Name: optimization and comparative analysis of plant organellar dna enrichment methods suitable for next-generation sequencing
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Gostaríamos de reconhecer financiamento do Departamento de Agricultura dos Estados Unidos - Serviço de Pesquisa Agrícola e da National Science Foundation (IOS 1025881 e IOS 1361554). Agradecemos a R. Caspers pela manutenção de estufas e cuidados com plantas. Agradecemos também ao Centro de Genômica da Universidade de Minnesota, onde foram realizados os preparativos e sequenciações da biblioteca Illumina. Também agradecemos os comentários dos editores da revista e quatro revisores anônimos que reforçaram ainda mais o nosso manuscrito. Também agradecemos à OCDE uma bolsa de estudos para a SK para integrar esses protocolos para projetos colaborativos com colegas no Japão.

1. Geração de materiais vegetais para isolamento organológico e extração de DNA <ol><li> Crescimento padrão de mudas de trigo <ol><li> Plante as sementes em vermiculita em pequenos vasos quadrados com 4 a 6 sementes por canto. Transferir para uma estufa ou câmara de crescimento com ciclo leve de 16 h, dia 23 ºC / noite 18 ºC. </li><li> Água as plantas todos os dias. Fertilize as plantas com ¼ de colher de chá de fertilizante granuloso 20-20-20 NPK após germinação e 7 dias após a germin...

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	<li>Liberatore, K. L., Dukowic-Schulze, S., Miller, M. E., Chen, C., Kianian, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+mitochondria+in+plant+development+and+stress+tolerance.">The role of mitochondria in plant development and stress tolerance.</a> Free Radic Biol Med. 100, 238-256 (2016).</li><li>Samaniego Castruita, J. A., Zepeda Mendoza, M. L., Barnett, R., Wales, N., Gilbert, M. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Odintifier--A+computational+method+for+identifying+insertions+of+organellar+origin+from+modern+and+ancient+high-throughput+sequencing+data+based+on+haplotype+phasing.">Odintifier--A computational method for identifying insertions of organellar origin from modern and ancient high-throughput sequencing data based on haplotype phasing.</a> BMC Bioinformatics. 16 (232), 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Zhang, T., Zhang, X., Hu, S., Yu, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+procedure+for+plant+organellar+genome+assembly,+based+on+whole+genome+data+from+the+454+GS+FLX+sequencing+platform.">An efficient procedure for plant organellar genome assembly, based on whole genome data from the 454 GS FLX sequencing platform.</a> Plant Methods. 7 (38), 1-8 (2011).</li><li>Wambugu, P. W., Brozynska, M., Furtado, A., Waters, D. L., Henry, R. 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J., Rice, D. W., Palmer, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Miniaturized+mitogenome+of+the+parasitic+plant+Viscum+scurruloideum+is+extremely+divergent+and+dynamic+and+has+lost+all+nad+genes.">Miniaturized mitogenome of the parasitic plant Viscum scurruloideum is extremely divergent and dynamic and has lost all nad genes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 112 (27), E3515-E3524 (2015).</li><li>Wicke, S., Schneeweiss, G. M., H&#246;randl, E., Appelhans, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chapter+1.">Chapter 1.</a> Next Generation Sequencing in Plant Systematics. , (2015).</li><li>Sloan, D. 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G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+isolation+of+chloroplast+DNA+and+mitochondrial+DNA+from+Sunflower.">A method for isolation of chloroplast DNA and mitochondrial DNA from Sunflower.</a> Plant Mol Biol Rep. 16 (2), 183-189 (1998).</li><li>Pinard, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Assessment+of+whole+genome+amplification-induced+bias+through+high-throughput,+massively+parallel+whole+genome+sequencing.">Assessment of whole genome amplification-induced bias through high-throughput, massively parallel whole genome sequencing.</a> BMC Genomics. 7 (216), 1-21 (2006).</li><li>Lamble, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+workflows+for+high+throughput+library+preparation+using+the+transposome-based+Nextera+system.">Improved workflows for high throughput library preparation using the transposome-based Nextera system.</a> BMC Biotechnol. 13 (104), 1-10 (2013).</li><li>Raley, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Preparation+of+next-generation+DNA+sequencing+libraries+from+ultra-low+amounts+of+input+DNA:+Application+to+single-molecule,+real-time+(SMRT)+sequencing+on+the+Pacific+Biosciences+RS+II.">Preparation of next-generation DNA sequencing libraries from ultra-low amounts of input DNA: Application to single-molecule, real-time (SMRT) sequencing on the Pacific Biosciences RS II.</a> bioRxiv. , (2014).</li><li>Tsai, Y. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Resolving+the+Complexity+of+Human+Skin+Metagenomes+Using+Single-Molecule+Sequencing.">Resolving the Complexity of Human Skin Metagenomes Using Single-Molecule Sequencing.</a> MBio. 7 (1), e01948 (2016).</li><li>Feehery, G. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+selectively+enriching+microbial+DNA+from+contaminating+vertebrate+host+DNA.">A method for selectively enriching microbial DNA from contaminating vertebrate host DNA.</a> PLoS One. 8 (10), e76096 (2013).</li><li>Yigit, E., Hernandez, D. I., Trujillo, J. T., Dimalanta, E., Bailey, C. 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Até à data, a maioria dos estudos de sequenciação organelar se centra em métodos tradicionais de DC para enriquecer para DNA específico. Foram descritos métodos para isolar organelas de diversas plantas, incluindo o musgo 40 ; Monocotiledose, como o trigo 15 e a aveia 11 ; E dicotiledóneas, como arabidopsis 11 , girassol 17 e colza 14 . A maioria dos protocolos concentra...

