Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1. Fremstilling av prøver <ol><li> Maskin flat dog beina og korsformede prøver fra kommersielt materiale aluminiumlegering 6082 (AA6082) ved hjelp av en laserskjærer og en datamaskin numerisk kontroll (CNC) fresemaskin (for formbarhetsegenskaper tester ved forskjellige belastningsbaner inkludert enakset, plane belastning, og i lik biaksial strai stater). </li><li> Måle tykkelsen av hver korsformede prøvestykke og hver hund-bein prøven med en verniercaliper tre ganger i det sentrale bakre parti og beregne gjennom...

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Konvensjonelle formbarhetsegenskaper testmetoder anvendes for å bestemme formingsgrensene er vanligvis anvendbar bare ved romtemperatur. Den presenterte teknikken kan brukes til å evaluere formbarhet av metaller for varme plate pressing anvendelser ved å innføre en ny biaksial testapparat for en motstandsoppvarming uniaksial prøvemaskin. Dette kan ikke utføres ved hjelp av konvensjonelle metoder for varm stempling anvendelser. Oppsettet av oppvarmings- og kjølesystemer og DIC systemet er kritisk for å kontroller...

Bilindustrien står overfor et stort globalt utfordring å redusere drivstofforbruket og redusere miljøforurensning fra utslipp fra kjøretøy. Vektreduksjon er gunstig for å forbedre ytelsen til biler og kan direkte redusere energiforbruket 1. På grunn av den lave formbarhet av metallplater ved romtemperatur, varm stempling og kald presslukke prosesser (referert til som varmtrykk) 2 benyttes for å forbedre formbarheten av legeringer og således for å skaffe komplisert utformede komponenter i bilindustrien. Et formings grense diagram (FLD) er et nyttig verktøy for å evaluere formbarhet av en legering 3. Out-of-plane tester, for eksempel den Nakazima forsøk 4, 5 og i planet tester, for eksempel den Marciniak forsøk 6, 7, 8, enre vanlige eksperimentelle metoder for å oppnå de FLDs av metallplater under forskjellige betingelser 9, 10, 11. En servo-hydraulisk biaksial testing av maskinen har også blitt brukt for å undersøke den formbarhet av legeringer ved værelsetemperatur 12, 13. Imidlertid er ingen av metodene ovenfor kan anvendes på formbarhetsegenskaper tester under varme stempling betingelser, ettersom en kjøleprosess før forming er nødvendig sammen med kontroll av oppvarmings- og avkjølingshastighetene. Deformasjonen temperatur og tøyning er vanskelig å oppnå nøyaktig. Derfor tilveiebringes en ny formbarhet testsystem som foreslås i denne studien er å bestemme eksperimentelt de danner grensene for metaller ark under varme stempling betingelser.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

Den varme stempling og kaldpres bråkjølingsprosessen blir stadig mer brukt for å danne komplisert utformede konstruksjonsdeler av metallplater. Konvensjonelle eksperimentelle tilnærminger, for eksempel ut-av-planet og i plan-tester, er ikke anvendelig for bestemmelse av formingsbegrensninger ved oppvarming og rask avkjøling prosesser blir introdusert før formingen for tester utført under varme stempling betingelser. Et nytt i planet biaksialt testsystem ble konstruert og anvendt for bestemmelse av formingsgrensene for metallplater ved forskjellige belastningsbaner, temperaturer og strekkverdier etter oppvarming og avkjølingsprosesser ved en motstandsoppvarming uniaksial prøvemaskin. Kjernen del av den biaksiale testsystemet er en biaksial apparat, som overfører en enakset kraft som tilveiebringes av uniaksial prøvemaskin til en biaksial kraft. En type av korsformede prøvestykke ble utformet og verifisert for formbarheten test av aluminiumlegeringen 6082 ved bruk av det foreslåtte biaksiale testing av systemet. Den digitale imalder korrelasjon (DIC) system med en høyhastighetskamera ble brukt for å ta målinger av strekk en prøve i løpet av en deformasjon. Hensikten med å foreslå denne biaksiale testing system er å gjøre det mulig formingsgrensene for en legering som skal bestemmes ved forskjellige temperaturer og strekkverdier under varme stempling betingelser.

Siden FLDs er meget strekkstrekningsavhengige, ble lineariteten av belastningsbanen for hver testtilstand bekreftet ved analysering av DIC resultater; strekk banene er proporsjonal hele deformasjon for hver testbetingelse. Utvalget av den mindre til større belastning forhold tilnærmet -0,37 (uniaksial tilstand) til 0,26 (nær biaksiale tilstand). Ved å behandle data for ulike AA6082 betingelser, og danner grensedata for forskjellige belastningsbaner ble bestemt, og følgelig ble de FL...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

Denne protokollen foreslår en ny biaksial testsystem som brukes på en motstandsoppvarming uniaksial strekkprøve-maskin for å bestemme formingsgrensen diagrammet (FLD) av metallplater under varme stempling betingelser.

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparater for fastsettelse av Forming ramme knyttet varm stempling betingelser

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

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