Name: structure-function studies in mouse embryonic stem cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange
Uploaded: 2017-04-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange at JoVE.com

Wir danken Jinke D&#39;Hont, Frederique Van Rockeghem, Natalie Farla, Kelly Lemeire und Riet De Rycke für ihre hervorragende technische Unterstützung. Wir danken auch Eef Parthoens, Evelien Van Hamme und Amanda Goncalves vom Bioimaging Core Facility des Inflammation Research Center für ihre Unterstützung von Experten. Wir erkennen an Mitglieder unserer Forschungsgruppe für wertvolle Diskussionen. Diese Arbeit wurde von der belgischen Wissenschaftspolitik unterstützt (BELSPO Interuniversitäre Anziehungsschwerpunkte - Preis IAP VII-07 DevRepair; https://devrepair.be), von der Königin Elisabeth-Stiftung für Medizin, Belgien (GSKE 2008-2010; http: // www .fmre-gske.be) und der konzertierten Forschungsaktionen (GOA 01G01908) der Universität Gent, Belgien (http://www.ugent.be/en/ghentuniv). SG ist ein Postdoctoral Fellow der Flandern Forschungsfonds (FWO-V).

Alle Versuche an Mäusen wurden nach institutionellen, nationalen und europäischen Tiere Vorschriften durchgeführt. 1. Isolierung von RMCE-kompatibel KO mESCs <ol><li> Breed heterozygot KO - Mäuse mit RMCE-kompatible Mäuse, wie ROSALUC Mäuse 10 oder ROSA26-iPS - Mäuse 21. Beide RMCE-kompatible Mäuse wurden auf einem Misch 129 / C57BL6 / Swiss Hintergrund gehalten. HINWEIS: Kreuzung mit heterozygot KO-Mäusen wird empfohlen, embryonale Letalität in ...

