Name: extraction of organochlorine pesticides from plastic pellets and plastic type analysis
Uploaded: 2017-07-01T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis at JoVE.com

这项工作由DeFishGear项目（1°str / 00010）内的“2007 - 2013年IPA亚得里亚尔跨境合作计划”资助。

塑料颗粒取样<ol><li>在进入现场之前，用丙酮或乙醇（99％）三次冲洗所有必需的采样材料（ 如镊子和铝箔）。在材料不能进行溶剂冲洗的情况下，在烘箱（ 例如玻璃器皿）中将其在450℃下加热过夜。 注意：在旅游区域，请获取有关清除大部分海洋垃圾（包括微量塑料）的海滩清洁活动的信息。如果可能，在此操作之前规划采样。如果在清理季节进行抽样，请以身份证明...

<ol>
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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transport+and+release+of+chemicals+from+plastics+to+the+environment+and+to+wildlife.">Transport and release of chemicals from plastics to the environment and to wildlife.</a> Phil Trans R Soc B. 364, 2027-2045 (2009).</li><li>Heskett, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+persistent+organic+pollutants+(POPs)+in+plastic+resin+pellets+from+remote+islands:+Toward+establishment+of+background+concentrations+for+International+Pellet+Watch.">Measurement of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in plastic resin pellets from remote islands: Toward establishment of background concentrations for International Pellet Watch.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 64 (2), 445-448 (2012).</li><li>Besseling, E., Wegner, A., Foekema, E., Van Den Heuvel-Greve, M., Koelmans, A. 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M., Hoh, E., Kurobe, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+SJ+Ingested+plastic+transfers+hazardous+chemicals+to+fish+and+induces+hepatic+stress.">The SJ Ingested plastic transfers hazardous chemicals to fish and induces hepatic stress.</a> Sci Rep. 3, 3263 (2013).</li><li>Endo, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentration+of+polychlorinated+biphenyls+(PCBs)+in+beached+resin+pellets:+Variability+among+individual+particles+and+regional+differences.">Concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in beached resin pellets: Variability among individual particles and regional differences.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 50 (10), 1103-1114 (2005).</li><li>Frias, J. P. G. L., Sobral, P., Ferreira, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+pollutants+in+microplastics+from+two+beaches+of+the+Portuguese+coast.">Organic pollutants in microplastics from two beaches of the Portuguese coast.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 60 (11), 1988-1992 (2010).</li><li>Karapanagioti, H. K., Endo, S., Ogata, Y., Takada, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffuse+pollution+by+persistent+organic+pollutants+as+measured+in+plastic+pellets+sampled+from+various+beaches+in+Greece.">Diffuse pollution by persistent organic pollutants as measured in plastic pellets sampled from various beaches in Greece.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 62 (2), 312-317 (2011).</li><li>Mizukawa, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+a+wide+range+of+organic+micropollutants+on+the+Portuguese+coast+using+plastic+resin+pellets.">Monitoring of a wide range of organic micropollutants on the Portuguese coast using plastic resin pellets.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 70 (1-2), 296-302 (2013).</li><li>Gauquie, J., Devriese, L., Robbens, J., De Witte, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+qualitative+screening+and+quantitative+measurement+of+organic+contaminants+on+different+types+of+marine+plastic+debris.">A qualitative screening and quantitative measurement of organic contaminants on different types of marine plastic debris.</a> Chemosphere. 138, 348-356 (2015).</li><li>Yeo, B. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=POPs+monitoring+in+Australia+and+New-Zealand+using+plastic+resin+pellets,+and+International+Pellet+Watch+as+a+tool+for+education+and+raising+public+awareness+on+plastic+debris+and+POPs.">POPs monitoring in Australia and New-Zealand using plastic resin pellets, and International Pellet Watch as a tool for education and raising public awareness on plastic debris and POPs.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 101 (1), 137-145 (2015).</li><li>Kova&#269; Vir&#353;ek, M., Palatinus, A., Koren, &. #. 3. 5. 2. ;., Peterlin, M., Horvat, P., Kr&#382;an, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protocol+for+microplastics+sampling+on+the+sea+surface+and+sample+analysis.">Protocol for microplastics sampling on the sea surface and sample analysis.</a> J Vis Exp. (118), e55161 (2016).</li><li>L&#246;der, M. G. J., Kuczera, M., Mintenig, S., Lorenz, C., Gerdts, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+plane+array+detector-+based+micro-Fourier-transform+infrared+imaging+for+the+analysis+of+microplastics+in+environmental+samples.">Focal plane array detector- based micro-Fourier-transform infrared imaging for the analysis of microplastics in environmental samples.</a> Environ Chem. 12 (5), 563-581 (2015).</li><li>. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) as amended in 2009 . , (2017).</li><li>EPA - Environmental protection Agency. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Method 3620C: Florisil Cleanup, part of Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Methods (2014). , (2017).</li><li>Hirai, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Organic+micropollutants+in+marine+plastics+debris+from+the+open+ocean+and+remote+and+urban+beaches.">Organic micropollutants in marine plastics debris from the open ocean and remote and urban beaches.</a> Mar Pollut Bull. 62 (8), 1683-1692 (2011).</li></ol>

