Name: a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila
Uploaded: 2017-07-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

Forfatterne har intet at afsløre.

1. Montering af strejkeapparatet ( figur 1 ) <ol><li> Fjern stemplet fra en 1 ml tuberkulinsprøjte. Skær tønde på 1 ml mærket. </li><li> Fjern en aerosolbarriere (3 mm højde x 4 mm diameter) fra en 200 μL pipettespids, og brug den som en slaghjul. Placer støtfangeren inde i sprøjtecylinderen. Tryk forsigtigt på tønderen for at bevæge slaghjulet til spidsenden, med den flade side, der dækker dyseåbningen. </li><li> Fastgør tønde-spidsenden til plastrør, der er forbundet me...

<ol>
	<li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+NINDS/NIBIB+consensus+meeting+to+define+neuropathological+criteria+for+the+diagnosis+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 131, 75-86 (2016).</li><li>Martland, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Punch+drunk.">Punch drunk.</a> JAMA. 91 (15), 1103-1107 (1928).</li><li>Millspaugh, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dementia+pugilistica.">Dementia pugilistica.</a> US Naval Med Bull. 35, 297-303 (1937).</li><li>Omalu, B. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy+in+a+national+football+league+player:+part+II.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in a national football league player: part II.</a> Neurosurgery. 59 (5), 1086-1092 (2006).</li><li>Goldstein, L. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy+in+blast-exposed+military+veterans+and+a+blast+neurotrauma+mouse+model.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy in blast-exposed military veterans and a blast neurotrauma mouse model.</a> Sci Transl Med. 4 (134), (2012).</li><li>Mez, J., Stern, R. A., McKee, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy:+where+are+we+and+where+are+we+going?.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: where are we and where are we going?.</a> Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (12), 407 (2013).</li><li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+disease+in+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Brain. 136 (Pt 1), 43-64 (2013).</li><li>Petraglia, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+neurobehavioral+sequelae+after+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+a+novel+mouse+model+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of neurobehavioral sequelae after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: a novel mouse model of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (13), 1211-1224 (2014).</li><li>Hirth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+in+the+study+of+human+neurodegeneration.">Drosophila melanogaster in the study of human neurodegeneration.</a> CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 9 (4), 504-523 (2010).</li><li>Littleton, J. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+channels+and+synaptic+organization:+analysis+of+the+Drosophila+genome.">Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome.</a> Neuron. 26 (1), 35-43 (2000).</li><li>Appel, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+Stubble-stubbloid+gene+encodes+an+apparent+transmembrane+serine+protease+required+for+epithelial+morphogenesis.">The Drosophila Stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90 (11), 4937-4941 (1993).</li><li>Piyankarage, S. C., Featherstone, D. E., Shippy, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoliter+hemolymph+sampling+and+analysis+of+individual+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Nanoliter hemolymph sampling and analysis of individual adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (10), 4460-4466 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110 (44), E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Barekat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+as+an+integrated+model+to+study+mild+repetitive+traumatic+brain+injury.">Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25252 (2016).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+to+Inflict+Closed+Head+Traumatic+Brain+Injury+in+Drosophila.">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (e52905), (2015).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motmot,+an+open-source+toolkit+for+realtime+video+acquisition+and+analysis.">Motmot, an open-source toolkit for realtime video acquisition and analysis.</a> Source Code Biol Med. 4 (5), 1-10 (2009).</li><li>Talavage, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally-detected+cognitive+impairment+in+high+school+football+players+without+clinically-diagnosed+concussion.">Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (4), 327-338 (2014).</li><li>Theadom, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+and+impact+of+recurrent+traumatic+brain+injury+in+a+population-based+sample.">Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample.</a> J Neurotrauma. 32 (10), 674-681 (2015).</li><li>Drobysheva, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+histological+detection+of+dopaminergic+neurons+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">An optimized method for histological detection of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 56 (12), 1049-1063 (2008).</li></ol>

Dyremodeller, der trofastmodellerer CTE-funktioner, herunder neurofysiologiske ændringer, neuropatologiske karakteristika og neurobehavioral underskud, er afgørende for at afdække sygdomsmekanismer og til udvikling af diagnostiske og terapeutiske mål. Det er forståeligt, at ingen dyremodel af en human sygdom er perfekt til at efterligne alle klinisk relevante endepunkter. Vi mener imidlertid, at en robust CTE-model skal opfylde følgende tre krav: (1) Virkningen skal anvendes direkte på et hoved, der har en intakt...