<ol>
	<li>Gul, I. S., Hulpiau, P., Saeys, Y., van Roy, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metazoan+evolution+of+the+armadillo+repeat+superfamily.">Metazoan evolution of the armadillo repeat superfamily.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. , (2016).</li><li>Valenta, T., Hausmann, G., Basler, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+many+faces+and+functions+of+beta-catenin.">The many faces and functions of beta-catenin.</a> EMBO J. 31, 2714-2736 (2012).</li><li>Pieters, T., van Hengel, J., van Roy, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functions+of+p120ctn+in+development+and+disease.">Functions of p120ctn in development and disease.</a> Front Biosci. 17, 760-783 (2012).</li><li>Keirsebilck, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+cloning+of+the+human+p120ctn+catenin+gene+(CTNND1):+Expression+of+multiple+alternatively+spliced+isoforms.">Molecular cloning of the human p120ctn catenin gene (CTNND1): Expression of multiple alternatively spliced isoforms.</a> Genomics. 50, 129-146 (1998).</li><li>Capecchi, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+targeting+in+mice:+functional+analysis+of+the+mammalian+genome+for+the+twenty-first+century.">Gene targeting in mice: functional analysis of the mammalian genome for the twenty-first century.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 6, 507-512 (2005).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+generation+of+mice+carrying+mutations+in+multiple+genes+by+CRISPR/Cas-mediated+genome+engineering.">One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.</a> Cell. 153, 910-918 (2013).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+generation+of+mice+carrying+reporter+and+conditional+alleles+by+CRISPR/Cas-mediated+genome+engineering.">One-step generation of mice carrying reporter and conditional alleles by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.</a> Cell. 154, 1370-1379 (2013).</li><li>Fu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-frequency+off-target+mutagenesis+induced+by+CRISPR-Cas+nucleases+in+human+cells.">High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 31, 822-826 (2013).</li><li>Branda, C. S., Dymecki, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Talking+about+a+revolution:+The+impact+of+site-specific+recombinases+on+genetic+analyses+in+mice.">Talking about a revolution: The impact of site-specific recombinases on genetic analyses in mice.</a> Dev Cell. 6, 7-28 (2004).</li><li>Sandhu, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strict+control+of+transgene+expression+in+a+mouse+model+for+sensitive+biological+applications+based+on+RMCE+compatible+ES+cells.">Strict control of transgene expression in a mouse model for sensitive biological applications based on RMCE compatible ES cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 39, 1 (2010).</li><li>Haenebalcke, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+ROSA26-based+conditional+and/or+inducible+transgenesis+using+RMCE-compatible+F1+hybrid+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Efficient ROSA26-based conditional and/or inducible transgenesis using RMCE-compatible F1 hybrid mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 9, 774-785 (2013).</li><li>Pieters, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=p120+Catenin-Mediated+Stabilization+of+E-Cadherin+Is+Essential+for+Primitive+Endoderm+Specification.">p120 Catenin-Mediated Stabilization of E-Cadherin Is Essential for Primitive Endoderm Specification.</a> PLoS Genet. 12, e1006243 (2016).</li><li>Evans, M. J., Kaufman, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+in+culture+of+pluripotential+cells+from+mouse+embryos.">Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos.</a> Nature. 292, 154-156 (1981).</li><li>Martin, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+a+pluripotent+cell+line+from+early+mouse+embryos+cultured+in+medium+conditioned+by+teratocarcinoma+stem+cells.">Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 78, 7634-7638 (1981).</li><li>Cheng, J., Dutra, A., Takesono, A., Garrett-Beal, L., Schwartzberg, P. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Improved+generation+of+C57BL/6J+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+in+a+defined+serum-free+media.">Improved generation of C57BL/6J mouse embryonic stem cells in a defined serum-free media.</a> Genesis. 39, 100-104 (2004).</li><li>Bryja, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+method+for+the+derivation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">An efficient method for the derivation of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Stem Cells. 24, 844-849 (2006).</li><li>Ying, Q. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ground+state+of+embryonic+stem+cell+self-renewal.">The ground state of embryonic stem cell self-renewal.</a> Nature. 453, 519-523 (2008).</li><li>Chen, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-renewal+of+embryonic+stem+cells+by+a+small+molecule.">Self-renewal of embryonic stem cells by a small molecule.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 103, 17266-17271 (2006).</li><li>Pieters, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+and+User-Friendly+Pluripotin-based+Derivation+of+Mouse+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Efficient and User-Friendly Pluripotin-based Derivation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 8, (2012).</li><li>Yang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pluripotin+combined+with+leukemia+inhibitory+factor+greatly+promotes+the+derivation+of+embryonic+stem+cell+lines+from+refractory+strains.">Pluripotin combined with leukemia inhibitory factor greatly promotes the derivation of embryonic stem cell lines from refractory strains.</a> Stem Cells. 27, 383-389 (2009).</li><li>Haenebalcke, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+ROSA26-iPSC+Mouse:+A+Conditional,+Inducible,+and+Exchangeable+Resource+for+Studying+Cellular+(De)Differentiation.">The ROSA26-iPSC Mouse: A Conditional, Inducible, and Exchangeable Resource for Studying Cellular (De)Differentiation.</a> Cell Rep. 3, (2013).</li><li>Tucker, K. L., Wang, Y., Dausman, J., Jaenisch, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+transgenic+mouse+strain+expressing+four+drug-selectable+marker+genes.">A transgenic mouse strain expressing four drug-selectable marker genes.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 25, 3745-3746 (1997).</li><li>Nyabi, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+mouse+transgenesis+using+Gateway-compatible+ROSA26+locus+targeting+vectors+and+F1+hybrid+ES+cells.">Efficient mouse transgenesis using Gateway-compatible ROSA26 locus targeting vectors and F1 hybrid ES cells.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 37, 55 (2009).</li><li>Katzen, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gateway((R))+recombinational+cloning:+a+biological+operating+system.">Gateway((R)) recombinational cloning: a biological operating system.</a> Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2, 571-589 (2007).</li><li>Schaft, J., Ashery-Padan, R., vander Hoeven, F., Gruss, P., Stewart, A. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+FLP+recombination+in+mouse+ES+cells+and+oocytes.">Efficient FLP recombination in mouse ES cells and oocytes.</a> Genesis. 31, 6-10 (2001).</li><li>Spencer, H. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=E-cadherin+inhibits+cell+surface+localization+of+the+pro-migratory+5T4+oncofetal+antigen+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">E-cadherin inhibits cell surface localization of the pro-migratory 5T4 oncofetal antigen in mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 18, 2838-2851 (2007).</li><li>Stryjewska, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zeb2+Regulates+Cell+Fate+at+the+Exit+from+Epiblast+State+in+Mouse+Embryonic+Stem+Cells.">Zeb2 Regulates Cell Fate at the Exit from Epiblast State in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells.</a> Stem Cells. , (2016).</li><li>Nagy, A., Gertsenstein, M., Vintersten, K., Behringer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Manipulating the mouse embryo: A laboratory manual. , (2003).</li><li>van den Berghe, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+migration+of+cortical+interneurons+depends+on+the+cell-autonomous+action+of+Sip1.">Directed migration of cortical interneurons depends on the cell-autonomous action of Sip1.</a> Neuron. 77, 70-82 (2013).</li><li>Li, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+EMT+transcription+factor+Zeb2+controls+adult+murine+hematopoietic+differentiation+by+regulating+cytokine+signaling.">The EMT transcription factor Zeb2 controls adult murine hematopoietic differentiation by regulating cytokine signaling.</a> Blood. , (2016).</li></ol>

Unsere MESC Isolationsmethode ist benutzerfreundlich und erfordert keine fortgeschrittenen Fähigkeiten oder Ausrüstung, wie Mikrochirurgie von Blastozysten. Somit ist diese Technologie zu einem großen Teil der wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft zugänglich. Jeder, der Grundzellkultur Erfahrung kann ICM Auswüchse propagieren und mESCs Linien etablieren. Allerdings erfordert die Spülung und die Handhabung von Blastozysten etwas Übung. Ein Mundpipette wird verwendet Blastozysten zu übertragen und besteht aus einer Mikr...

