Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1. Herstellung der Proben <ol><li> Maschine flache Hundeknochen und Kreuz Proben aus handelsüblichen Material Aluminiumlegierung 6082 (AA6082) mit Hilfe eines Laser-Schneideinrichtung und eine numerische Computersteuerung (CNC) Fräsmaschine (für Umformbarkeit Tests bei unterschiedlichen Dehnungswege einschließlich uniaxial, plane strain und gleichwinklig biaxialen Spann Staaten). </li><li> Messen Sie die Dicke jeder Kreuzprobe und jeder Hund-Knochenprobe mit einer Schieblehre dreimal im zentralen Kalibrierbereich ...

<ol>
	<li>Karbasian, H., Tekkaya, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+hot+stamping.">A review on hot stamping.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 210 (15), 2103-2118 (2010).</li><li>Miller, W. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+development+in+aluminium+alloys+for+the+automotive+industry.">Recent development in aluminium alloys for the automotive industry.</a> Mater. Sci. and Eng. 280 (1), 37-49 (2000).</li><li>Shao, Z., Li, N., Lin, J., Dean, T. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+a+New+Biaxial+Testing+System+for+Generating+Forming+Limit+Diagrams+for+Sheet+Metals+Under+Hot+Stamping+Conditions.">Development of a New Biaxial Testing System for Generating Forming Limit Diagrams for Sheet Metals Under Hot Stamping Conditions.</a> Exp. Mech. 56 (9), 1-12 (2016).</li><li>Ayres, R. A., Wenner, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strain+and+strain-rate+hardening+effects+in+punch+stretching+of+5182-0+aluminum+at+elevated+temperatures.">Strain and strain-rate hardening effects in punch stretching of 5182-0 aluminum at elevated temperatures.</a> Metall. Trans. A. 10 (1), 41-46 (1979).</li><li>Shao, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experimental+investigation+of+forming+limit+curves+and+deformation+features+in+warm+forming+of+an+aluminium+alloy.">Experimental investigation of forming limit curves and deformation features in warm forming of an aluminium alloy.</a> P. I. Mech. Eng. B-J. Eng. , (2016).</li><li>Marciniak, Z., Kuczynski, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limit+strains+in+the+processes+of+stretch-forming+sheet+metal.">Limit strains in the processes of stretch-forming sheet metal.</a> Int. J. Mech. Sci. 9 (9), 609-620 (1967).</li><li>Li, D., Ghosh, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biaxial+warm+forming+behavior+of+aluminum+sheet+alloys.">Biaxial warm forming behavior of aluminum sheet alloys.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 145 (3), 281-293 (2004).</li><li>Palumbo, G., Sorgente, D., Tricarico, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+design+of+a+formability+test+in+warm+conditions+for+an+AZ31+magnesium+alloy+avoiding+friction+and+strain+rate+effects.">The design of a formability test in warm conditions for an AZ31 magnesium alloy avoiding friction and strain rate effects.</a> Int. J. Mach. Tool. Manu. 48 (14), 1535-1545 (2008).</li><li>Raghavan, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+simple+technique+to+generate+in-plane+forming+limit+curves+and+selected+applications.">A simple technique to generate in-plane forming limit curves and selected applications.</a> Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 26 (8), 2075-2084 (1995).</li><li>Ragab, A. R., Baudelet, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forming+limit+curves:+out-of-plane+and+in-plane+stretching.">Forming limit curves: out-of-plane and in-plane stretching.</a> J. Mech. Work. Technol. 6 (4), 267-276 (1982).</li><li>Fan, X. -. b., He, Z. -. b., Zhou, W. -. x., Yuan, S. -. j. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formability+and+strengthening+mechanism+of+solution+treated+Al-Mg-Si+alloy+sheet+under+hot+stamping+conditions.">Formability and strengthening mechanism of solution treated Al-Mg-Si alloy sheet under hot stamping conditions.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 228, 179-185 (2016).</li><li>Zidane, I., Guines, D., L&#233;otoing, L., Ragneau, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+an+in-plane+biaxial+test+for+forming+limit+curve+(FLC)+characterization+of+metallic+sheets.">Development of an in-plane biaxial test for forming limit curve (FLC) characterization of metallic sheets.</a> Meas. Sci. Technol. 21 (5), 055701 (2010).</li><li>Hannon, A., Tiernan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+of+planar+biaxial+tensile+test+systems+for+sheet+metal.">A review of planar biaxial tensile test systems for sheet metal.</a> J. of Mater. Process. Tech. 198 (1-3), 1-13 (2008).</li><li>Garrett, R., Lin, J., Dean, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+investigation+of+the+effects+of+solution+heat+treatment+on+mechanical+properties+for+AA+6xxx+alloys:+experimentation+and+modelling.">An investigation of the effects of solution heat treatment on mechanical properties for AA 6xxx alloys: experimentation and modelling.</a> Int. J. Plasticity. 21 (8), 1640-1657 (2005).</li><li>Milkereit, B., Wanderka, N., Schick, C., Kessler, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Continuous+cooling+precipitation+diagrams+of+Al-Mg-Si+alloys.">Continuous cooling precipitation diagrams of Al-Mg-Si alloys.</a> Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 550, 87-96 (2012).</li><li>Crammond, G., Boyd, S. W., Dulieu-Barton, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Speckle+pattern+quality+assessment+for+digital+image+correlation.">Speckle pattern quality assessment for digital image correlation.</a> Opt. Laser. Eng. 51 (12), 1368-1378 (2013).</li></ol>

