Name: structure-function studies in mouse embryonic stem cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange
Uploaded: 2017-04-27T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange at JoVE.com

私たちは、その優れた技術サポートのためにJinke D&#39;Hont、フレデリック・ヴァン・Rockeghem、ナタリーFarla、ケリー・レメアー、およびRietデRyckeに感謝します。我々はまた、彼らの専門家の支援のための炎症研究センターのバイオイメージングコア施設からEEF Parthoens、EvelienヴァンHamme、およびアマンダGoncalvesの感謝します。私たちは貴重な議論のための私たちの研究グループのメンバーを認めます。この作品は、ベルギーの科学政策によってサポートされていました（Belspo大学間アトラクションのポーランド - 賞IAP VII-07 DevRepair; https://devrepair.be）エリザベート王妃医療財団、ベルギー（GSKE 2008年から2010年で、;のhttp：// WWW .fmre-gske.be）、およびゲント大学、ベルギー（http://www.ugent.be/en/ghentuniv）の協調研究アクション（GOA 01G01908）によります。 SGフランダース研究費（FWO-V）のポスドクです。

マウス上の全ての実験は、機関投資家、国、ヨーロッパの動物の規定に従って行われました。 RMCE互換KOたmESCの単離<ol><li>そのようなROSALUCマウス10またはROSA26-のiPSCマウス21などのRMCE互換マウスとヘテロ接合性KOマウスを繁殖。両方のRMCE互換マウスは、混合129 / C57BL6 /スイスの背景上で維持しました。 注：ヘテロKOマウスとの交配は、ホモ接合型K...

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私たちのMESC分離法は、ユーザーフレンドリーであり、そのような胚盤胞のマイクロサージェリーなどの高度なスキルや設備を必要としません。したがって、この技術は、科学界の大部分にアクセスできます。基本的な細胞培養の経験を持つ誰もがICMの派生物を伝播したmESCラインを確立することができます。しかし、胚盤胞の洗浄及び取り扱いはいくつかの練習が必要です。口のピペットは?...