Es wird geschätzt, dass etwa 20.000 Säugergenomen Protein-kodierenden Gene enthalten. Alternatives Spleißen und posttranslationale Modifikationen erhöhen die Proteinrepertoires. Proteine haben einen modularen Aufbau 1 und häufig mehrere Wechselwirkungsdomänen enthalten, die ihre Einstellung 2 in verschiedene Proteinkomplexe und ihre Beteiligung an mehreren zellulären Prozesse ermöglichen. Ein Beispiel dafür ist das multifunktionale Protein namens p120ctn. p120ctn wird durch das CTNND1 Gen codiert und besteht aus einer großen zentralen Domäne Armadillo - Repeat flankiert von einem N-terminalen und C-terminalen Region. Die Armadillo-Domäne von p120ctn bindet an eine hoch konservierten Juxtamembrandomäne der klassischen Cadherine, die in Zell-Zell-Adhäsion beteiligt sind, aber es bindet auch an den Repressor Kaiso. Die N-terminale Domäne von p120ctn interagiert mit verschiedenen Kinasen, Phosphatasen, kleinen RhoGTPasen und Mikrotubuli-assoziierte proteins 3. Interessanterweise als Ergebnis des alternativen Spleißens, p120ctn Isoformen können 4 aus vier alternativen Startcodons erzeugt werden. p120ctn Isoform 1A ist die längste, wie es aus dem am meisten 5&#39; translatiert wird Startcodon und enthält die Volllängen-N-terminales Segment. In p120ctn Isoformen 3 und 4 ist dieses N-terminale Segment teilweise gelöscht und vollständig sind. die genaue Rolle von Proteinen (oder Protein-Isoformen) und die Domänen in verschiedenen zellulären Funktionen zu verstehen, bleibt eine Herausforderung. Gen-Targeting in mESCs ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Funktion eines Proteins durch die genetische Deletion des entsprechenden Gens und hat weitgehend dazu beigetragen, die Identifizierung von entwicklungs wichtig und krankheitsrelevanten Genen und Wegen. Dieser Durchbruch in der reversen Genetik war das Ergebnis der Fortschritte in den Bereichen der MESC Isolierung und Gene aufgrund homologer Rekombination Targeting 5 </sup&gt;. Homologe Rekombination ist ein Verfahren, bei der DNA-Fragmenten zwischen zwei ähnlichen oder identischen Nukleins Einheiten nach doppelsträngige (ds) DNA-Brüchen ausgetauscht werden. Normalerweise ist HR ineffizient, weil dsDNA Pausen selten sind. Seit kurzem wird die Effizienz der Homologie-directed gene targeting könnte unter Verwendung von ortsspezifischen Nucleasen erhöht 6, 7, aber unglücklicherweise sind diese anfällig für Nebeneffekte 8. Eine zuverlässigere Technik zu ermöglichen, Gen-Targeting ist RMCE, die auf ortsspezifische Rekombinationssysteme, wie Cre / loxP oder FLPe / FRT-basiert. LoxP und Frt - Sequenz werden in Bakteriophage P1 und Saccharomyces cerevisiae, bzw., und aus 34 bp, einschließlich einer asymmetrischen 8 - bp - Sequenz gefunden, die die Orientierung der Website festlegt. Auf der anderen Seite ist die Orientierung von, zum Beispiel, zwei loxP-Stellen innerhalb einer DNA-Strecke werden bestimmen, ob die floxed DNA exzidiert wird oder i9 nversed nach Cre-vermittelter Rekombination. Darüber hinaus kann Cre induziert auch eine Translokation, wenn zwei Standorte auf verschiedene Chromosomen befinden. RMCE nutzt artfremden Rekombinationsstellen, die nicht kreuzreagieren und das in einer genomischen Locus eingebettet sind. In Anwesenheit eines Donator - Plasmid , das ein DNA - Fragment mit den gleichen hetero Stellen flankierte enthält, fügt die Rekombinase dieses DNA - Fragment in den kompatibelen RMCE genomischen Locus durch doppelte versetzte Translokation (Abbildung 1). Hier wird nur richtig RMCE gezielte Klone können drug resistance dank eines Promotors auf dem ankommenden Vektor rendern , die ein „gefangen“ , stellt promotorlose Neomycinresistenzgen (Neo R) in der R26 Genom der Docking - Zellen (Abbildung 1) 10, 11. Daraus ergibt sich eine sehr hohe Targeting Effizienz, oft nahe 100% 11 &lt;/ sup&gt; 12. Abschließend ist RMCE basierte Targeting sehr effizient und kann für Struktur-Funktionen Studien verwendet werden; Jedoch erfordert es eine vorgefertigte genomischen Locus. <img alt="Abbildung 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55575/55575fig1.jpg" /> Abbildung 1 : Schematische Darstellung der RMCE Vermittelte Targeting. RMCE ermöglicht den Austausch von DNA-Segmenten aus einem ankommenden Targeting-Vektor zu einem definierten genomischen Locus, wenn sowohl zwei hetero FRT-Stellen Harbor (dargestellt durch weiße und rote Dreiecke). Darüber hinaus enthält das manipulierte genomischen Locus und ein promotorloses Neomycin-Resistenz verkürztes (Neo R) -Gen. Durch die Bereitstellung von Wiederherstellung einen Promotor und Startcodon in dem ankommenden DNA-Fragmente, nur korrekte Rekombinationsereignisse Neomycin-Resistenz, was zu hohen Effizienzen Targeting. <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55575/55575fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">Bitte klicken Sie hier</a> , um <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55575/55575fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">eine größere Version t anzuzeigen</a>seine Figur. Genomtechnik in mESCs ermöglicht die Erzeugung von RMCE-kompatible Mäuse. Im Jahr 1981 gelang es zwei Gruppen von pluripotenten Zellen der inneren Zellmasse (ICM) von Blastozysten in Erfassung und in Kultur 13, 14 aufrechtzuerhalten. mESCs der Lage ist, die Selbsterneuerung und Differenzierung in alle Arten von embryonalen und adulten Zellen, einschließlich der Keimzelllinie. Daher Gene in mESCs Targeting ermöglichen Reverse genetische Studien über die Entwicklung von konstitutiven oder bedingten KO-Mäusen (die Cre / loxP-System verwendet wird). Allerdings ist die klassische Art und Weise Maus-ES-Zellen zu isolieren, ist sehr ineffizient. Verschiedene Verbesserungen haben große stark erhöht die Erfolgsrate für die Ableitung MESC Linien, einschließlich der Verwendung eines definierten serum-Ersatz (SR) Medium 15, im Wechsel zwischen MESC Medium SR und fötales Rinderserum (FBS) , 16, und die Verwendung von pharmakodynamischen enthaltendlogische Verbindungen wie pluripotin oder 2i 17. Pluripotin, ein kleines synthetisches Molekül, ermöglicht die Ausbreitung von mESCs in einem undifferenzierten Zustand in Abwesenheit von Leukämie - Hemmfaktor (LIF) und embryonalen Mausfibroblasten (MEFs) 18. Schließlich hat es sich gezeigt , dass mESCs kann mit einem sehr hohen Wirkungsgrad ( in der Nähe von 100%) isoliert werden , wenn ein SR / FBS - Medium Wechsel - Protokoll mit LIF kombiniert und pluripotin 19, 20. Diese Protokolle ermöglichen die effiziente Isolierung von RMCE-kompatibel KO mESCs, die anschließend für Struktur-Funktions-Studien verwendet werden können. Dieses Dokument beschreibt ein Verfahren, das man die Schlüssel-Domänen oder Reste innerhalb eines Proteins zu identifizieren, ermöglicht es, die für spezifische zelluläre Prozesse verantwortlich sind. Zu diesem Zweck wird eine Pipeline von fortschrittlichen Technologien, die eine effiziente MESC Isolierung ermöglichen, Targeting-Vektor Montage und MESC Targeting war erstellend. Als solche großen Platten mit Proteinisoformen, Domain - Mutanten und Effektoren können in KO mESCs eingeführt werden können und für ihre Fähigkeit , die in - vitro - KO - Phänotyp zu retten ausgewertet werden.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="766">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">ROSALUC Mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">frozen sperm available upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">R26-iPSC mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">frozen sperm available upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Vessel probe</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10160-13</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">to check for copulation plugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">M2 medium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M7167</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">make aliquots and store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Fine forceps (Dumont #5 Standard tip Student forceps)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11251-10</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">spray with 70% EtOH before use (do not autoclave)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">23G needles</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine-ject</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">8697</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">1-ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Soft-ject</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">6680</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">60-mm