<html> O seqüenciamento do genoma é uma ferramenta poderosa para dissecar a base genética subjacente de traços importantes da planta. A maioria dos estudos de sequenciação do genoma se concentra no conteúdo do genoma nuclear, já que a maioria dos genes está localizada no núcleo. No entanto, os genomas organelares, incluindo as mitocôndrias (através de eucariotas) e os plastidios (nas plantas, a forma especializada, o cloroplasto, funciona na fotossíntese) contribuem com informações genéticas significativas essenciais ao desenvolvimento organizacional, à resposta ao estresse e à aptidão geral 1 . Os genomas organelares são tipicamente incluídos em extrações de DNA total destinadas ao seqüenciamento do genoma nuclear, embora também sejam empregados métodos para reduzir o número de organelas antes da extração de DNA 2 . Muitos estudos usaram resultados de seqüenciamento das extrações totais de gDNA para reunir genomas organelares 3 , 4 , 5 ,xref &quot;&gt; 6, 7. No entanto, quando o alvo do estudo é se concentrar em genomas organelares, usando o gADN total aumenta os custos de seqüenciamento porque muitas leituras são &#39;perdidos&#39; para as seqüências de DNA nuclear, particularmente em plantas com grandes genomas nucleares Além disso, devido à duplicação e transferência de seqüências organelares para o genoma nuclear e entre organelas, a resolução da correta posição de mapeamento das leituras de seqüência para o genoma apropriado é um desafio bioinformático 2 , 8. A purificação de genomas organelares do genoma nuclear é uma Estratégia para reduzir esses problemas. Outras estratégias de bioinformática podem ser usadas para separar as leituras desse mapa para regiões de homologia entre mitocôndrias e cloroplastos. Enquanto os genomas organelares de muitas espécies de plantas foram sequenciados, pouco se sabe sobre a amplitude da diversidade organometrica do genomaDisponíveis em populações selvagens ou em piscinas cultivadas. Os genomas orgânicos também são conhecidos por moléculas dinâmicas que sofrem rearranjo estrutural significativo devido à recombinação entre as seqüências repetidas 9 . Além disso, várias cópias do genoma orgânico estão contidas dentro de cada organela e várias organelas estão contidas em cada célula. Nem todas as cópias desses genomas são idênticas, o que é conhecido como heteroplasmia. Em contraste com a imagem canônica de &quot;círculos mestres&quot;, há agora evidências crescentes de uma imagem mais complexa das estruturas do genoma organelar, incluindo círculos sub-genômicos, cromossomos lineares, concatomas lineares e estruturas ramificadas 10 . A montagem dos genomas orgânicos de plantas é ainda mais complicada por seus tamanhos relativamente grandes e repetições substanciais inversas e diretas. Protocolos tradicionais para isolamento organelar, purificação de DNA e genoma subseqüente<html> A seqüenciamento é muitas vezes pesada e requer grandes volumes de entrada de tecido, com vários gramas para cima de centenas de gramas de tecido de folhas jovens necessárias como ponto de partida 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 . Isso torna o seqüenciamento genômico organelar inacessível quando o tecido é limitado. Em algumas situações, as quantidades de sementes são limitadas, como quando é necessário seqüenciar em uma base geracional ou em linhas estéreis masculinas que devem ser mantidas por cruzamento. Nessas situações, o DNA organelar pode ser purificado e depois submetido a amplificação do genoma total. No entanto, a amplificação do genoma total pode introduzir um viés de sequenciação significativo, o que é um problema particular ao avaliar variações estruturais, estruturas sub-genômicas e níveis de heteroplastia&gt; 18. Os avanços recentes na preparação da biblioteca para tecnologias de seqüência de leitura curta superaram barreiras de baixa entrada para evitar a amplificação do genoma total. Por exemplo, o kit de preparação da biblioteca Illumina Nextera XT permite que apenas 1 ng de DNA seja usado como entrada 19 . No entanto, as preparações de bibliotecas padrão para aplicações de seqüência de leitura longa, como as tecnologias de sequenciação PacBio ou Oxford Nanopore, ainda requerem uma quantidade relativamente alta de DNA de entrada, o que pode representar um desafio para o seqüenciamento genômico organelar. Recentemente, foram desenvolvidos novos protocolos de seqüência de leitura longa, elaborados para reduzir as quantidades de insumos e ajudar a facilitar o seqüenciamento do genoma em amostras onde a obtenção de microgramas de quantidades de DNA é difícil 20 , 21 . No entanto, a obtenção de fracções orgânicas puras de peso molecular elevado para alimentar estas preparações de biblioteca continua a ser um desafio. Buscamos tO comparar e otimizar métodos de enriquecimento e isolamento de DNA organelar adequados para NGS sem a necessidade de amplificação do genoma total. Especificamente, nosso objetivo era determinar as melhores práticas para enriquecer o DNA organelar de alto peso molecular de materiais de partida limitados, como uma subconjunto de uma folha. Este trabalho apresenta uma análise comparativa de métodos para enriquecer para o DNA organelar: (1) um protocolo de centrifugação diferencial modificado e tradicional versus (2) um protocolo de fracionamento de DNA com base no uso de uma abordagem comercial de DNA CpG-ligação de metilação 22 aplicado ao tecido vegetal 23 . Recomendamos melhores práticas para o isolamento de DNA organelar a partir de tecido de folha de trigo, que pode ser facilmente estendido para outras plantas e tipos de tecido.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="685">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2-mercaptoethanol (beta-mercaptoethanol; BME)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M3148-100ml</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2-propanol (Isopropyl alcohol/isopropanol), bioreagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>I9516</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">agarose, Bio-Rad Cetified Megabase agarose</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1613108</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">analytical balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>AB54-S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">balance</td>
			<td>Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td>PB1502-S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">bovine serum albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>B4287-25G</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ceramic grinding cylinders, 3/8in x 7/8in</td>
			<td>SPEX SamplePrep</td>
			<td>2183</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">Cryogenic Blocks compatible with tissue homogenizer for holding 50 ml tubes</td>
			<td>SPEX SamplePrep</td>
			<td>2664</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">DNaseI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>DN25</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">ethanol, absolute</td>