<html>大多数关注与塑料颗粒相关的有机污染物的研究依赖于吸附化学品的经典萃取方法。索格利特设备是使用最广泛的技术，典型的萃取时间为12至24小时，有机溶剂的消耗量较高（ 即每次萃取为100至250 mL）。浸渍提取需要样品和有机溶剂之间的长时间接触（ 例如 6天） 4，并可以通过加入超声波步骤来加速。相比之下，如本研究中所述，加压流体萃取是使用减少量...

塑料的全球生产自1950年代以来不断上升，2014年达到3.11亿吨，包装用量约为40％ 1 。同时，越来越多的这些材料正在积累在环境中，这可能对生态系统构成严重威胁2 。尽管在七十年代已经报道，过去十年来，海洋环境中塑料碎屑的发生受到更多的关注。特别是微塑料，直径≤5毫米的塑料碎片现在被认为是主要的海洋水质问题之一3 。 塑料树脂颗粒是通常为圆柱形或圆盘形并且直径为几毫米（ 例如 2至5毫米） 4,5的小颗粒。它们属于微塑料类。这些塑料颗粒是通过在高温下再熔化和成型制造最终塑料制品的工业原料6 。在制造和运输过程中，它们可能会无意中释放到环境中。例如，他们可以在航运4,7,8期间通过意外泄漏直接引入海洋。它们可以通过地表径流，溪流和河流从陆地运送到海洋。由于环保持续，塑料颗粒广泛分布在海洋中，在世界各地的海滩上发现4 。它们可以对海洋生物产生负面影响，并可进入食物链，其影响是不可预知的。此外，一些研究已经揭示了吸附在海岸收集的塑料颗粒上的环境污染物的存在l环境，作为这些潜在有毒化学物质的载体4,9,10。事实上，有实验室证据表明，这些化学物质在从摄入的塑料碎片11,12中释放后，可以在生物体的组织中生物累积。 为了更好地评估与海洋环境中塑料颗粒发生相关的危害，有必要开发可以确定吸附的有机污染物的方法。一个重要的步骤是从塑料基质中提取化学物质，这取决于聚合物类型，其降解阶段和预处理，它们可以呈现异质的物理化学特性。文献中大多数调查报告使用浸渍或索氏提取技术4 ，5，6，9，13，14，15，16，17，18 ，它们是溶剂和/或耗时的。关于这个问题日益增长的兴趣，应该开发替代品，以便更快速地评估吸附在塑料件上的有机污染物。此外，塑料化学分析提供有关微塑料化学结构的信息。结果，可以评估存在于环境中的主要类型的聚合物和共聚物。虽然塑料碎片通常由聚乙烯（PE）和聚丙烯（PP） 5制成，但是一些采样位置可以呈现出其他类别被显着表示的特定轮廓（ 例如，乙烯/乙酸乙烯酯共聚物和聚苯乙烯（PS））。 FT-IR光谱学是一种可靠和用户友好的聚合物识别技术，通常用于识别微塑料19,20 。 本工作的主要目的是提供一种通过PFE从塑料颗粒中提取OCP和相关化合物的快速简便方案。然而，方案的设计包括导致吸附的OCP的确定的所有步骤，从树脂颗粒的取样到化合物的分析。还描述了识别塑料类型的方法。开发的方法论重点是11种OCPs和相关化合物：i）DDT（2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基三氯乙烷）及其两种主要代谢物DDE（2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基二氯乙烯）和DDD （2,4&#39;-和4,4&#39;-二氯二苯基二氯乙烷）; ii）异构体γ-六氯环己烷（γ-HCH）为主要成分农药林丹和生产过程中释放的两种异构体α-HCH和β-HCH 15 ; iii）和技术硫丹中存在的两种生物活性异构体硫丹I（Endo I）和II（Endo II）。所研究的农药是“斯德哥尔摩公约” 21所规定的广谱杀虫剂，化学稳定，疏水性和分类为持久性有机污染物质。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1097">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">Alpha&#8211;HCH</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C14071000</td>
			<td style="width:316px;">H301, H351, H400, H410, H312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Beta&#8211;HCH</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">33376-100MG</td>
			<td>H301, H312, H351, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">Lindane</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">45548-250MG</td>
			<td>H301, H312, H332, H362, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endosufan I</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">48576-25MG</td>
			<td>H301, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Endosulfan II</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich, Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">48578-25MG</td>
			<td>H301, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#39;&#8211;DDD</td>
			<td>Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35485-250MG</td>
			<td>H351</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">4,4&#8217;&#8211;DDD</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12031000</td>