bacterial grade plates (for flushing)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gosselin</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BB60-01</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Mouth pipette</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">see discussion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs, TgN (DR4)1 Jae strain)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATTC</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SCRC-1045</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">TgN (DR4)1 Jae mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3208</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Mitomycin C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M0503</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without calcium or magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-094</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:272px;">Tg(DR4)1Jae/J mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">JAX</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3208</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">mice that contain four drug-selectable genes and DR4 MEFS confers resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin and 6-thioguanine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">0.1% Gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">G1393</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Dissolve 0.5 g in 500 ml distilled water, autoclave and store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Trypsin (0.25%)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25200-056</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">2 &#956;M pluripotin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10009557</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:272px;">pRMCE-DV1</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BCCM/LMBP collection&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LMBP 08870</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">public available from the BCCM/LMBP collection (http://bccm.belspo.be)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:272px;">cre-excised pRMCE-DV1</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BCCM/LMBP collection&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LMBP 08195</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">public available from the BCCM/LMBP collection (http://bccm.belspo.be)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">pCAG-FlpE-IRES-Puro-pA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">20733</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">heat-shock competent DH5&#945; bacteria&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Gateway pDONR221 vector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">12536-017</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">contains kanamycin-resistance gene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BP clonase II mix</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11789-020</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">LR clonase II mix</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11791-020&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Luria Broth (LB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Ampicillin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Applied Biosystems 3730XL DNA Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3730XL</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">G418</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11811-023</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11668027</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Lipofectamine LTX transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15338100</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Effectene transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">301425</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">GATEWAY pENTR 1A vector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A10462</td>
			<td>recombination-compatible vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">mouse monoclonal anti-p120ctn antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">610134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">mouse monoclonal anti-Ecadherin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">610181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">General equipment:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Sterile dissection tools</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">fine scissors and forceps for dissecting the uterus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sterile pipettes: 5 ml, 10 ml and 25 ml</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">15-ml and 50-ml conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:272px;">96-well culture plates V-shaped bottom and flat bottom)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Culture dishes: 24 wells, 12 wells and 6 wells</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Multichannel pipettes (to pipette 30, 50, 100 and 200 &#956;l)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sterile multichannel reservoirs</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to a laminar air flow</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:272px;">Access to an incubator at 37&#176;C with 5% CO2</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to an inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to a bench-top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Access to a stereo microscope with transmitted-light&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Culture media:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MEF Medium:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">&#160;Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">41965-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">F-7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">L-glutamine (2 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sodium pyruvate&#160; (0.4 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11360-039&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">SR-based mESC medium:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">31330-038</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">mixed in a 1:1 ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% knock-out serum replacement (SR )</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10828&#8211;028</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">L-glutamine (2 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">0.1 mM non-essential amino acids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11140-050</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol (0.1 mM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M 3148&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">2,000 U/ml recombinant mouse LIF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">(IRC/VIB Protein Service facility)</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">FBS-based mESC medium (similar to SR-based mESC medium):</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10829-018&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% FBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SH30070.03E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Differention Medium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">21980-032&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% FBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SH30070.03E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">5% CD Hybridoma Medium(1x) liquid&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11279-023&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">&#160;2 mM L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">0.4 mM 1-thioglycerol</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M-6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">50 &#956;g/ml ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A-4544&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2i</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">1 &#956;M Erk inhibitor PD0325901&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Axon Medchem</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Axon 1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">3 &#956;M Gsk3 inhibitor CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Axon Medchem</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Axon 1386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

