Name: a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg
Uploaded: 2017-05-03T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG at JoVE.com

我们感谢赖恩·约翰逊和利·米勒为他们在收集数据的援助。

所有的程序是由美国波士顿大学机构审查委员会（IRB）的批准。 1.招聘<ol><li>确定通过参与者数据库（如果可用），潜在的参与者通过公开可用的状态出生记录，通过网络广告，并通过面对面的面对面招聘活动。 </li><li>呼叫潜在的参与者，并邀请他们参加学习。 <ol><li>解释说，这项研究是在看社会经验和如何将它们与大脑的发育。 </li><li>解释说，访问将涉及使用脑电图获?...

<ol>
	<li>Marshall, P. J., Reeb, B. C., Fox, N. A., Nelson, C. A. I., Zeanah, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+early+intervention+on+EEG+power+and+coherence+in+previously+institutionalized+children+in+Romania.">Effects of early intervention on EEG power and coherence in previously institutionalized children in Romania.</a> Dev. Psychopathol. 20 (03), 861-880 (2008).</li><li>Tarullo, A. R., Garvin, M. C., Gunnar, M. 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首先，它是至关重要的.NET应用程序是正确的，阻抗降低。第二，向家长解释脑电图网络应用和模式将需要和家长如何帮助安抚婴儿，如果不说话或做眼睛接触婴儿，这将模糊之间的界线，他们变得挑剔是很重要的社会和非社会条件。此外，指导家长让婴儿从拉动网，这可能会影响脑电数据，并导致净损害。三，一致的管理模式是至关重要的。这包括使用语音的同样的色调和在所有条件和所有参与...