			<td>H301, H351, H400, H410, H312</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#8217;&#8211;DDE</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12040000</td>
			<td>H351, H400, H410, H302</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4,4&#8217;-DDE</td>
			<td>Fluka , Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">35487-250MG</td>
			<td>H302, H351, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2,4&#8217;&#8211;DDT</td>
			<td>Dr. Ehrenstorfer, Augsburg, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DRE-C12081000</td>
			<td>H301, H311, H330, H351, H400, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">4,4&#8217;&#8211;DDT</td>
			<td>National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">RM8469-4,4&#39;-DDT</td>
			<td>H301, H311, H351, H372, H410</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">n-Hexane&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">VWR International GmbH, Graumanngasse, Viena, Austria</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">83992.320</td>
			<td>H225, H315, H336, H373, H304, H411</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Acetone for HPLC</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">J.T.Baker, Avantor performance Materials B.V., Teugseweg, Netherlands</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">8142</td>
			<td>H225, H319, H 336</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">FL-PR Florisil 1000mg/6mL</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">8B-S013-JCH</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fat free quartz sand 0.3-0.9 mm</td>
			<td>Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">37689</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:345px;">Gas chromatograph Hawlett Packard HP 6890 Series gas chromatograph with GERSTEL MultiPurpose Sampler MPS 2XL with ECD and FID detector</td>
			<td>Agilent technologies, Santa Clara USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Presure fluid extractor, Speed Extractor E-916</td>
			<td>Buchi, Flawil, Switzerland</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Solid phase extractor</td>
			<td>Supleco, Sigma-Aldrich Bellefonte, PA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Concentrator miVac DUO</td>
			<td>Genevac SP Scientific, Suffolk UK</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GC capillary column Zebron ZB-XLB (30 x 0.25 x 0.25)</td>
			<td>Phenomenex, Torrance, CA, USA</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">122-1232</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:345px;">ATR FT-IR Spectrometer, Spectrum-Two</td>
			<td style="width:300px;">Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

extraction of organochlorine pesticides from plastic pellets and plastic type analysis