			<td>Decon Laboratories</td>
			<td>2716</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Ethylenediamine Tetraacetic Acid (EDTA), 0.5M Solution, pH8.0</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2482-500</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">gel imaging system</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">gel stain</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Such as GelRed or Ethidium Bromide</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">grinding pestle, wide tip for 2 ml conical tubes</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Guanidine-HCl, 8M solution</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>24115</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">LightCycler 480 SYBR Green I Master</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4707516001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Lysing enzymes from Trichoderma harzianum</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L1412</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium Chloride</td>
			<td>G Bioscience</td>
			<td>24115</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">magnetic rack</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>A13346</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">microcentrifuge tubes, LoBind 1.5 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>22431021</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">microcentrifuge tubes, standard nuclease-free 1.5 ml</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:216px;">microcentrifuge, refrigerated</td>
			<td>Sorvall&#160;</td>
			<td>Legend X1R</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent product, must be capable of reaching at least 18,000 x g with rotors for 50 ml tubes, Oak Ridge tubes, and 1.5 ml tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:216px;">microcentrifuge, room temperature</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5424</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or equivalent product, must be capable of reaching at least 18,000 x g with rotor for 1.5 ml and 2 ml microcentrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Microcon DNA Fast Flow Centrifugal Filter Units</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCFOR100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Miracloth, 1 square per sample cut to fit funnel</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>475855</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">NEBNext Microbiome DNA Enrichment Kit</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>E2612L</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">parafilm</td>
			<td>Parafilm M</td>
			<td>PM992</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">plastic pots and trays</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>BP431-100</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19131</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis rig (e.g. CHEF DR III)</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1703697</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">purification beads, Agencourt AMpureXP beads</td>
			<td>Beckman Coulter</td>
			<td>A63881</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QIAamp DNA Mini Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>51304</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qiagen 20/g Genomic Tip DNA Extraction Kit</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>10223</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qiagen Buffer EB (elution buffer)</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19086</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Qiagen DNA Extraction Buffer Set</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19060</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">QiaRack</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19015</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">qPCR machine (e.g. Roche Light Cycler 480)</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">qPCR plate sealing film</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4729757001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">qPCR plate, 96 well plate</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>4729692001</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit&#160;assay tubes</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32856</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit Broad Spectrum assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32850</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qubit High Sensitivity assay kit</td>
			<td>Life Technologies</td>
			<td>Q32851</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">RNaseA</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>19101</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Serological pipettes (20 ml) and pipet-aid</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>13-678-11</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Small funnels, 1 per sample</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM9759</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Soft paintbrush, 2 per sample</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="260">
			<td height="260" style="height:260px;width:216px;">SPEX SamplePrep 2010 Geno/Grinder or another type of tissue homogenizer</td>
			<td>SPEX SamplePrep</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Or another comparable tissue homogenizer. If you do not have access to a tissue homogenizer, then grinding in a pre-chilled mortar and pestle will suffice (see protocol for details). However, a homogenizer will give more consistent results and total homogenization time is reduced.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td>Omnipure</td>
			<td>8550</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">TBE</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">thermomixer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tris</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T2819-100ml</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>H5142</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">tube rotater</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">tubes, 50 mL conical polypropylene</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">tubes, 50 ml high-speed polypropylene&#160;</td>
			<td>ThermoScientific/Nalgene</td>
			<td>3119-0050</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">e.g. Nalgene Oakridge tubes or equivalent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">vermiculite</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">water, sterile and certified Nuclease-free&#160;</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>1481</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">water, sterile milliQ</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