Herkömmliche Formbarkeit verwendete Testverfahren zur Bestimmung Grenzen bilden, sind in der Regel nur anwendbar bei Raumtemperatur. Die dargestellte Technik kann verwendet werden, um die Formbarkeit von Metallen für die Heißprägefolie Anwendungen zu bewerten, indem eine neuartige biaxialen Testvorrichtung zu einem Widerstand Einführung uniaxial Prüfmaschine erhitzt wird. Dies kann mit konventionellen Methoden nicht für Heißpräge Anwendungen durchgeführt werden. Der Aufbau der Heiz- und Kühlsysteme und der DI...

Die Automobilindustrie steht vor einer große globale Herausforderung der Reduzierung des Kraftstoffverbrauchs und die Umweltbelastung durch Emissionen von Kraftfahrzeugen zu minimieren. Gewichtsreduzierung ist von Vorteil , um die Leistung der Autos zu verbessern und kann direkt den Energieverbrauch 1 reduzieren. Aufgrund der geringen Formbarkeit von Blechen bei Raumtemperatur werden die Warmumformung und Kaltform Abschreckverfahren (bezeichnet als Heißpräge) 2 verwendet , um die Formbarkeit von Legierungen zu verbessern und somit komplex geformte Bauteile in Automobilanwendungen zu erhalten. Ein Grenzformänderungsdiagramm (FLD) ist ein nützliches Werkzeug , um die Verformbarkeit einer Legierung 3 zu bewerten. Out-of-plane - Test, wie der Nakazima Test 4, 5 und in der Ebene liegende Tests, wie der Marciniak Test 6, 7, 8, einemre konventionelle Methoden , um die experimentellen flds von Blechen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen 9, 10, 11 zu erhalten. Eine servohydraulischen Prüfmaschine biaxialen hat auch die Formbarkeit der Legierung bei Raumtemperatur 12, 13 zu untersuchen , verwendet worden. Jedoch ist keines der obigen Verfahren sind anwendbar auf Formbarkeit Tests unter Heißprägebedingungen, da ein Kühlvorgang vor der Bildung benötigt wird zusammen mit der Steuerung der Heiz- und Kühlraten. Die Verformungstemperatur und Verformungsgeschwindigkeit lassen sich nur schwer genau zu erhalten. Daher wird ein neuartiges Umformbarkeit Prüfsystems in dieser Studie vorgeschlagen, experimentell die Formgebungsgrenzen von Blechen unter Heißprägebedingungen zu bestimmen.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

Die Heißprägung und Kaltform Abschreckvorgang wird zunehmend verwendet, komplex geformte Bauteile von Blechen zu bilden. Herkömmliche experimentelle Ansätze, wie aus der Ebene und in der Ebene liegenden Tests, sind nicht anwendbar auf die Bestimmungsgrenzen des Ausbildens beim Heizen und schnelle Abkühlen Prozesse werden vor der Bildung für die Tests durchgeführt unter Heißprägebedingungen eingeführt. Eine neue in-plane biaxialen Prüfsystems wurde für die Bestimmung von Formgebungsgrenzen von Blechen an verschiedenen Dehnungsweg, Temperaturen und Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten nach dem Erhitzen und Kühlprozess in einem Widerstandsheizelement uniaxial Prüfmaschine entworfen und verwendet. Der Kernteil des biaxialen Prüfsystems ist eine biaxiale Vorrichtung, die eine uniaxiale Kraft, die von der einachsigen Prüfmaschine bereitgestellt auf eine biaxiale Kraft. Eine Art von Kreuzprobe wurde konstruiert und für den Umformbarkeit Test der Aluminiumlegierung 6082 mit dem vorgeschlagenen biaxialen Prüfsystems verifiziert. Die digitale imAlters Korrelation (DIC) System mit einer Hochgeschwindigkeitskamera wurde für die Aufnahme Dehnungsmessungen einer Probe während einer Verformung verwendet. Das Ziel schlägt diese biaxiale Prüfsystems ist die Formgebungsgrenzen einer Legierung zu ermöglichen, bei verschiedenen Temperaturen und Verformungsgeschwindigkeiten unter Heißprägebedingungen bestimmt werden.