分类为微塑料（直径≤5mm）的塑料树脂颗粒是在制造和运输过程中可能无意中释放到环境中的小颗粒。由于环境的持续存在，广泛分布于世界各地的海洋和海滩。它们可以作为潜在有毒有机化合物（ 例如多氯联苯）的载体，因此可能 对海洋生物有不利影响。它们对食物链的可能影响尚未明了。为了评估与海洋环境中塑料颗粒发生相关的危害，有必要开发允许快速测定相关有机污染物水平的方法。本协议描述了采样树脂颗粒，分析吸附的有机氯农药（OCPs）和识别塑料类型所需的不同步骤。重点是通过加压流体萃取器（PFE）和使用傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）光谱的聚合物化学分析从塑料颗粒中提取OCP。开发的方法论重点关注11种OCP和相关化合物，包括二氯二苯基三氯乙烷（DDT）及其两种主要代谢产物，林丹和两种生产异构体，以及技术硫丹的两种生物活性异构体。该方案构成了用于评估吸附在塑料片上的有机污染物浓度的现有方法的简单而快速的替代方法。

通常沿着沙滩的高潮和低潮线发现塑料颗粒（ 图1A ）。他们也可以在暴风雨之后坚持海藻新鲜搁浅的海草。它们偶尔会被发现在堆积区域的卵石和石块海滩。 塑料颗粒通常可以通过其形状，尺寸和颜色容易地识别， 如图1B所示（参见两个中间柱）。它们可能被误认为微小的碎石（?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis at JoVE.com 

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis (Video) | JoVE 

微量塑料作为潜在有毒有机污染物的载体，具有不可预知的作用。该方案描述了一种评估吸附在塑料颗粒上的有机氯农药水平的替代方法，并确定了聚合物的化学结构。重点是加压流体萃取和衰减全反射傅立叶变换红外光谱。

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Environment

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions

Sediment Core Sectioning and Extraction of Pore Waters under Anoxic Conditions (Video) | JoVE 

沉积物核心切片和孔隙水萃取缺氧条件下

We demonstrate a method for sectioning sediment cores and extracting pore waters while maintaining oxygen-free conditions. A simple, inexpensive system is ...

科研

环境科学

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants

A Simple Method for Automated Solid Phase Extraction of Water Samples for Immunological Analysis of Small Pollutants (Video) | JoVE 

对水样的自动固相萃取小污染物的免疫学分析的简单方法

A new method for solid phase extraction (SPE) of environmental water samples is proposed. The developed prototype is cost-efficient and user friendly, and ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water (Video) | JoVE 

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR

Simultaneous DNA-RNA Extraction from Coastal Sediments and Quantification of 16S rRNA Genes and Transcripts by Real-time PCR (Video) | JoVE 

从海岸沉积物和16S量化的rRNA基因和转录同时DNA-RNA提取采用Real-time PCR检测

Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction also known as quantitative PCR (q-PCR) is a widely used tool in microbial ecology to quantify gene abundances of ...

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils

A Bending Test for Determining the Atterberg Plastic Limit in Soils (Video) | JoVE 

弯曲试验在土壤确定阿太堡限塑

The thread rolling test is the most commonly used method to determine the plastic limit (PL) in soils. It has been widely criticized, because a ...

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils

Extraction and Analysis of Microbial Phospholipid Fatty Acids in Soils (Video) | JoVE 

提取及土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸分析

Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) are key components of microbial cell membranes. The analysis of PLFAs extracted from soils can provide information about ...

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge

Extraction of Structural Extracellular Polymeric Substances from Aerobic Granular Sludge (Video) | JoVE 

从好氧颗粒污泥结构胞外聚合物的提取

To evaluate and develop methodologies for the extraction of gel-forming extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), EPS from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) ...

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples

A Lipid Extraction and Analysis Method for Characterizing Soil Microbes in Experiments with Many Samples (Video) | JoVE 

用于表征土壤微生物的脂质提取和分析方法在许多样品的实验中

Microbial communities are important drivers and regulators of ecosystem processes. To understand how management of ecosystems may affect microbial ...

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols

Extraction and Characterization of Surfactants from Atmospheric Aerosols (Video) | JoVE 

提取和表面活性剂的特性，从大气气溶胶

Surface-active compounds, or surfactants, present in atmospheric aerosols are expected to play important roles in the formation of liquid water clouds in ...

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA

Collection and Extraction of Occupational Air Samples for Analysis of Fungal DNA (Video) | JoVE 

真菌 DNA 分析用职业空气标本的收集与提取

Traditional methods of identifying fungal exposures in occupational environments, such as culture and microscopy-based approaches, have several ...