optimization and comparative analysis of plant organellar dna enrichment methods suitable for next-generation sequencing

Os genomas orgânicos de plantas contêm elementos grandes e repetitivos que podem sofrer combinação ou recombinação para formar estruturas complexas e / ou fragmentos sub-genômicos. Os genomas de Organellar também existem em misturas dentro de uma determinada célula ou tipo de tecido (heteroplasmia), e uma abundância de subtipos pode mudar ao longo do desenvolvimento ou quando sob estresse (deslocamento sub-estequiométrico). As tecnologias de sequenciação de próxima geração (NGS) são necessárias para obter uma compreensão mais profunda da estrutura e da função do genoma organelar. Estudos de seqüenciamento tradicionais usam vários métodos para obter DNA organelar: (1) Se uma grande quantidade de tecido inicial é usada, é homogeneizada e submetida a centrifugação diferencial e / ou a depuração gradiente. (2) Se uma quantidade menor de tecido é usada ( ou seja, se sementes, material ou espaço é limitado), o mesmo processo é realizado como em (1), seguido de amplificação de todo o genoma para obter DNA suficiente. (3) A análise de bioinformática pode ser usada para seqUence o DNA genômico total e analisar as leituras orgânicas. Todos esses métodos têm desafios e compromissos inerentes. Em (1), pode ser difícil obter uma quantidade tão grande de tecido inicial; Em (2), a amplificação do genoma inteiro poderia introduzir um viés de seqüenciamento; E em (3), a homologia entre genomas nucleares e organelares poderia interferir na montagem e análise. Em plantas com grandes genomas nucleares, é vantajoso enriquecer o DNA organelar para reduzir os custos de sequenciação e a complexidade da sequência para análises de bioinformática. Aqui, comparamos um método de centrifugação diferencial tradicional com um quarto método, uma abordagem adaptada de CpG-methyl pulldown, para separar o DNA genômico total em frações nucleares e orgânicas. Ambos os métodos produzem DNA suficiente para NGS, DNA que é altamente enriquecido para seqüências organelares, embora em diferentes proporções nas mitocôndrias e nos cloroplastos. Apresentamos a otimização desses métodos para o tecido das folhas de trigo e discutimos grandes vantagens e dSão vantagens de cada abordagem no contexto de entrada de amostra, facilidade de protocolo e aplicação a jusante.