structure-function studies in mouse embryonic stem cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange

Gentechnik in Maus-Embryonen oder embryonale Stammzellen (mESCs) ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Funktion eines bestimmten Proteins. Proteine ​​sind die Arbeitspferde der Zelle und bestehen oft aus mehreren funktionellen Domänen, die durch posttranslationale Modifikationen beeinflusst werden kann. Die Verarmung des gesamten Proteins in bedingten oder konstitutiv Knock-out (KO) Mäusen nimmt nicht berücksichtigt diese funktionale Vielfalt und Regulierung. Eine MESC Linie und ein abgeleitetes Mausmodell, in dem eine Andockstelle für FLPe Rekombination vermittelten Kassettenaustausch (RMCE) innerhalb des ROSA26 (R26) Locus eingefügt wurde, wurde bereits berichtet. Hier berichten wir über eine Struktur-Funktions-Ansatz, der für die molekulare Zerlegung der verschiedenen Funktionalitäten eines Multi-Domain Protein ermöglicht. Zu diesem Zweck RMCE-kompatible Mäuse müssen mit KO-Mäusen gekreuzt werden und dann RMCE-kompatibel KO mESCs isoliert werden müssen. Als nächstes kann ein Panel von putativen rescue-Konstrukten in die R26-Locus über RMCE targeti eingeführt werdenng. Die Kandidaten rescue cDNAs kann leicht zwischen RMCE Seiten des Targeting-Vektors unter Verwendung von Rekombinations-Klonierung eingefügt werden. Als nächstes wird KO mESCs mit dem Targeting-Vektor in Kombination transfiziert mit einer FLPe Rekombinase Expressionsplasmid. RMCE reaktiviert die promotorlose Neomycin-Resistenz-Gene in den ROSA26 Andockstellen und ermöglicht die Auswahl des korrekten Targeting-Ereignisses. Auf diese Weise werden hohe Wirkungsgrad Targeting von nahezu 100% erzielt, so dass zum Einsetzen mehrerer putativen rescue Konstrukte in eine halb-hohen Durchsatz Weise. Schließlich kann eine Vielzahl von R26 getriebenen Rettungs Konstrukte auf ihre Fähigkeit getestet werden, um den Phänotyp zu retten, die in Eltern KO mESCs beobachtet wurde. Wir präsentieren eine Proof-of-Principle-Struktur-Wirkungs-Studie in p120 Catenin (p120ctn) KO mESCs mit endoderm Differenzierung in Embryoidkörpern (EVG) als phänotypische Anzeige. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht die Identifizierung von wichtigen Domänen, putative nachgeschaltete Wege und krankheitsrelevanten PunktMutationen, die KO-Phänotypen für ein bestimmtes Protein zu Grunde liegt.