社会交往是幼儿神经发育1，2至关重要。尽管最近的研究已经开始关注社会脑3,4的发展，参与社交活动的神经过程还不是很清楚。该报道的方法的目的是评估婴儿脑电图（EEG）的功率，从神经元释放通信电压的测量，控制整个社会和非社会环境如何变化。这种方法允许特定的社会如何输入方面的差异涉及到神经活动的评估和对未来的研究评估功能神经激活时要考虑的记录语境的作用产生影响。 脑电图是测量婴儿大脑的活动，因为它是无创性和强大的婴幼儿运动非常适合的方法。的电极组成的帽是对股价对婴儿的头部从神经元沟通过程中释放的大脑皮层记录电活动。 EEG功率是在各电极部位在一段时间电压的量度。 EEG是神经活动的功能测量，并由此部分地反映在其下的EEG记录在即时上下文。由于它的功能性质，EEG功率具有跨越使用被试内设计的上下文，从而索引上下文特定的激活进行比较的电位。因此，EEG可用于评估特异性社交互动的更一般都神经基础特定于上下文的激活的和。然而，这一潜力尚未得到充分发挥婴儿脑电图只有一个条件过程中经常记录。 一个“停止状态”或基线，这并不总是清楚社会和非社会输入区分在许多研究都记录婴儿脑动力。在某些情况下，脑电图记录为婴儿的手表实验者旋转的宾果轮5，6，7，观看实验者吹气泡8或观看实验者摇动拨浪鼓9,10。然而，婴幼儿可以参加要么实验者或对象，和婴幼儿的特点可能会影响他们如何引导他们的注意力。因此，对于一些婴儿，如果他们参加实验者基线可能是社会和其他婴幼儿，如果他们主要参加对象基线可能会非社会。脑电图反映了记录方面，观察基线脑电图，研究人员可以解释为稳定或发育有意义的可能仅仅是由于什么婴儿在记录的时间参加到不同的个体差异。事实上，一项研究记录的EEG，而婴儿观看了女子的歌声，同时保持物体<sup类= “外部参照”&gt; 11。根据向变对婴儿是否重视妇女或对象婴儿脑电功率。这表明这两个婴儿脑电功率来评估社会交往的神经基础的功能性，还可以EEG记录期间使用的控制条件的方法论意义。 社会交往是复杂的，多方面的。因此，如果脑电图自然的互动中被记录，这可能是难以梳理出的相互作用的不同方面（ 例如，听力语言，交互作用面到面，或在共同关注参与）的神经处理。 A到解决这一问题的策略包括包括不同的条件，各参与社会交往的某一方面。因此，这种模式的目的是系统地比较脑电功率根据特定类型的社会投入的是如何变化的。 报告中，受试者范式涉及REC奥尔丁婴儿脑电图中4个条件。的条件，既要检查婴儿脑电功率的功能性质 - 它如何变化取决于记录语境 - 并评估特定类型的社会投入的角色。首先，包括了非社会条件，其中婴幼儿看到了两台电脑画面中的对象。通过在计算机屏幕上呈现的对象，而不是具有实验者操纵的对象，这种情况显然是非社会的，不涉及形式的社会的输入。接下来，被列入共同关注的条件在实验者引导婴儿的注意图片和津津乐道的图片。因此，联合关注条件包括三个类型的社会输入：面对面的面对面的互动，语言输入，并且共同关注，增加的分量。因此，非社会和联合关注条件对三维（面到面的相互作用，语言输入，和共同关注的存在下）不同。因此，任何DIFF在非社会和共同关注的条件之间的脑电功率erences可归因于任何这三个社会投入。因此，被包括2个额外的条件梳理开哪些社交输入的方面解释了非社会和关节引起注意的情况之间在神经活性的任何观察到的差异。为了评估语言的影响，仅语言的条件被列入其中婴儿可能会听到电脑上的图片实验者评论，却不见实验者。因此，如果脑电功率为联合关注和比较，非社会条件唯一的语言条件时类似，这种效果可以归因于语言。最后，评估脸对脸相互作用的影响，社会参与的条件被列入其中，实验者是脸对脸与婴儿与幼儿偶然接合。如果与第n脑电功率为联合关注和参与社会的条件时相似onsocial条件，联合关注和非社会条件之间的差异可以归因于面对面地面对面的互动。如果联合关注和非社会条件之间的差别不是由语言只和社会参与状况说明，这将表明的共同关注存在特别是解释脑电功率差异。这一模式与12个月大的婴儿试点，因为这是在联合注意的能力是公认的12年龄。此外，在这段时间内共同关注的是在生活中13，14的第二年语言的发展尤为重要，所以在这种情况下神经激活是在这个年龄段特别感兴趣。 该模式的目的是维持婴幼儿的兴趣，同时也确保了条件标准化，只有在SOC的类型不同IAL输入。每个的四个条件为总共八个块，其实验者之间交替存在（联合关注和社会接合条件）或不存在（非社会和仅语言条件）重复一次。为了保持一致性，对象的照片中的所有条件都与同一话语跨块使用。在每个块中，非社会的对象10倍的照片显示在计算机屏幕上顺序。有10类对象（ 例如，花，手套）的和每个对象的四种颜色。因此，相同的10个类别的对象在与整个块改变所述对象的颜色的每个块被呈现。刺激被选定为婴儿有趣。在合资的关注和唯一的语言条件，实验者使脚本话语为每个对象出现在屏幕上。有10米特定的话语（与指定的方向指向左侧或右侧的计算机屏幕在关节注意条件）。话语是相同的共同关注和唯一的语言条件，但是在一个变量，以保持婴儿的兴趣，并防止关联与特定的话语对象的特定类别的说。话语的顺序是第一个联合注块和第一只语块相同。然后，为了使第二共同关注，只有语言块变化。最后，指点方向的每个关节注块变化，是伪随机的，因此，婴儿无法预料的方向。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Amplifier</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used a net amps 300 system. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Sensor Nets</td>
			<td>EGI</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>We used HDGSN 130 nets with 128 channels in pediatric sizes. Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/geodesic-sensor-nets</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Software</td>
			<td>Netstation</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Contact EGI for more information or to purchase. https://www.egi.com/clinical-division/net-station</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Recording Computer</td>
			<td>Apple</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>An apple computer is required to run the Netstation software. The operating system just has to match the version of Netstation used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Computer</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>E-Prime 2.0 is compatible with PCs running Microsoft Windows 
			XP SP3, Vista SP1, 7 SP1, 8/8.1 and 10</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Software - E-Prime 2.0 Professional Edition</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>http://www.psychology-software-tools.mybigcommerce.com/e-prime-2-0-professional/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulus Presentation Monitors</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>LCD monitors are appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/sigma/p9541?lang=en&#38;region=US</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipettes</td>
			<td>Karter Scientific Labware Manufacturing Co.</td>
			<td>http://www.kartersci.com/7ml_Volume_3ml_Graduated_Transfer_Pipette_Karter_p/206h2.htm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disinfectant-Control 3 Disinfectent Germicide</td>
			<td>Maril Products Inc</td>
			<td>https://www.amazon.com/Control-Disinfectant-Germicide-Cntrl3-Concntr/dp/B007AZ37VC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EEG Processing Software</td>
			<td>MATLAB</td>
			<td>https://www.mathworks.com/products/matlab/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data Analysis Software</td>
			<td>SPSS</td>
			<td>https://www.ibm.com/marketplace/cloud/statistical-analysis-and-reporting/purchase/us/en-us#product-header-top</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coding Software - The Observer XT</td>
			<td>Noldus</td>
			<td>http://www.noldus.com/</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>General Note: This equipment list includes what was used in the presented study, however other systems and products with the same capabilities are also appropriate.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a within-subjects experimental protocol to assess the effects of social input on infant eeg