哺乳動物のゲノムは、約20,000のタンパク質をコードする遺伝子が含まれていると推定されています。選択的スプライシングと翻訳後修飾は、さらに、タンパク質のレパートリーを増やします。タンパク質は、モジュラー構造1を有し、しばしば、異なるタンパク質複合体へのそれらの動員および複数の細胞プロセス2への参加を可能にする、複数の相互作用ドメインを含みます。一つの例は、p120ctnと呼ばれる多機能性タンパク質です。 p120ctnはCtnnd1遺伝子によってコードされ、N末端およびC末端領域によって隣接大きな中央アルマジロリピートドメインから構成されています。 p120ctnのアルマジロドメインは、細胞 - 細胞接着に関与している古典的カドヘリンの高度に保存された膜近傍ドメインに結合し、それはまた、転写リプレッサーKaisoに結合します。 p120ctnのN末端ドメインは、異なるキナーゼ、ホスファターゼ、小さなRhoGTPases、及び微小管関連Pと相互作用しますroteins 3。興味深いことに、選択的スプライシングの結果として、p120ctnアイソフォームは、4つの代替開始コドン4から生成することができます。それは最も5&#39; 開始コドンから翻訳および全長N末端セグメントを含むようp120ctnアイソフォーム1Aは、最長です。 p120ctnアイソフォーム3および図4に、このN末端セグメントは、それぞれ、部分的におよび完全に削除されます。さまざまな細胞機能におけるタンパク質（またはタンパク質アイソフォーム）とそのドメインの正確な役割を理解することが課題です。 たmESCにおいて標的遺伝子は、対応する遺伝子の遺伝子欠失を介してタンパク質の機能の研究を可能にし、広く発達重要と疾患関連遺伝子および経路の同定に貢献しています。逆遺伝学では、この画期的なによる相同組換え5にMESC単離及び標的遺伝子の分野における進歩の結果でした</s&gt;アップ。相同組換えは、DNAフラグメントが二本鎖（ds）DNA切断後に2つの類似または同一の核酸部分との間で交換されるプロセスです。二本鎖DNA切断が頻繁であるため、通常、HRは非効率的です。最近、標的相同性指向性遺伝子の効率は、部位特異的ヌクレアーゼ6,7を用いて増加させることができるが、残念ながら、これらは、オフターゲット効果8を受けやすいです。遺伝子ターゲティングを可能にするためのより信頼性の高い技術は、のCre / loxP配列又はFLPe / FRTなどの部位特異的組換え系に基づいているRMCE、です。 LoxP及びFRT配列は、 バクテリオファージP1で発見され、 サッカロミセス・セレビシエ（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）は 、それぞれ、サイトの向きを決定非対称8塩基対の配列を含む、34塩基対から成ります。例えば、DNAストレッチ内の2つのloxP部位は、flox化DNAを切除またはIとなるかどうかを決定する一方、配向のCre媒介組み換え9時nversed。二つの部位が異なる染色体上に位置している場合また、Creをも転位を誘導することができます。 RMCEは、クロス反応し、ゲノム遺伝子座に埋め込まれていない異種の組換え部位を利用しています。同じ異種部位に隣接するDNA断片を含有するドナープラスミドの存在下で、リコンビナーゼは、なぜなら、二重同時トランスロケーション（ 図1）のRMCE互換ゲノム遺伝子座にこのDNA断片を挿入します。ここで、のみ正しくRMCE標的クローンをドッキング細胞のR26ゲノム中に存在する「捕捉された、」プロモーターレスネオマイシン耐性遺伝子（ネオR）を復元着信ベクター上のプロモーター（ 図1）に対する薬剤耐性のおかげをレンダリングすることができ10、11。これは、&lt;100％11しばしば近く、非常に高いターゲティング効率をもたらします/ SUP&gt; 12。結論として、RMCEベースのターゲティングは非常に効率的であり、構造機能研究のために使用することができます。しかし、それは事前設計ゲノム遺伝子座を必要とします。 <img alt="図1" src="/files/ftp_upload/55575/55575fig1.jpg" /> 図1. RMCE媒介ターゲティングの略図。両方は、2つの異種FRT部位（白及び赤の三角形によって示される）を保有する場合RMCEは、定義されたゲノム遺伝子座への着信ターゲティングベクターからのDNAセグメントの交換を可能にします。加えて、操作されたゲノム遺伝子座は、プロモーターおよび短縮型ネオマイシン耐性（ネオR）遺伝子を含みます。プロモーターを提供することによってのみ正しい組換え事象は、高いターゲティング効率で得られ、ネオマイシン耐性を復元する、入ってくるDNA断片に開始コドン。 <a href="http://ecsource.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/55575/55575fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">トンの拡大版をご覧になるにはこちらをクリックしてください。</a>彼のフィギュア。 たmESCにおけるゲノム工学は、RMCE互換マウスの生成を可能にします。 1981年に、2つのグループが胚盤胞の内部細胞塊（ICM）から多能性細胞を捕捉及び培養13、14でそれらを維持することに成功しました。たmESCは、生殖細胞系列を含む、胚および成人の細胞のすべてのタイプの中に自己複製と分化することができます。したがって、たmESCにおいて標的遺伝子（のCre / loxPシステムを使用して）構成的または条件付きKOマウスの開発を通して逆遺伝学的研究を可能にします。しかし、マウスES細胞を分離するための古典的な方法は非常に非効率的です。いくつかの主要な改良が大幅MESC SRとウシ胎児血清（FBS）16を含有する培地、及び薬理学の使用の間に交互に、15培地（SR）に定義血清置換の使用を含む、MESCラインを導出するための成功率が増加しています例えばpluripotin又は2I 17などの論理化合物。 Pluripotin、小さな合成分子は、白血病阻害因子（LIF）およびマウス胚線維芽細胞（MEFの）18の非存在下で未分化状態におけるたmESCの伝播を可能にします。最後に、SR / FBS培地交替プロトコルはLIFと19、20 pluripotin組み合わせた場合たmESCは（100％に近い）非常に高い効率で単離することができることが示されています。これらのプロトコルは、その後、構造 - 機能研究のために使用することができるRMCE互換ノックアウトたmESCの効率的な分離を可能にします。 本論文では、特定の細胞プロセスに責任があるタンパク質内のキーのドメインまたは残基を同定するために、1つを可能にする方法を説明します。この目的のために、効率的MESC分離を有効に高度な技術、ターゲティングベクターのアセンブリ、およびMESCターゲティングのパイプラインを作成しましたD。このようにして、タンパク質アイソフォーム、ドメイン変異体、および下流のエフェクターとの大きなパネルがKOされたmESCで導入することができ、in vitroでの KO表現型を救出する能力について評価することができます。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">ROSALUC Mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">frozen sperm available upon request</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">R26-iPSC mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">frozen sperm available upon request</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Vessel probe</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>10160-13</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">to check for copulation plugs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">M2 medium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M7167</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">make aliquots and store at -20&#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Fine forceps (Dumont #5 Standard tip Student forceps)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11251-10</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">spray with 70% EtOH before use (do not autoclave)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">23G needles</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Fine-ject</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">8697</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">1-ml syringes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Soft-ject</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">6680</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">60-mm bacterial grade plates (for flushing)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gosselin</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">BB60-01</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Mouth pipette</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">see discussion</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs, TgN (DR4)1 Jae strain)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">ATTC</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SCRC-1045</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">TgN (DR4)1 Jae mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3208</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Mitomycin C&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M0503</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Phosphate buffered saline (PBS) without calcium or magnesium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">14190-094</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:272px;">Tg(DR4)1Jae/J mice</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">JAX</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3208</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">mice that contain four drug-selectable genes and DR4 MEFS confers resistance to neomycin, puromycin, hygromycin and 6-thioguanine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">0.1% Gelatin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">G1393</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">Dissolve 0.5 g in 500 ml distilled water, autoclave and store at 4&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Trypsin (0.25%)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25200-056</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">2 &#956;M pluripotin</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Cayman Chemical</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10009557</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:272px;">pRMCE-DV1</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BCCM/LMBP collection&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LMBP 08870</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">public available from the BCCM/LMBP collection (http://bccm.belspo.be)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:272px;">cre-excised pRMCE-DV1</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BCCM/LMBP collection&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">LMBP 08195</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">public available from the BCCM/LMBP collection (http://bccm.belspo.be)&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">pCAG-FlpE-IRES-Puro-pA&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Addgene</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">20733</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">heat-shock competent DH5&#945; bacteria&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">made in house</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Gateway pDONR221 vector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">12536-017</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">contains kanamycin-resistance gene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">BP clonase II mix</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11789-020</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">LR clonase II mix</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11791-020&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Luria Broth (LB)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Ampicillin&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Applied Biosystems 3730XL DNA Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">3730XL</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">G418</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11811-023</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11668027</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Lipofectamine LTX transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15338100</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Effectene transfection reagent</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">301425</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">GATEWAY pENTR 1A vector</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A10462</td>
			<td>recombination-compatible vector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">mouse monoclonal anti-p120ctn antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">610134</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">mouse monoclonal anti-Ecadherin antibody</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">BD Transduction Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">610181</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">General equipment:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Sterile dissection tools</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">fine scissors and forceps for dissecting the uterus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sterile pipettes: 5 ml, 10 ml and 25 ml</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">15-ml and 50-ml conical centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:272px;">96-well culture plates V-shaped bottom and flat bottom)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Culture dishes: 24 wells, 12 wells and 6 wells</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Multichannel pipettes (to pipette 30, 50, 100 and 200 &#956;l)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sterile multichannel reservoirs</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to a laminar air flow</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:272px;">Access to an incubator at 37&#176;C with 5% CO2</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to an inverted microscope</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Access to a bench-top centrifuge</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Access to a stereo microscope with transmitted-light&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;"></td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Culture media:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">MEF Medium:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">&#160;Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (DMEM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">41965-062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">F-7524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">L-glutamine (2 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Sodium pyruvate&#160; (0.4 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11360-039&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">SR-based mESC medium:</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">31330-038</td>
			<td style="width:245px;">mixed in a 1:1 ratio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% knock-out serum replacement (SR )</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10828&#8211;028</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">L-glutamine (2 mM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">0.1 mM non-essential amino acids&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11140-050</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">&#946;-mercaptoethanol (0.1 mM)&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M 3148&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">2,000 U/ml recombinant mouse LIF&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">(IRC/VIB Protein Service facility)</td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">FBS-based mESC medium (similar to SR-based mESC medium):</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">10829-018&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% FBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SH30070.03E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">Differention Medium</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td style="width:245px;">stored at 4&#176;C; warm 30 min at 37&#176;C before use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:272px;">Iscove&#39;s Modified Dulbecco&#39;s Medium (IMDM)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">21980-032&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">15% FBS</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">SH30070.03E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">5% CD Hybridoma Medium(1x) liquid&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">11279-023&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:245px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">&#160;2 mM L-glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">25030-024&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">0.4 mM 1-thioglycerol</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">M-6145</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">50 &#956;g/ml ascorbic acid</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">A-4544&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">penicillin (100 U/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">streptomycin (100 &#181;g/ml)</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">15140-122&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">2i</td>
			<td style="width:143px;"></td>
			<td style="width:107px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">1 &#956;M Erk inhibitor PD0325901&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Axon Medchem</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Axon 1408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:272px;">3 &#956;M Gsk3 inhibitor CHIR99021</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">Axon Medchem</td>
			<td style="width:107px;">Axon 1386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