Das Verfahren RMCE-kompatiblen KO MESC Linien zu isolieren , ist in Abbildung 2 dargestellt. Zwei aufeinanderfolgende Züchtungen sind erforderlich RMCE-kompatibel KO Blastozysten zu erhalten. Zunächst werden heterozygot KO-Mäuse mit RMCE-kompatibelen Mäusen gekreuzt RMCE-kompatibel, heterozygot KO-Mäuse zu erhalten. Diese Mäuse werden dann für zeitlich Paarungen mit anderen heterozygot KO-Mäusen verwendet, zu erhalten, 3,5-dpc, RMCE-kompatibel, homozygot KO Blast...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange at JoVE.com

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

Proteine ​​enthalten oft mehrere Domänen, die verschiedene zelluläre Funktionen ausüben kann. Gen-Knock-outs (KO) nicht über diese funktionelle Vielfalt berücksichtigen. Hier berichten wir über eine Rekombination vermittelten Kassettenaustausch (RMCE) -basierte Struktur-Funktions-Ansatz in KO embryonalen Stammzellen, die für die molekulare Präparation von verschiedenen funktionellen Domänen oder Varianten eines Proteins ermöglicht.

Struktur-Funktions-Studien in embryonalen Maus-Stammzellen Rekombinase-vermittelten Kassettenaustausch

