Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1. Bereiding van Specimens <ol><li> Machine platte dog-bone en kruisvormige monsters van commercieel materiaal aluminiumlegering 6082 (AA6082) met een lasersnijmachine en Computer Numerical Control (CNC) freesmachine (voor vervormbaarheid tests op verschillende vervormingspaden zoals eenassige, vlakvervorming en equi-biaxiaal persen staten). </li><li> Meet de dikte van elk monster en elke kruisvormige dog-bone monster met een schuifmaat driemaal het centrale maatgebied en bereken de gemiddelden. Waarborgen dat de dikt...

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Gebruikelijke vormbaarheid gebruikte testmethoden om te bepalen grenzen vormen gewoonlijk alleen van toepassing bij kamertemperatuur. De gepresenteerde techniek kan worden gebruikt om de vervormbaarheid van metalen voor warm stempelen aanvragen geëvalueerd door invoeging van een nieuwe biaxiaal testinrichting een weerstandsverwarming uniaxiale testmachine. Dit kan niet worden uitgevoerd met behulp van conventionele methoden voor het hete stempelen toepassingen. De opzet van verwarmings- en koelsystemen en DIC systeem i...

De auto-industrie wordt geconfronteerd met een enorme mondiale uitdaging van de vermindering van het brandstofverbruik en het minimaliseren van milieuvervuiling door de emissies van voertuigen. Gewichtsreductie is gunstig voor het verbeteren van de prestaties van de auto&#39;s en kan direct het energieverbruik 1 te verminderen. Vanwege de lage vormbaarheid van plaatmateriaal bij kamertemperatuur, warm stampen koude matrijs doofprocessen (hierna warmdruk) 2 worden gebruikt om de vervormbaarheid van de legeringen te verbeteren en daarmee complex gevormde componenten in automobieltoepassingen te verkrijgen. Een vormingsgrens diagram (FLD) is een nuttig hulpmiddel om de vormbaarheid van een legering 3 evalueren. Out-of-plane testen, zoals de Nakazima proef 4, 5, en in het vlak proeven, zoals de Marciniak proef 6, 7, 8, eenre gebruikelijke experimentele methoden om de FLD&#39;s van plaatmetaal onder verschillende omstandigheden 9, 10, 11 te verkrijgen. Een servo-hydraulische biaxiale testmachine werd ook gebruikt om de vervormbaarheid van de legeringen bij kamertemperatuur 12, 13 te onderzoeken. Geen van de bovenstaande methoden zijn geschikt voor de vormbaarheid proeven onder hot stamping omstandigheden, omdat een koelproces voorafgaand aan het vormen is vereist, samen met regeling van de verwarmings- en afkoelsnelheden. De vervormingstemperatuur en reksnelheid zijn moeilijk nauwkeurig te verkrijgen. Derhalve is een nieuw vervormbaarheid testsysteem in deze studie voorgesteld experimenteel bepalen de grenzen vormen van plaatmateriaal onder hot stamping omstandigheden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

De hot stamping en koude matrijs afschrikproces wordt steeds meer gebruikt om complexe vorm structurele componenten van plaatmetaal te vormen. Conventionele experimentele benaderingen, zoals buiten het vlak en in-vlak proeven, zijn niet van toepassing op de bepaling van het vormen beperkingen bij het verwarmen en snel afkoelen processen voorafgaand aan het vormen van proeven uitgevoerd onder hot stamping omstandigheden geïntroduceerd. Een nieuwe in-plane biaxiale testsysteem ontworpen en gebruikt voor het bepalen van het vormen grenzen van plaatmateriaal op verschillende vervormingspaden temperaturen en vervormingssnelheden na verwarming en koeling processen in een weerstandsverwarming uniaxiale testmachine. Het kerndeel van de biaxiale testsysteem is een biaxiale inrichting die een uniaxiale kracht die de uniaxiale testmachine met een biaxiale kracht overdraagt. Eén type kruisvormig monster werd ontworpen en gecontroleerd voor de vervormbaarheid test van aluminium 6082 met de voorgestelde biaxiale testsysteem. De digitale imleeftijd correlatie (DIC) systeem met een hoge-snelheidscamera werd gebruikt voor het maken rekmetingen van een monster bij een vervorming. Het doel van dit voorstel biaxiaal testsysteem is de vorming van een legering grenzen te bepalen bij verschillende temperaturen en spanningssnelheden onder hot stamping omstandigheden mogelijk.

Aangezien FLD zeer stam wegafhankelijke werd de lineariteit van de stam pad voor elke testomstandigheid gecontroleerd door het analyseren van de resultaten DIC; de vervormingspaden evenredig gedurende deformatie per testconditie. Het bereik van de kleine tot grote rek verhouding ongeveer -0,37 (uniaxiale toestand) 0,26 (bij biaxiale toestand). Door het verwerken van gegevens voor verschillende AA6082 omstandigheden vormingsgrens gegevens voor verschillende vervormingspaden bepaald en daa...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

Dit protocol stelt een nieuw biaxiaal testsysteem gebruikt op een weerstandsverwarming uniaxiale trekproef machine om de vormingsgrens diagram (FLD) van plaatmateriaal onder hot stamping omstandigheden te bepalen.

A Novel Biaxial testapparatuur voor de bepaling van vormingsgrens onder stampen Voorwaarden

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

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