Name: a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions
Uploaded: 2017-04-04T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

This research was supported by the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 604240, project title "An industrial system enabling the use of a patented, lab-proven materials processing technology for Low Cost forming of Lightweight structures for transportation industries (LoCoLite)."

1. Preparación de muestras <ol><li> Máquina de hueso de perro plana y especímenes cruciformes de material comercial de aleación de aluminio 6082 (AA6082) utilizando un cortador de láser y un control numérico por computadora (CNC) de la máquina de fresado (para las pruebas de capacidad de deformación en diferentes trayectorias de deformación incluyendo cepa uniaxial, avión, y el esfuerzo equi-biaxial estados). </li><li> Medir el espesor de cada muestra cruciformes y cada espécimen de hueso de perro con un ca...

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métodos de ensayo de conformabilidad convencionales utilizados para determinar la formación de límites son generalmente aplicables sólo a temperatura ambiente. La técnica presentada puede utilizarse para evaluar la capacidad de conformación de metales para aplicaciones de hoja de estampado en caliente mediante la introducción de un nuevo aparato de ensayo biaxial a una resistencia de calentamiento máquina de ensayo uniaxial. Esto no se puede realizar usando métodos convencionales para aplicaciones de estampaci?...

La industria del automóvil se enfrenta a un enorme desafío global de reducir el consumo de combustible y reducir al mínimo la contaminación del medio ambiente de las emisiones de vehículos. La reducción de peso es beneficiosa para mejorar el rendimiento de los automóviles y puede reducir directamente el consumo de energía 1. Debido a la baja capacidad de conformado de láminas de metal a temperatura ambiente, estampado en caliente y procesos de enfriamiento rápido de troquel frío (referido como estampación en caliente) 2 se utilizan para mejorar la conformabilidad de las aleaciones y así obtener los componentes de formas complejas en aplicaciones de automoción. Un diagrama de límite de conformado (FLD) es una herramienta útil para evaluar la capacidad de conformación de una aleación 3. Fuera de plano de pruebas, como la prueba Nakazima 4, 5, y en el plano pruebas, como la Marciniak prueba 6, 7, 8, unare métodos experimentales convencionales para obtener los flds de metales de hoja en diversas condiciones 9, 10, 11. Una máquina de ensayo biaxial servo-hidráulico también se ha utilizado para investigar la conformabilidad de las aleaciones a temperatura ambiente 12, 13. Sin embargo, ninguno de los métodos anteriores son aplicables a las pruebas de capacidad de deformación bajo condiciones de estampación en caliente, ya que un proceso de enfriamiento antes de la formación que se requiere, junto con el control de las velocidades de calentamiento y enfriamiento. La temperatura de deformación y velocidad de deformación son difíciles de obtener con precisión. Por lo tanto, se propone un nuevo sistema de pruebas de la capacidad de conformado en este estudio para determinar experimentalmente los límites de formación de láminas de metal en condiciones de estampación en caliente.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="923">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Aluminium Alloy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Smiths Metal</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">6082</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Specimens machining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laser cutter</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LVD Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">HELIUS 25/13</td>
			<td>Laser cutting specimens</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">CNC machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HAAS Automation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TM-2CE</td>
			<td>Machine specimens by milling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Vernier caliper</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Mitutoyo</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">575-481</td>
			<td>Thickness measurement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Resistance heating uniaxial testing machine</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Gleeble 3800</td>
			<td>Thermo-mechanical materials simulator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High flow quench system</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">38510</td>
			<td>For air cooling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Thermocouples</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Dynamic System Inc</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">K type</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Nozzles</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Indexa</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td>Nozzle flared 1/4 inch bore</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Welding cables</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">LAPP Group</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H01N2-D</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">High-speed camera</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Photron</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">UX50</td>
			<td>For DIC testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Camera lens</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Micro 200mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Lamp</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Liliput</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">150ce</td>
			<td>300W</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Laptop</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">HP</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Campaq 2530p</td>
			<td>For images recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Biaxial testing apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">Manufactured independently</td>
			<td style="width:121px;"></td>
			<td style="width:421px;">All parts were designed and machinced by authors for biaxial testing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:229px;">Steel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">West Yorkshire Steel</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H13</td>
			<td style="width:421px;">Mateials of the biaxial testing apparatus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:229px;">Image correlation processing software</td>
			<td style="width:152px;">GOM</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">ARAMIS</td>
			<td>Non-contact measuring system and data post-pocessing</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel biaxial testing apparatus for the determination of forming limit under hot stamping conditions

El estampado en caliente y el proceso de enfriamiento rápido de troquel frío se utiliza cada vez más para formar componentes estructurales de formas complejas de metales de hoja. enfoques experimentales convencionales, tales como fuera de plano y en el plano pruebas, no son aplicables a la determinación de la formación de límites cuando el calentamiento y los procesos de enfriamiento rápido se introduce antes de la formación de ensayos realizados en condiciones de estampación en caliente. Un sistema de prueba biaxial novela en el plano fue diseñado y utilizado para la determinación de la formación de límites de metales de hoja en varios caminos de deformación, las temperaturas y velocidades de deformación después del calentamiento y de enfriamiento procesos en una resistencia de calentamiento máquina de ensayo uniaxial. La parte central del sistema de ensayo biaxial es un aparato biaxial, que transfiere una fuerza uniaxial proporcionada por la máquina de ensayo uniaxial a una fuerza biaxial. Un tipo de espécimen cruciformes fue diseñado y verificado para la prueba de capacidad de conformación de la aleación de aluminio 6.082 usando el sistema de ensayo biaxial propuesto. El IM DIGITALSe utilizó el sistema de la edad de correlación (DIC) con una cámara de alta velocidad para la toma de medidas de deformación de una muestra durante una deformación. El objetivo de proponer este sistema de ensayo biaxial es permitir a los límites de formación de una aleación que se determinen a diversas temperaturas y velocidades de deformación en condiciones de estampación en caliente.

