Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1. Préparation des échantillons <ol><li> Machine d&#39;os de chien plat et d&#39;échantillons cruciformes à partir d&#39;alliage d&#39;aluminium et de matière commerciale 6082 (AA6082) en utilisant un dispositif de coupe au laser et une commande numérique par ordinateur machine de fraisage (CNC) (pour les essais de formabilité à différents chemins de contrainte compris uniaxiale, déformation plane, et déformation équi-biaxial États). </li><li> Mesurer l&#39;épaisseur de chaque éprouvette cruciforme et c...

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Plasticity. 21 (8), 1640-1657 (2005).</li><li>Milkereit, B., Wanderka, N., Schick, C., Kessler, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cooling+precipitation+diagrams+of+Al-Mg-Si+alloys.">Continuous cooling precipitation diagrams of Al-Mg-Si alloys.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 550, 87-96 (2012).</li><li>Crammond, G., Boyd, S. W., Dulieu-Barton, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speckle+pattern+quality+assessment+for+digital+image+correlation.">Speckle pattern quality assessment for digital image correlation.</a> Opt. Laser. Eng. 51 (12), 1368-1378 (2013).</li></ol>

méthodes d&#39;essai classiques formabilité utilisées pour déterminer la formation des limites sont généralement applicables uniquement à la température ambiante. La technique présentée peut être utilisée pour évaluer l&#39;aptitude au formage de métaux pour des applications d&#39;estampage de feuilles à chaud par l&#39;introduction d&#39;un nouvel appareil d&#39;essai biaxial à un chauffage par résistance machine d&#39;essai uniaxial. Cela ne peut pas être effectuée en utilisant des méthodes convent...

L&#39;industrie automobile est confrontée à un énorme défi mondial de réduire la consommation de carburant et réduire la pollution de l&#39;environnement des émissions de véhicules. La réduction du poids est bénéfique pour améliorer les performances des automobiles et peut réduire directement la consommation d&#39;énergie 1. En raison de la faible aptitude au formage de tôles à la température ambiante, l&#39; estampage à chaud et les procédés de trempe de la filière froide (dénommé estampage à chaud) 2 sont utilisés pour améliorer la formabilité des alliages et d&#39;obtenir ainsi des composants de forme complexe dans les applications automobiles. Un diagramme de limite de formage (FLD) est un outil utile pour évaluer l&#39;aptitude au formage d&#39;un alliage 3. Out-of-plane tests, tels que le test Nakazima 4, 5, et des tests dans le plan, tels que le test Marciniak 6, 7, 8, unre méthodes expérimentales classiques pour obtenir les flds de tôles dans diverses conditions 9, 10, 11. Une machine d&#39;essai servo-hydraulique biaxial a également été utilisée pour étudier la formabilité des alliages à température ambiante 12, 13. Cependant, aucune des méthodes ci-dessus sont applicables aux essais de formabilité dans des conditions de marquage à chaud, car un processus de refroidissement avant la formation est nécessaire ainsi que le contrôle des vitesses de chauffage et de refroidissement. La température de déformation et la vitesse de déformation sont difficiles à obtenir avec précision. Par conséquent, un nouveau système de test de formabilité est proposé dans cette étude afin de déterminer expérimentalement les limites formant des tôles dans des conditions de marquage à chaud.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

Le marquage à chaud et le processus de trempe de la filière à froid est de plus en plus utilisés pour former des éléments de structure en forme de complexes de métaux en feuilles. approches expérimentales classiques, tels que des essais hors du plan et dans le plan, ne sont pas applicables à la détermination des limites de formage lors du chauffage et des processus de refroidissement rapide sont mis en place avant la formation des essais effectués dans des conditions de marquage à chaud. Un nouveau a été conçu et utilisé système d&#39;essai biaxial dans le plan pour la détermination des limites de formage de tôles à différents chemins de déformation, des températures et des vitesses de déformation après chauffage et les processus de refroidissement dans une résistance de chauffage machine d&#39;essai uniaxial. La partie centrale du système d&#39;essai biaxial est un appareil biaxial, qui transfère une force uniaxiale fournie par la machine d&#39;essai uniaxial à une force biaxial. Un type d&#39;échantillon cruciformes a été conçu et vérifié pour le test de formabilité en alliage d&#39;aluminium 6082 à l&#39;aide du système de test biaxial proposé. L&#39;im numériquesystème de corrélation d&#39;âge (DIC) avec une caméra à grande vitesse a été utilisé pour effectuer des mesures de déformation d&#39;un échantillon au cours d&#39;une déformation. Le but de proposer ce système d&#39;essai biaxial est de permettre des limites de formage d&#39;un alliage à déterminer à diverses températures et vitesses de déformation dans des conditions de marquage à chaud.

Depuis flds sont très-chemin dépend de la souche, la linéarité du trajet de déformation pour chaque condition d&#39;essai a été vérifiée par l&#39;analyse des résultats DIC; les chemins de déformation sont proportionnelles à travers la déformation pour chaque condition d&#39;essai. La plage du rapport à majeur-mineur souche est d&#39;environ -0,37 (condition uniaxial) à 0,26 (à proximité de la condition biaxial). Par traitement de données pour différentes conditions de...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

Ce protocole propose un nouveau système d&#39;essai biaxial utilisé sur une résistance de chauffage machine d&#39;essai de traction uniaxiale dans le but de déterminer le diagramme de limite de formage (FLD) de tôles dans des conditions de marquage à chaud.

Un nouvel appareil d&#39;essai biaxiale pour la détermination de la limite de formage à chaud sous conditions Stamping

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

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