Da flds hochDehnungs wegabhängige sind, wurde die Linearität der Dehnungspfad für jede Testbedingung durch Analysieren der Ergebnisse DIC überprüft; die Dehnungswege sind im gesamten Verformung für jede Prüfbedingung proportional. Der Bereich des kleineren zu größeren Dehnungsverhältnis beträgt ca. -0.37 (uniaxial Zustand) bis 0,26 (bei biaxialer Bedingung). Von Daten für verschiedene Bedingungen AA6082 Verarbeitung Grenzformänderungsdaten für verschiedene Dehnungswege wurd...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

Dieses Protokoll schlägt ein neuartiges System biaxialen Tests auf einen Widerstand verwendet einachsigen Zugversuch Maschine, um Erhitzen der Grenzformänderungsdiagramm (FLD) von Blechen unter Heißprägebedingungen zu bestimmen.

A Novel Biaxial Testvorrichtung für die Bestimmung der Grenzformänderung unter Hot Stamping Bedingungen

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Bending

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Fabrication of VB2/Air Cells for Electrochemical Testing

Herstellung von VB<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt; / Air Cells für Elektrochemische Testing

A technique to investigate the properties and performance of new multi-electron metal/air battery systems is proposed and presented. A method for ...

Forschung

Ingenieurwesen

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance at Giga-Pascal Pressures: A New Tool for Probing Electronic and Chemical Properties of Condensed Matter under Extreme Conditions

High-Sensitivity Nuclear Magnetic Resonance bei Giga-Pascal Drücke: ein neues Instrument zur Sondierung elektronischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von kondensierter Materie unter extremen Bedingungen

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) is one of the most important techniques for the study of condensed matter systems, their chemical structure, and their ...

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Eine Testplattform in Haltbarkeit Studien von Polymeren und faserverstärkten Polymerverbundwerkstoffe unter Concurrent Hygrothermogeber mechanischen Stimuli

The durability of polymers and fiber-reinforced polymer composites under service condition is a critical aspect to be addressed for their robust designs ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

Erkennung und Wiedergewinnung von Palladium, Gold und Kobalt-Metalle aus der Urban-Mine mit Hilfe neuartiger Sensoren / Adsorbentien mit nanoskaligen Wagon-Rad-förmigen Poren Ausgewiesene

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Development of an Experimental Setup for the Measurement of the Coefficient of Restitution under Vacuum Conditions

Entwicklung eines Versuchsaufbau zur Messung des Restitutionskoeffizienten unter Vakuumbedingungen

The Discrete Element Method is used for the simulation of particulate systems to describe and analyze them, to predict and afterwards optimize their ...

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

Erweiterte Experimentelle Methoden für Niedertemperatur-Magneto Messung der Novel Materials

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Spark Plasma Sintering Apparatus Used for the Formation of Strontium Titanate Bicrystals

Spark Plasma Sintering Gerät verwendet für die Bildung von Strontiumtitanat Bikristalle

A spark plasma sintering apparatus was used as a novel method for diffusion bonding of two single crystals of strontium titanate to form bicrystals with ...

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

In Situ Visualization of the Phase Behavior of Oil Samples Under Refinery Process Conditions

In Situ Visualisierung der Phasenverhalten von Ölproben Unter Raffinerie Prozessbedingungen

To help address production issues in refineries caused by the fouling of process units and lines, we have developed a setup as well as a method to ...

Subsurface Defect Localization by Structured Heating Using Laser Projected Photothermal Thermography

Untergrundfehler-Lokalisierung durch strukturierte Erwärmung mittels laserprojektierter photothermischer Thermografie

The presented method is used to locate subsurface defects oriented perpendicularly to the surface. To achieve this, we create destructively interfering ...

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

A Novel Method for In Situ Electromechanical Characterization of Nanoscale Specimens

Eine neuartige Methode für<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Elektromechanische Charakterisierung von nanoskaligen Proben

Electrically assisted deformation (EAD) is increasingly being used to improve the formability of metals during processes such as sheet metal rolling and ...