Desde flds son altamente dependiente de la trayectoria de deformación, la linealidad de la trayectoria de deformación para cada condición de ensayo se verificó mediante el análisis de los resultados DIC; las trayectorias de tensión son proporcionales a lo largo de deformación para cada condición de ensayo. El rango de la relación de deformación-menor a mayor es de aproximadamente -0,37 (condición uniaxial) a 0,26 (cerca de condición biaxial). Mediante el procesamiento de dato...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions at JoVE.com

A Novel Biaxial Testing Apparatus for the Determination of Forming Limit under Hot Stamping Conditions

Este protocolo propone un nuevo sistema de pruebas biaxial utilizado en una resistencia de calentamiento de la máquina de ensayo de tracción uniaxial con el fin de determinar el diagrama de la formación de límite (FLD) de láminas de metal en condiciones de estampación en caliente.

Un nuevo aparato de ensayo biaxiales para la Determinación del límite de conformación bajo estampación en caliente Condiciones

The hot stamping and cold die quenching process is increasingly used to form complex shaped structural components of sheet metals. Conventional ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the forming limits of sheet metals under hot stamping conditions through the use of a novel biaxial texting system. The main advantages of this technique is that it enables forming limits of sheet metals to be determined experimentally and accomplish forming conditions. Generally conventional formability tests are not applicable to hot stamping for two reasons.First, the cooling process occurs prior to deformation and the second, controlling the forming parameters is very difficult. We were the first in the field to have the idea of using a novel biaxial testing system to measure forming limits and the complex forming conditions. For a formability test, set different strain paths including uniaxial plain strain and equibiaxial straining states.Machine flat and dog bone cruciform specimens from commercial material aluminum alloy 6082. Use a laser cutter and a computer controlled milling machine. From each specimen, take the average of three thickness measurements made with vernier calipers or micrometers at each specimen's central gauge region.The cruciform specimen should measure 0.7 millimeters plus and minus five microns and the uniaxial specimen should measure 1.5 millimeters plus and minus 10 microns. Now, spray paint the entire top surface of a cruciform specimen with one coat of flame resistant black spray paint. The paint must withstand temperatures in excess of 1, 000 degrees Celsius.After the paint dries, use white flame resistant spray paint to add dots for recognition by the DIC system. Spray from one arm's length away to create a stochastic pattern. Then weld a pair of thermal couples to the center of the unpainted back surface.First, assemble all parts of the biaxial testing apparatus including a base plate, a central shaft, input and output rotatable plates, carriages, a clamp, guide rails, and rigid connecting rods. Next, attach four welding cables to each pair of stainless steel and copper grips. Thus, connect the welding cables to the electrical power supply.Now secure the grips of the biaxial testing apparatus in the uniaxial tensile test machine, and for added security, attach the apparatus with bolts to the topside, and to the bottom side of the base plate. Now load the specimen onto the specimen holders of the test apparatus and connect the thermal couples to the feedback temperature control system of the testing machine to monitor and control the temperature. Next, set up the heating and quenching system.Connect each terminal of the welding cables to each clamping region of the specimen. Then, tighten each clamping region to the top plate which serves as the electrode for resistance heating. For cooling, connect hoses with flared nozzles to a high flow quench system.Set the system to produce an air pressure of 8, 000 kilograms per square meter. Now, position four nozzles to move air from the specimen's arms to its central region. Be sure to position the nozzles so they are not blocking the camera's view of the central zone.Now, attach micro lens to the high speed camera of the DIC system and set it up to view the central zone. Then connect the camera to a laptop. Adjust the frame rate to the test according to the stretching strain.Plan to collect at least 200 frames of data per test. Set the capture resolution to 1, 280 by 1, 024. Now focus the camera on the gauge section with the lens parallel to the top surface of the specimen.For high strain tests point an additional 300 watt spotlight directly into the test chamber. To start the resistance heating uniaxial tensile test machine, click the triangular run button in the control software. Then start the camera using a trigger button so it records the deformation history.The specimen is now heat treated and stretched at the selected constant temperature and strain rate. Perform the tests at different strain paths consisting of uniaxial, plain strain, and biaxial states by adjusting the configuration of the biaxial testing apparatus. For uniaxial tests, disconnect the two opposed connecting rods and clamp a dog bone specimen to the apparatus.Then connect the welding cables and repeat the other preparatory steps. For plain strain state tests, fix two opposed carriages to the base plate with screw bolts. This restricts the deformation on the corresponding direction.Then proceed to collect data. Formability tests using the novel plain biaxial tensile testing system were conducted at the designated deformation temperatures and strain rates after the heating and cooling processes. A forming limit curve identifies the boundary between uniform deformation and the onset of plastic instability or diffuse necking which leads to failure.As the strain rate increased, the forming limit of the alloy increased. A monotonic increase in the forming limit from 370 to 510 degrees Celsius indicates that high formability of the alloy can be obtained at a higher temperature under hot stamping conditions. The three forming limit curves are quite close to each other.Thus, the sensitivity of the temperature dependence is larger for tension tension biaxial strain paths than for tension compression strain paths. After watching this video you should have a good understanding of how to set up an experiment and conduct the formability test at various temperatures and strain rates by using the proposed system. Following this procedure, forming limits of alloy sheet metals like magnesium alloy or boron steel, can also be melded in the hot stamping conditions.

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