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

The overall goal of this structure-function method is to dissect at the molecular level the role of different protein domains, or disease-relevance mutations, in naive or differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help to reveal how different residues or domains of a protein can contribute to its function in a given cellular context. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows very efficient targeting of rescue constructs to the genome of knock out embryonic stem cells, or ES cells, and the investigation of their role in different cell types.To achieve this, we combine three highly efficient technologies. These include improved mouse embryonic stem cell isolation, recombination-based targeting factor assembly, and ES cell targeting via recombination-mediated cassette exchange, or RMC. Demonstrating some of the procedures will be Jinke D'Hont, a technician from my laboratory.Recombination-mediated cassette exchange, or RMCE, allows the interchange of DNA fragments between a vector and a genomic locus. RMCE takes advantage of hetero-specific recombination sites that do not cross-react and that are embedded in a genomic locus. In the presence of a donor plasmid that contains a DNA fragment flanked by the same hetero-specific sites, the recombinase will insert this DNA fragment into the RMCE-compatible genomic locus because of double simultaneous translocation.Only upon correct recombination, the trapped promoterless Neomycin-resistance gene in the Rosa 26 docking site, will be restored via a PGK promoter in the incoming targeting vector, which renders drug-resistance. This Neomycin resistance trap system results in a very high targeting efficiency, often close to 100%The day before blastocyst isolation, add 0.1%gelatin, to 12 well-cultured plates. And incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes.Aspirate the gelatin solution. Then seed one quarter of a vial of P2 Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts, or MEFs, into MEF medium, and divide over the 12-well plate. Incubate the 12-well plates of MEFs in two milliliters of MEF medium at 37 degrees Celsius.And grow the cells to a confluent monolayer. Then add 10 micrograms per milliliter of Mitomycin seed to the wells. And incubate the cultures for three hours at 37 degrees Celsius, to inactivate the cells.After selecting heterozygous knock out mice containing an RMCE cassette in the Rosa 26 locus according to the text protocol, set up matings to breed RMCE-compatible heterozygous knock out mice, with heterozygous knock out mice. The following morning, check for copulation plugs by lifting the female by the base of the tale, and examine the vaginal opening for a whitish mass. If the plug is difficult to see, with an angled probe, slightly spread the lips of the vulva, then separate the plugged females from their males.To collect blastocysts at 3.5 days post-coitus, or DPC. After euthanizing the pregnant females, make a mid-ventral incision, and use fine scissors and forceps to dissect the uterus and oviduct. Next, bend a 26-gauge needle into a 45-degree angle attached to a 1 milliliter syringe filled with M2 medium.And insert the needle into the end of the uterus that is closest to the oviduct. Use fine forceps to hold the needle in place while pushing the plunger to flush the blastocysts from the uterus into the lid of a 10 centimeter dish. The uterus will swell, if the flushing is successful.Use a mouth pipette to collect all the embryos in a drop of M2 medium, and wash the embryos twice in a drop of M2 medium. Immediately after washing the embryos, use PBS, to wash the mitomycin-C inactivated cells twice. Then using a mouth pipette, plate each blastocyst onto a separate well of the mitomycin-C treated MEFs, in SRES cell medium, supplemented with pluripotent or 2I.Incubate the cultures at 37 degrees Celsius, and 5%carbon dioxide. Refresh the SREF cell medium every two to three days. Examine each blastocyst under a stereo microscope at 4X magnification, and check for hatching and detachment to the MEF layer.After 10 to 12 days of culture, under a stereo microscope, use a P10 pipette with disposable tips, to pick individual icium outgrowths. Transfer each outgrowth into approximately 10 microliters of medium to a V-shaped 96-well plate, containing 30 microliters per well of PBS. Using a multi-channel pipette, add 50 microliters of 0.25%trypsin to each well.And incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for three minutes. Add 100 microliters of pre-incubated FPS-containing ES cell medium, and dissociate the icium outgrowths into single cells by pipetting 10 to 15 times. Then transfer the dissociated cells to mitomycin-C treated 96 well MEF plates.The following day, change the SR-based medium. Expand the ES cells in a similar fashion from 24 to 6-well plates. After identifying rescued CDNA vectors according to the text protocol, prepare a 10 microliter LR reaction using 100 nanograms of rescue CDNA vector, 150 nanograms of pre-excised RMCEDV1 vector, and two microliters of recombinase mix, containing a phage-encoded integrase, an excisionase, and a bacterial integration host factor.Incubate the reaction at 25 degrees Celsius for two hours. To transform the recombined vectors, add 5 microliters of each mixture, to 40 microliters of heat shock competent E.Coli bacteria, in a 2 milliliter skirted screw cap tube. And incubate the sample on ice for 20 minutes.Then incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes. Add one milliliter of LB medium to the tube, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. Plate 50 microliters on agar plates with ampicillin.And grow at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. Identify colonies with the correct targeting vector by using a P200 tip to randomly pick five colonies. Transfer the tip to a glass test tube containing two to five milliliters of LB medium, and grow overnight at 37 degrees Celsius.After extracting the DNA from each colony, validate the samples by digesting 0.5 to two micrograms of DNA, and separate the samples on a 1%agarose gel. Start a culture of RMCE compatible knock out ES cells, and passage them at least twice on MEFs, in FBS-based ES cell medium. Then split the ES cells on a gelatinized six-well plate.The following day, use 1.5 milliliters of FBS-based ES cell medium to refresh the ES cells that are about 50%confluent. Combine one microgram of pre-excised RMCEDV1 targeting vector, containing rescue CDNA, and one microgram of FLIPe expression plasmid, in 250 microliters of pure DMEM medium. Add seven microliters of lipofectin-based transvection reagent to 250 microliters of pure DMEM medium.And incubate the solution for five minutes at room temperature. Combine the DNA and lipofectin solutions. And incubate the mixture at room temperature for 20 minutes.Then pipette the transvection mixture onto the refreshed ES cells, and gently swirl. One day after transvection, split all ES cells from the tube to a 10-centimeter culture dish, with a confluent layer of DR4 MEFS, and 10 milliliters of FPS-based ES cell medium. Two days after transvection, select ES cell clones with the correct FLIP-e mediated cassette exchange, by adding G418 to the medium.As shown here, massive killing of non-targeted colonies should be visible after three to five days. Colonies should appear after seven to 10 days. Pick these colonies, then expand them, and verify the clones as demonstrated earlier in this video.To differentiate ES cells into embryoid bodies, or EBs, after culturing knock out ES cells with Rosa 26-driven rescue constructs according to the text protocol, allow EBs to form in the non-adherent dishes for 30 days. Refresh the medium every two to three days by transferring the EB suspension to a 50 milliliter tube. And let the EBs settle by gravity.Remove the supernatant, add fresh medium, and transfer the EB suspension to a bacterial-grade dish. Analyze the ES cells and EBs by immunofluorescence and TEM, according to the text protocol. Using the structure function method, five pre-excised RMCEDV1 targeting vectors were generated with an efficiency of 100%and these rescue constructs were targeted via RMCE, to P120 catenin knock out ES cells, with an efficiency of 97%Cystic EB morphology can be used as a phenotypic readout to screen different rescue constructs.As proof of concept, R26-driven P120 catenin isoform 1A rescued the p120 catenin knock out phenotype. To test whether E-cadherin independent membrane anchoring of P120 catenin enabled csytic EB formation, the k-ras membrane targeting motif, CAAX, was fused to the carboxy terminus of P120 catenin, and introduced via RMCE, to P120 catenin knock out ES cells, before EBs were made from them. However, this construct serves a dominant negative that does not allow binding and stabilization of E-cadherin.And as a consequence, does not rescue the p120 catenin knock out phenotype. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or EMT, is an essential developmental process that also occurs during ES cell differentiation. When expressed in p120 catenin knock out ES cells, the EMT inducers, ZEB1, ZEB2, or snail that can directly repress various epithelial marker genes like E-cadherin, failed to restore cystic EB formation.Once mastered, RMCE compatible ES cells can be isolated within one month. RMCE compatible targeting vectors can be generated within one week, and targeted rescue of ES cells can be achieved within one month using this technique, if it is performed properly. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use RMCE to perform structure function studies in naive or differentiated embryonic stem cells.