尽管社会互动对婴幼儿大脑发育的重要性，很少有研究评估功能性神经激活婴幼儿的同时进行社交互动。脑电图（EEG）功率的有利技术来评估婴儿功能神经激活。然而，许多研究记录婴儿脑电图仅在一个基线条件。这个协议描述了被设计为全面评估在社会和非社会上下文婴儿EEG活性以及挑逗开如何不同类型的社会输入差分涉及婴儿EEG的范式。所述受试者内的范例包括四个控制的条件。在非社会条件下，婴幼儿查看在计算机屏幕上的对象。联合关注条件包括实验者引导婴儿的注意画面。联合关注条件包括三种类型的社会投入的：语言，脸对脸互动，共同关注的存在。差异在非社会和共同关注的条件之间的婴儿脑电图可能是由于这三种类型的输入的。因此，被包括两个附加条件（一个语言输入而实验者隐藏在屏幕后面和一个与面 - 面交互），以评估在婴儿神经激活的模式驱动的背景因素。代表结果表明，婴儿的脑电功率的条件变化，整体和差异的脑区，配套婴儿脑电功率的功能性质。这种技术是，它包括明显的社会或非社会的条件有利的，并且允许对特定类型的社交输入的如何与EEG功率检查。这种模式可以用来年龄如何个体差异评估，影响，社会经济地位，和父母与婴儿的互动质量关系到社会大脑的发育。根据婴儿脑电功率的证明功能性质，未来的研究翔ULD考虑的脑电图记录背景和设计条件显然是社会和非社会中的作用。

婴幼儿行为展望代表性的成果是从73×12个月大的婴儿12。条件是有效改变婴儿的寻找行为16。在社会参与状况，婴幼儿度过了大部分时间看着实验者，如预期（平均而言，参与社会条件中时60.06％）。此外，每一个婴儿看着实验者的时间超过50％。在共同关注的条件，婴儿准确其次实验者的目光?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG at JoVE.com

A Within-subjects Experimental Protocol to Assess the Effects of Social Input on Infant EEG

这种新颖的协议的目的是评估婴幼儿社会交往的神经基础。该模式旨在梳理社会投入，如语言，共同关注和面对面的面对面的互动除了如何将各种涉及到婴幼儿神经激活。在社会和非社会条件婴儿脑电功率被记录下来。