Os protocolos apresentados neste manuscrito descrevem dois métodos distintos para enriquecer o DNA organelar do tecido vegetal. As condições aqui apresentadas refletem a otimização do tecido do trigo. Uma comparação de etapas-chave nos protocolos, entrada de tecido requerida e saída de DNA são descritas na Figura 1 . As etapas do protocolo CC que testamos seguem condições semelhantes às descritas anteriormente ( Figura 1A</st...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing at JoVE.com

Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Plant Organellar DNA Enrichment Methods Suitable for Next-generation Sequencing

A comparação e otimização de dois métodos de enriquecimento de DNA orgânico de plantas são apresentadas: centrifugação diferencial tradicional e fracionamento do gDNA total com base no estado de metilação. Nós avaliamos a quantidade e a qualidade de DNA resultantes, demonstram desempenho em seqüenciamento de próxima geração de leitura curta e discutimos o potencial para uso em sequenciação de moléculas únicas de leitura longa.

Otimização e Análise Comparativa de Métodos de Enriquecimento de DNA de Plantas Organizadas Adequado para Seqüenciamento de Próxima Geração

Plant organellar genomes contain large, repetitive elements that may undergo pairing or recombination to form complex structures and/or sub-genomic ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to compare two methods used to isolate high quality organellar DNA, both plastid and mitochondria DNA from plant leaf tissue that is suitable for next-generation sequencing. These methods can help answer key questions in plant biology such as the extent of organellar diversity across taxa and how changes in organellar genome sequence or structure affect development and stress response. We will compare two techniques, the differential centrifugation method that enriches for one specific organellar type and the meta fractionation technique that recovers total organellar DNA from smaller frozen tissue samples.The standard procedure for growing wheat seedlings, is to plant seeds in vermiculite, in square pots with four to six seeds per corner. Transfer the pots to a greenhouse with a 16 hour light cycle. Water the plants each day.Fertilize the plants with one quarter teaspoon of granular 20-20-20 MPK fertilizer upon germination, and again at seven days post germination. For adulation of wheat seedlings, plant seeds and care for plants as in the standard procedure. But place the pots in a dark growth chamber.An alternative to growing these seedlings at a dark growth chamber is to cover the plants in the greenhouse but with proper ventilation. The first step in this procedure is to isolate the organelles. Harvest five grams of fresh tissue and rinse it in cold, sterile water in a chilled beaker on ice.Using scissors, cut the leaf tissue into approximately one centimeter pieces directly into a pre-chilled 50 millimeter tube containing two ceramic grinding cylinders. Keep the samples on ice throughout the procedure. To avoid cross-contamination, it is important to change the scissors between samples.Take the samples to the fume hood and add 20 milliliters of STE buffer to each 50 milliliter tube. Place the samples into pre-chilled cryogenic grinding blocks in a tissue grinding apparatus and grind the samples for 30 seconds at 1, 750 rotations per minute. Place the samples on ice for about one minute.Rotate the sample positions and grind for another 30 seconds at 1, 750 rotations per minute. Return the samples to the ice bucket. For each sample, insert a funnel into a clean 50 milliliter tube placed in ice and place one layer of filtration cloth into the funnel.Pre-wet the filtration cloth with five milliliters of STE buffer and save the flow through. Pour the homogenized tissue into the funnel. Rinse the grinding tube with 15 milliliters of STE buffer, recap and invert the tube to rinse walls and lid and pour its contents into the funnel.Carefully remove the ceramic stones and then squeeze and wring out the filtration cloth into the funnel. To avoid cross-contamination, change gloves between samples. Wrap the tube caps with paraffin film to avoid spillage.Centrifuge at 2, 000 x G, at four degree celsius for 10 minutes. Next, use a serological pipette to carefully aspirate the supernatant without disturbing the pellet and place it in a 50 milliliter high speed centrifuge tube with a tight sealing gasket. Place a small beaker of ice on a scale, tear the scale and weigh each supernatant.Use STE buffer to balance the tubes to within 0.1 grams and then centrifuge at 18, 000 x G in four degree celsius for 20 minutes. When the centrifugation is complete, return samples to the fume hood and discard the supernatant. Add one milliliter of ST buffer to the pellet and resuspend gently using a soft paintbrush.Add 24 milliliters of ST buffer to get a final volume of 25 milliliters. Gently swirl the paintbrush around in a suspension to mix, and then press the paintbrush on the side of a tube to remove all liquid before removing the paintbrush. After balancing the tubes, centrifuge at 18, 000 x G in four degree celsius for 20 minutes.During