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Biology

Developmental Biology

Cellular Processes

Cell Structure and Function

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Derivation of Cardiac Progenitor Cells from Embryonic Stem Cells

Ableitung von Herzvorläuferzellen aus embryonalen Stammzellen

Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) have the capacity to differentiate into cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle cells (SMC), and endothelial cells and hold great ...

Forschung

Entwicklungsbiologie

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

Neuronale Differenzierung von embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus in Serum-freiem Monolayer-Kultur

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Generating CRISPR/Cas9 Mediated Monoallelic Deletions to Study Enhancer Function in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells

Generieren von CRISPR / Cas9 Mediated monoallelic Löschungen Enhancer-Funktion in embryonalen Stammzellen der Maus zu studieren

Enhancers control cell identity by regulating tissue-specific gene expression in a position and orientation independent manner. These enhancers are often ...

The Production of Pluripotent Stem Cells from Mouse Amniotic Fluid Cells Using a Transposon System

Die Herstellung von pluripotenten Stammzellen aus Maus Fruchtwasserzellen ein Transposon-System verwenden

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are generated from mouse and human somatic cells by forced expression of defined transcription factors using ...

Single-cell Photoconversion in Living Intact Zebrafish

Einzellige Ladungszustand im lebendigen intakten Zebrafisch

Animal and plant tissue is composed of distinct populations of cells. These cells interact over time to build and maintain the tissue and can cause ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computergestützte Analyse der Keimbahn Caenorhabditis Elegans , die Verteilung der Kerne, Proteine und das Zytoskelett zu studieren

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

In vitro-Generation der Somiten Derivate aus menschlichen induzierten Zellen pluripotenten Stammzellen

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C (UV-C) Damage

Assessment of Oxidative Damage in the Primary Mouse Ocular Surface Cells/Stem Cells in Response to Ultraviolet-C UV-C Damage

Bewertung von oxidativen Schäden in den primären Maus-Augen-Oberflächenzellen/Stammzellen als Reaktion auf Uv-C-Schäden (UV-C)

The ocular surface is subjected to regular wear and tear due to various environmental factors. Exposure to UV-C radiation constitutes an occupational ...

Three-dimensional Angiogenesis Assay System using Co-culture Spheroids Formed by Endothelial Colony Forming Cells and Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Dreidimensionales Angiogenese-Assay-System mit Co-Culture-Spheroiden, die von endotheliaalen Koloniebildenden Zellen und mesenchymalen Stammzellen gebildet werden

Studies in the field of angiogenesis have been aggressively growing in the last few decades with the recognition that angiogenesis is a hallmark of more ...

Efficient Neural Differentiation using Single-Cell Culture of Human Embryonic Stem Cells

Effiziente neuronale Differenzierung mit einzelzellischer Kultur menschlicher embryonaler Stammzellen

In vitro differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) has transformed the ability to study human development on both biological and molecular ...