structure-function studies in mouse embryonic stem cells using recombinase-mediated cassette exchange

マウスの胚または胚性幹細胞における遺伝子工学（たmESC）は、与えられたタンパク質の機能を研究することができます。タンパク質は、細胞の主力であり、しばしば翻訳後修飾によって影響を受けることができる複数の機能ドメインからなります。条件付きまたは構成ノックアウト（KO）マウスでは、全タンパク質の枯渇を考慮に入れ、この機能的多様性と規制を負いません。 MESCラインとFLPe組換え媒介カセット交換（RMCE）のためのドッキング部位がROSA26（R26）遺伝子座内に挿入された誘導されたマウスモデルは、以前に報告されました。ここでは、マルチドメインタンパク質の異なる機能の分子解剖することができます構造 - 機能アプローチについて報告します。このため、RMCE互換マウスは、KOマウスと交配されている必要があり、その後、RMCE互換KOたmESCを分離する必要があります。次に、推定レスキュー構築物のパネルは、RMCE targetiを介してR26遺伝子座に導入することができますNG。候補レスキューcDNAを容易組換えクローニングを使用してターゲティングベクターのRMCE部位の間に挿入することができます。次に、KOのたmESCはFLPeリコンビナーゼ発現プラスミドと組み合わせたターゲティングベクターでトランスフェクトされます。 RMCEは、ROSA26ドッキング部位でプロモーターレスネオマイシン耐性遺伝子を再活性化し、正しい標的化事象の選択を可能にします。このように、100％に近い高いターゲティング効率は、半高スループット様式での複数の推定レスキュー構築物の挿入を可能にする、得られます。最後に、R26駆動型救助構築物の多くは、親のKOたmESCで観察された表現型を救出する能力について試験することができます。私たちは、P120カテニン（p120ctn）表現型の読み出しとして胚様体（EB）中胚葉分化を使用してのKOたmESCにおける実証の原則構造と機能の研究を提示します。このアプローチは、重要なドメイン、推定下流経路、および疾患関連点の識別を可能にします与えられたタンパク質のためのKO表現型の基礎となる変異。

RMCE互換KO MESC株を単離するための手順は、図2に示されています。二つの連続交配はRMCE互換KO胚盤胞を得るために必要とされています。まず、ヘテロKOマウスはRMCE互換、ヘテロKOマウスを得ることがRMCE互換のマウスと交配されています。これらのマウスは、次いでRMCE互換3.5 DPC、ホモ接合型KO胚盤胞を得るために、他のヘテロ接合性KOマウスとの時限交配の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange at JoVE.com

Structure-function Studies in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using Recombinase-mediated Cassette Exchange

タンパク質は、多くの場合、異なる細胞機能を発揮することができ、複数のドメインを含みます。遺伝子ノックアウト（KO）は、この機能的多様性を考慮していません。ここでは、様々な機能ドメインまたはタンパク質の変異体の分子解剖を可能KO胚性幹細胞における組み換え媒介カセット交換（RMCE）ベースの構造と機能のアプローチを報告しています。

リコンビナーゼ媒介カセット交換を用いて、マウス胚性幹細胞における構造と機能の研究

Gene engineering in mouse embryos or embryonic stem cells (mESCs) allows for the study of the function of a given protein. Proteins are the workhorses of ...

