限，在热冲压条件下各种温度和应变速率来确定。

由于成形极限是高度应变路径依赖性的，对于每个测试条件下的应变路径的线性通过分析DIC结果验证;应变路径是整个变形对于每个测试条件成比例的。次要到主应变比的范围是约-0.37（单轴条件）至0.26（近双轴条件）。通过处理用于不同AA6082条件的数据，形成用于不同应变路径限制数据被确定并且因此，是通过曲线拟合获得的热冲压条件AA6082的成形极限。在图3</stro...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

该协议提出上的电阻，以确定热冲压条件下的金属板的成形极限图（FLD）加热单轴拉伸试验机中使用的新颖的双轴测试系统。

一种新型双轴试验设备的成形极限的下烫印条件的决定

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Bending

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

VB制作<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; /空气电池电化学测试

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

科研

工程学

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

高灵敏度核磁共振的千兆帕斯卡压力：一种新的工具，用于极端条件下探测电子和化工凝聚态的性质

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

一个测试平台为聚合物的耐久性研究，并在同期Hygrothermo机械刺激纤维增强聚合物复合材料

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

实验装置的研制归还系数在真空条件下测量

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

放电等离子烧结设备中使用的钛酸锶双晶体的形成

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

在油样品的相行为在炼油工艺条件的原位可视化

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

使用激光投射光热法构造加热的地下缺陷定位

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

一种新的方法<em&gt;原位</em&gt;纳米级样品的机电表征

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...