this centrifugation, prepare DNA's 1 solution as described in the text protocol and aliquot 200 microliters to a 1.5 milliliter tube per sample. When the centrifugation is complete, discard the supernatant and blot the tube. To each high speed centrifuge tube, add 300 microliters of STE buffer and resuspend the pellet using a soft paint brush.Place the paint brush in the previously prepared 1.5 milliliter tube containing 200 microliters of DNA's 1 solution and swirl the paint brush to remove any residual pellet stuck in the brush. Pipette the DNA's 1 solution into the high speed centrifuge tube and gently swirl to mix. Wrap paraffin film around the top of each tube and incubate at 37 degrees celsius in a water bath for 30 minutes.During the incubation, gently mix by swirling. Using a pipette tip with a wide orifice, gently pipette the pellet mixture out of the tube and place it in a 1.5 milliliter low binding tube. Add 500 microliters of 400 millimolar EDTA, pH 8.0 to the high speed centrifuge tube.Gently pipette to completely remove the residual pellet and transfer the EDTA to the low binding tube containing the pellet mixture. Gently mix by inversion. Centrifuge at 18, 000 x G, at four degree celsius for 20 minutes.Subsequently, discard the supernatant, blot each tube and use the pellet immediately for DNA isolation. In this method, organellar DNA is enriched from total genomic DNA that was extracted using commercial DNA extraction columns. Prepare the required amount of MBD2 FC protein bound magnetic beads, per the manufacturer's instructions and scale the reactions to use between one and two micrograms of total input DNA.In this demonstration, 160 microliters of beads is required for one microgram of total input DNA. To capture methylated nuclear DNA, add one microgram of input DNA to a tube containing 160 microliters of MBD2 bound magnetic beads for each individual sample and gently pipette up and down with a wide bore tip. Add the appropriate volume of 5x bind wash buffer for a final concentration of 1x and pipette the sample up and down with a wide bore tip, a few times to mix.Rotate the tubes at room temperature for 15 minutes. For the success of the pull down, it is critical to thoroughly mix the beads during the incubation, particularly, if there is significant bead clumping. To prevent bead clumping and to ensure pull down of the methylated DNA, gently pipette the samples with a wide bore pipette tip and flick the samples two to three times throughout the incubation.Briefly spin the tubes containing the DNA and magnetic bead mixture. Place the tubes on a magnetic rack for at least five minutes to collect the beads to the side of the tubes. The solution should appear clear, it contains un-methylated organellar enriched DNA.Using wide bore tips, carefully remove the cleared supernatant without disturbing the beads and transfer the supernatant to a clean, low binding two milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Store the samples at 20 or 80 degrees celsius. Acute PCR assay was employed to assess the relative abundances of three organelle specific implicons in total genomic DNA and the organellar DNA fraction obtained from both methods.Overall, the data indicate that the differential centrifugation method, preferentially enriches for mitochondria. The unmethylated fraction of the methylfractionated total genomic DNA, shows substantial enrichment of both organellar implicons. Percentages of reads mapped to the mitochondria or chloroplast chinese spring and chris cultivated wheat reference genomes are consistent with the QPCR results.Differential centrifugation yield DNA that is more enriched in mitochondria DNA and methylfractionation yields DNA that likely reflects the native abundance of the two organellar genomes. Sample labels including E, designate idyllated samples and NE designate non-idyllated samples. Interestingly, idyllation did not change organellar abundances.In both methods, the theoretical coverage of the mitochondria or chloroplast referenced genomes, exceeds 100x coverage, even when 12 libraries atremultiplexed. The total genomic DNA migrates as a diffused smear in post field gel electrophoresis and exceeds 50 kilobases. The nuclear fraction after methylfractionation decreases in size, but remains centered around 50 kilobases, suggesting that methylfractioanted DNA is most suitable for long read sequencing.Once mastered, both organellar DNA extraction techniques can be done in one to two days, from sample collection to assessment of final product, if performed properly. The methylfractionation technique has the potential to greatly expand the range of organellar DNA studies to rare and difficult samples, since tissue inputs are extremely low. However, differential centrifugation may still be preferable when solely mitochondria DNA is required for downstream studies.Likewise, centrifugation steps maybe adjusted to preferentially extract plastid DNA if desired. Both organellar DNA extraction methods yield DNA that is suitable for next generation sequencing but methylfractionation yields high molecular rate DNA that is ideal for long read sequencing.