一个被试内实验协议，以评估对婴幼儿脑社会投入的影响

Despite the importance of social interactions for infant brain development, little research has assessed functional neural activation while infants ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to systematically tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant neural activation by recording infant EEG in both social and nonsocial contexts. The main advantage of this technique is the inclusion of control social and nonsocial conditions to examine effects on infant EEG of different social inputs, including language and face-to-face interaction. This method has implications for the field of developmental cognitive neuroscience, highlighting the need to consider the role of EEG recording context when assessing functional neural activation.This method can be applied to the study of individual differences to see how EEG activity in the presented conditions varies by factors such as socioeconomic status, age, or parenting quality. We first had the idea for this paradigm when we noticed that many studies have recorded infant EEG during baselines that combine both social and nonsocial elements. It is best to conduct this experiment in an electrically shielded booth to prevent interference with the EEG signal.Position two speakers on the ground on either side of the table, directed towards the chair. Place a tripod video camera under the table and facing up so that the infant's face will be in clear view during the experiment. Hang an opaque curtain immediately behind the table so that the experimenter can stand behind it to be hidden from the infant's view during parts of the paradigm.Finally, place cereal, a small stuffed animal, and a rattle in the booth. Obtain informed parental consent and explain the EEG experiment and paradigm that will be used. To begin, measure the infant's head in centimeters at the widest point using a soft tape measure.Then choose the appropriate sized EEG net and soak it in a warm electrolyte solution. Use a towel to pat off excess water to prevent bridging. Allow the parent to touch the net if interested.Have the parent sit on the chair in the booth with the infant on their lap. Then place both hands inside the net and gently stretch the net, and lower it so that it first over the infant's head with the Cz electrode on the vertex of the head. When the net is positioned, remove both hands and tighten the chinstrap so that the net is secure.Inspect the net for correct positioning and make adjustments as necessary. At this point, measure electrode impedance using the EEG recording software. Squeeze a few drops of electrolyte solution using pipettes on to any electrodes with poor contact.If necessary, gently move the infant's hair, so that the electrodes are in better contact with the scalp. During the experiment, record EEG data according to manufacturer specifications. Set up the paradigm to present a series of 10 color photographs of objects on the monitors for 13.0-14.5 seconds at variable interstimulus intervals of 0.5-2.0 seconds.Display the same photograph on both screens throughout the protocol and present a white screen along with a bell sound to signal the start of each block. Administer blocks as follows:Social engagement, nonsocial, joint attention, language-only, joint attention, nonsocial, social engagement, and language-only. These conditions are designed to tease apart the effects of social input on infant EEG.See the manuscript accompanying this video for details. It is critical to use the same tone of voice and the same positive affect throughout the paradigm and with all participants. The social engagement and joint attention conditions should be clearly differentiated.Ensure that no joint attention behaviors are present during the social engagement condition by maintaining the infant's attention on the experimenter's face and not following the infant's gaze. For social engagement, lean on the table between the computer monitors to be face-to-face with the infant. Maintain the infant's attention so that they do not focus on the screens by singing children's songs with hand motions and playing peek-a-boo.Next, for the nonsocial condition, hide behind the curtain and remain silent throughout the entire block of stimulus presentation. Then, for the joint attention condition, lean on the table between the computer monitors to be face-to-face with the infant. Direct the infant's attention to the pictures while following a specified script of utterances and pointing directions for each trial.At the start of each trial, make eye contact with the infant and continue bids for attention until the infant looks. Then, turn in the pre-specified direction to look at the appropriate screen and point to the picture while simultaneously saying the utterance for each trial. Continue to alternate gaze between the picture and the infant's face until the trial is over.Finally, for the language-only condition, Go behind the curtain while commenting on the pictures, also following the specified utterances. Continue to follow the pre-specified sequence of conditions until the experiment is completed. For data analysis, use a repeated measure strategy, first including the nonsocial and joint attention conditions in the model.Then repeat the model twice, first including the language-only condition, to test whether a language input explains differences between nonsocial and joint attention conditions. Second, include the social engagement condition to test whether face-to-face interaction explains differences between the nonsocial and joint attention conditions. In this sample of 12-month-old infants, overall 4-6 Hz power was lower in the joint attention condition, indexing greater neural activation compared to all other conditions.Next, comparing EEG power by condition and region, 4-6 Hz power in the frontal and parietal regions was lower in the joint attention condition compared with the other conditions. Temporal 4-6 Hz power was lower in both the joint attention and social engagement conditions, compared with the nonsocial condition. Overall 6-9 Hz power was also lower in the joint attention condition, again indexing greater neural activation when compared to the nonsocial and language-only conditions.There was no difference in 6-9 Hz power between the joint attention and social engagement conditions. Here we can see that 6-9 Hz power in the frontal region was lower in the joint attention condition compared with the language-only and nonsocial conditions. However, in the temporal region, 6-9 Hz power was lower in both the joint attention and social engagement conditions compared with the nonsocial condition.With this paradigm, other EEG methods such as coherence across frequency coupling can be used to further examine the differential patterns of brain activity associated with social input. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to comprehensibly assess infant EEG in both social and nonsocial contexts, as well as tease apart how different types of social inputs differentially relate to infant EEG.

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

科研

行为学

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

实验研究研究如何人能不确定性通过软触觉感知应对

Human beings are constantly surrounded by uncertainty and change. The question arises how people cope with such uncertainty. To date, most research has ...

A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

A Novel Experimental and Analytical Approach to the Multimodal Neural Decoding of Intent During Social Interaction in Freely-behaving Human Infants

在自由，表现人类婴儿一种新的实验和分析方法意向的多模态神经解码期间社会互动

Understanding typical and atypical development remains one of the fundamental questions in developmental human neuroscience. Traditionally, experimental ...

A Novel Approach to Assess Motor Outcome of Deep Brain Stimulation Effects in the Hemiparkinsonian Rat: Staircase and Cylinder Test

一种新的方法，以评估在帕金森病大鼠脑深部电刺激效应的运动结果：楼梯和缸测试

Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus is an effective treatment option for Parkinson&#39;s disease. In our lab we established a protocol to ...

Using Gold-standard Gait Analysis Methods to Assess Experience Effects on Lower-limb Mechanics During Moderate High-heeled Jogging and Running

运用金本位步态分析法评估下肢慢跑和跑步时的低肢力学经验效应

A limited number of studies have explored lower-limb biomechanics during high-heeled jogging and running, and most studies have failed to clarify the ...

Using a Classroom-Based Deese Roediger McDermott Paradigm to Assess the Effects of Imagery on False Memories

利用基于课堂的 deese roediger mcdermott 范式评估意象对虚假记忆的影响

Associated word list procedures can elicit false memories in predictable ways by inducing associative processing, thus making it harder to monitor the ...

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans

面部肌电图对人体有经验和观察到的情感触觉的影响评估

"Affective" touch is believed to be processed in a manner distinct from discriminatory touch and to involve activation of C-tactile (CT) afferent fibers. ...