The overall goal of this structure-function method is to dissect at the molecular level the role of different protein domains, or disease-relevance mutations, in naive or differentiated mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help to reveal how different residues or domains of a protein can contribute to its function in a given cellular context. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows very efficient targeting of rescue constructs to the genome of knock out embryonic stem cells, or ES cells, and the investigation of their role in different cell types.To achieve this, we combine three highly efficient technologies. These include improved mouse embryonic stem cell isolation, recombination-based targeting factor assembly, and ES cell targeting via recombination-mediated cassette exchange, or RMC. Demonstrating some of the procedures will be Jinke D'Hont, a technician from my laboratory.Recombination-mediated cassette exchange, or RMCE, allows the interchange of DNA fragments between a vector and a genomic locus. RMCE takes advantage of hetero-specific recombination sites that do not cross-react and that are embedded in a genomic locus. In the presence of a donor plasmid that contains a DNA fragment flanked by the same hetero-specific sites, the recombinase will insert this DNA fragment into the RMCE-compatible genomic locus because of double simultaneous translocation.Only upon correct recombination, the trapped promoterless Neomycin-resistance gene in the Rosa 26 docking site, will be restored via a PGK promoter in the incoming targeting vector, which renders drug-resistance. This Neomycin resistance trap system results in a very high targeting efficiency, often close to 100%The day before blastocyst isolation, add 0.1%gelatin, to 12 well-cultured plates. And incubate them at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes.Aspirate the gelatin solution. Then seed one quarter of a vial of P2 Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts, or MEFs, into MEF medium, and divide over the 12-well plate. Incubate the 12-well plates of MEFs in two milliliters of MEF medium at 37 degrees Celsius.And grow the cells to a confluent monolayer. Then add 10 micrograms per milliliter of Mitomycin seed to the wells. And incubate the cultures for three hours at 37 degrees Celsius, to inactivate the cells.After selecting heterozygous knock out mice containing an RMCE cassette in the Rosa 26 locus according to the text protocol, set up matings to breed RMCE-compatible heterozygous knock out mice, with heterozygous knock out mice. The following morning, check for copulation plugs by lifting the female by the base of the tale, and examine the vaginal opening for a whitish mass. If the plug is difficult to see, with an angled probe, slightly spread the lips of the vulva, then separate the plugged females from their males.To collect blastocysts at 3.5 days post-coitus, or DPC. After euthanizing the pregnant females, make a mid-ventral incision, and use fine scissors and forceps to dissect the uterus and oviduct. Next, bend a 26-gauge needle into a 45-degree angle attached to a 1 milliliter syringe filled with M2 medium.And insert the needle into the end of the uterus that is closest to the oviduct. Use fine forceps to hold the needle in place while pushing the plunger to flush the blastocysts from the uterus into the lid of a 10 centimeter dish. The uterus will swell, if the flushing is successful.Use a mouth pipette to collect all the embryos in a drop of M2 medium, and wash the embryos twice in a drop of M2 medium. Immediately after washing the embryos, use PBS, to wash the mitomycin-C inactivated cells twice. Then using a mouth pipette, plate each blastocyst onto a separate well of the mitomycin-C treated MEFs, in SRES cell medium, supplemented with pluripotent or 2I.Incubate the cultures at 37 degrees Celsius, and 5%carbon dioxide. Refresh the SREF cell medium every two to three days. Examine each blastocyst under a stereo microscope at 4X magnification, and check for hatching and detachment to the MEF layer.After 10 to 12 days of culture, under a stereo microscope, use a P10 pipette with disposable tips, to pick individual icium outgrowths. Transfer each outgrowth into approximately 10 microliters of medium to a V-shaped 96-well plate, containing 30 microliters per well of PBS. Using a multi-channel pipette, add 50 microliters of 0.25%trypsin to each well.And incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide for three minutes. Add 100 microliters of pre-incubated FPS-containing ES cell medium, and dissociate the icium outgrowths into single cells by pipetting 10 to 15 times. Then transfer the dissociated cells to mitomycin-C treated 96 well MEF plates.The following day, change the SR-based medium. Expand the ES cells in a similar fashion from 24 to 6-well plates. After identifying