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Leveraging CyVerse Resources for De Novo Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved (Non-model) Organisms

Leveraging CyVerse Resources for De Novo Comparative Transcriptomics of Underserved Non-model Organisms

Aproveitando os Recursos CyVerse para<em&gt; De Novo</em&gt; Transcriptômica Comparativa de Organismos Não Servidos (não Modelos)

This workflow allows novice researchers to leverage advanced computational resources such as cloud computing to carry out pairwise comparative ...

Genética

Assessment of DNA Contamination in RNA Samples Based on Ribosomal DNA

Avaliação da contaminação de DNA em amostras de RNA com base no ADN ribossómico

One method extensively used for the quantification of gene expression changes and transcript abundances is reverse-transcription quantitative real-time ...

Purification of High Molecular Weight Genomic DNA from Powdery Mildew for Long-Read Sequencing

Purificação de DNA de alto peso molecular genômico de oídio de longo Read Sequencing

The powdery mildew fungi are a group of economically important fungal plant pathogens. Relatively little is known about the molecular biology and genetics ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Isolamento do DNA robusto e construção de biblioteca de sequenciamento de alto rendimento para espécimes de herbário

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

Targeted Next-generation Sequencing and Bioinformatics Pipeline to Evaluate Genetic Determinants of Constitutional Disease

Sequenciamento de nova geração direcionado e fluxo de análises de bioinformática para avaliar determinantes genéticos de doenças constitucionais

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is quickly revolutionizing how research into the genetic determinants of constitutional disease is performed. The ...

Rare Event Detection Using Error-corrected DNA and RNA Sequencing

Deteção de evento raro usando o DNA de correção de erro e a sequenciação do ARN

Conventional next-generation sequencing techniques (NGS) have allowed for immense genomic characterization for over a decade. Specifically, NGS has been ...

Amplification of Near Full-length HIV-1 Proviruses for Next-Generation Sequencing

Amplificação de perto completos provírus HIV-1 para a próxima geração de sequenciamento

The Full-Length Individual Proviral Sequencing (FLIPS) assay is an efficient and high-throughput method designed to amplify and sequence single, near ...

High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture (4C-seq)

High-throughput Identification of Gene Regulatory Sequences Using Next-generation Sequencing of Circular Chromosome Conformation Capture 4C-seq

Identificação do elevado-throughput de sequências de genes regulatórios utilizando a próxima geração sequenciamento de conformação Circular cromossoma capturar (4C-seq)

The identification of regulatory elements for a given target gene poses a significant technical challenge owing to the variability in the positioning and ...

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Sequenciamento de nova geração de RNA e um fluxo de análise de bioinformática para identificar expressão de LINE-1s a nível locus-específico

Long INterspersed Elements-1 (LINEs/L1s) are repetitive elements that can copy and randomly insert in the genome resulting in genomic instability and ...

Single-Molecule F&ouml;rster Resonance Energy Transfer Methods for Real-Time Investigation of the Holliday Junction Resolution by GEN1

Single-Molecule F&#246;rster Resonance Energy Transfer Methods for Real-Time Investigation of the Holliday Junction Resolution by GEN1

Métodos de transferência da energia da ressonância da único-molécula Förster para a investigação tempo real da definição da junção de Holliday por GEN1