rescued CDNA vectors according to the text protocol, prepare a 10 microliter LR reaction using 100 nanograms of rescue CDNA vector, 150 nanograms of pre-excised RMCEDV1 vector, and two microliters of recombinase mix, containing a phage-encoded integrase, an excisionase, and a bacterial integration host factor.Incubate the reaction at 25 degrees Celsius for two hours. To transform the recombined vectors, add 5 microliters of each mixture, to 40 microliters of heat shock competent E.Coli bacteria, in a 2 milliliter skirted screw cap tube. And incubate the sample on ice for 20 minutes.Then incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes. Add one milliliter of LB medium to the tube, and incubate the cells at 37 degrees Celsius for one hour. Plate 50 microliters on agar plates with ampicillin.And grow at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. Identify colonies with the correct targeting vector by using a P200 tip to randomly pick five colonies. Transfer the tip to a glass test tube containing two to five milliliters of LB medium, and grow overnight at 37 degrees Celsius.After extracting the DNA from each colony, validate the samples by digesting 0.5 to two micrograms of DNA, and separate the samples on a 1%agarose gel. Start a culture of RMCE compatible knock out ES cells, and passage them at least twice on MEFs, in FBS-based ES cell medium. Then split the ES cells on a gelatinized six-well plate.The following day, use 1.5 milliliters of FBS-based ES cell medium to refresh the ES cells that are about 50%confluent. Combine one microgram of pre-excised RMCEDV1 targeting vector, containing rescue CDNA, and one microgram of FLIPe expression plasmid, in 250 microliters of pure DMEM medium. Add seven microliters of lipofectin-based transvection reagent to 250 microliters of pure DMEM medium.And incubate the solution for five minutes at room temperature. Combine the DNA and lipofectin solutions. And incubate the mixture at room temperature for 20 minutes.Then pipette the transvection mixture onto the refreshed ES cells, and gently swirl. One day after transvection, split all ES cells from the tube to a 10-centimeter culture dish, with a confluent layer of DR4 MEFS, and 10 milliliters of FPS-based ES cell medium. Two days after transvection, select ES cell clones with the correct FLIP-e mediated cassette exchange, by adding G418 to the medium.As shown here, massive killing of non-targeted colonies should be visible after three to five days. Colonies should appear after seven to 10 days. Pick these colonies, then expand them, and verify the clones as demonstrated earlier in this video.To differentiate ES cells into embryoid bodies, or EBs, after culturing knock out ES cells with Rosa 26-driven rescue constructs according to the text protocol, allow EBs to form in the non-adherent dishes for 30 days. Refresh the medium every two to three days by transferring the EB suspension to a 50 milliliter tube. And let the EBs settle by gravity.Remove the supernatant, add fresh medium, and transfer the EB suspension to a bacterial-grade dish. Analyze the ES cells and EBs by immunofluorescence and TEM, according to the text protocol. Using the structure function method, five pre-excised RMCEDV1 targeting vectors were generated with an efficiency of 100%and these rescue constructs were targeted via RMCE, to P120 catenin knock out ES cells, with an efficiency of 97%Cystic EB morphology can be used as a phenotypic readout to screen different rescue constructs.As proof of concept, R26-driven P120 catenin isoform 1A rescued the p120 catenin knock out phenotype. To test whether E-cadherin independent membrane anchoring of P120 catenin enabled csytic EB formation, the k-ras membrane targeting motif, CAAX, was fused to the carboxy terminus of P120 catenin, and introduced via RMCE, to P120 catenin knock out ES cells, before EBs were made from them. However, this construct serves a dominant negative that does not allow binding and stabilization of E-cadherin.And as a consequence, does not rescue the p120 catenin knock out phenotype. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, or EMT, is an essential developmental process that also occurs during ES cell differentiation. When expressed in p120 catenin knock out ES cells, the EMT inducers, ZEB1, ZEB2, or snail that can directly repress various epithelial marker genes like E-cadherin, failed to restore cystic EB formation.Once mastered, RMCE compatible ES cells can be isolated within one month. RMCE compatible targeting vectors can be generated within one week, and targeted rescue of ES cells can be achieved within one month using this technique, if it is performed properly. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use RMCE to perform structure function studies in naive or differentiated embryonic stem cells.

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