Kronisk traumatisk encefalopati (CTE) er for nylig blevet anerkendt som en særskilt neurodegenerativ lidelse, adskilt fra andre tauopatier som Alzheimers sygdom 1 . I modsætning til Alzheimers sygdom og andre almindelige tauopatier - hvis vigtigste risikofaktorer er stigende alder og en familiehistorie af demens, indebærer CTE, som det angives af dets navn, en nær tilknytning til en historie med hjernetrauma, som sandsynligvis ses hos kontaktsporter, Såsom boksere og fodboldspillere, såvel som i militære veteraner 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 . Det antages at blive initieret af gentagne hjerteblok og underkoncussive slag til hovedet. Patienter kan frembyde symptomer og tegn som kognitive underskud, humørsvingninger og adfærdsændringer og bevægelsesdysfunktion, som overlapper signifikant med Alzheimers sygdom, frontotemporalDemens, Lewy body demens og Parkinsons sygdom 6 . I modsætning hertil afslører post mortem undersøgelser af hjernevæv et klart mønster af hyperphosphoryleret tau akkumulering omkring små blodkar ved dybden af ​​cortical sulci, en pathognomonic funktion ikke observeret i de andre degenerative tilstande 7 . Hidtil er der meget lidt kendt om patogenesen, der fører til sygdoms manifestation. Dette skyldes i høj grad manglen på en trofast dyremodel. Kun for nylig er der blevet produceret gnavermodeller 5 , 8 . Disse modelorganismer har ulemperne ved kost-intensiv pleje og et relativt lang levetid, som ikke er velegnede til neurodegenerative sygdomsundersøgelser. Sammenlignet med pattedyrs modstykker er hvirvelløse dyr som Drosophila et fremragende alternativ med deres omkostningseffektive vedligeholdelse,Omfattende værktøjer til dissektering af genetiske determinanter og relativt kort levetid 9 . Bemærkelsesværdigt deler flyve og menneskelige hjerner evolutionært konserverede molekylære og cellulære veje såvel som anatomiske ligheder 10 , 11 , 12 . To geniale Drosophila modeller til at studere traumatisk hjerneskade er blevet rapporteret tidligere 13 , 14 . Den første &quot;High Impact Trauma&quot; (HIT) -enhed designet af Katzenberger og kolleger indeholdt frie bevægelige fluer i et plastik hætteglas, der var bundet til den frie ende af en metalfjeder 13 , 15 . Når plastikflasken hældtes oprejst og frigjort, ramte den en polyurethanplade og gav traume til fluerne, da de sprang til hætteglassets væg og genopstod. I modsætning hertil designet Barekat og kolleger en anden leveringsmetode osI Omni Bead Ruptor-24 homogeniseringsplatformen 14 . Fluer var uarbejdsdygtige med CO 2 og anbragt i et 2 ml skruetæksrør, der blev fastgjort til homogenisatoren og underkastet forprogrammerede rystningsbetingelser. En fordel ved at bruge vævshomogenisatorsystemet er, at eksperimentet kunne modulere intensiteten af ​​skade, varighed af skade og antal skader. Imidlertid har begge regimer den samme ulempe: primære skader på hovedet er tilfældigt påført i forhold til placeringssted og styrke. Derudover resulterede begge metoder i betydelig dødelighed forårsaget af uundgåelig sikkerhedsskade på andre dele af kroppen og indre organer. Her beskriver vi en ny metode til at inducere mTBI i frugt fluer. Vores apparat består af en gasdrevet ballistisk slaghjul. Sammenlignet med de eksisterende Drosophila- modeller 14 , 15 har vores metode den unikke fordel ved at levere målingUrable påvirkning, der kun er rettet mod det frie bevægelige flyvehoved, hvilket gør det muligt at foretage nøjagtig kontrol af forskellige faktorer, såsom slaglængde, tidsintervallet mellem påvirkninger og det samlede antal påvirkede påvirkninger.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="692">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Aerosol Barrier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1120-8810</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Used as an impactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">200 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1111-0706</td>
			<td>Used as a fly head holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1000 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1122-1830</td>
			<td>Used as a connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1 ml Tuberculin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">60 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td>Used as a tracking arenas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-122WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Standard Clamp Holder/stand</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">EISCO Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CH0688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Fine Brush</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flypad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Sylgard Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Microsoft&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HD-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ctrax Walking Fly Tracker</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Caltech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ctrax 0.2.11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2015b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila

Kronisk traumatisk encefalopati (CTE) er en etableret neurodegenerativ sygdom, der er tæt forbundet med eksponering for gentagne milde traumatiske hjerneskade (mTBI). De mekanismer, der er ansvarlige for dets komplekse patologiske ændringer, forbliver stort set uvæsentlige, på trods af en ny konsensus om at definere de neuropatologiske kriterier. Her beskriver vi en ny metode til at udvikle en model af CTE i Drosophila melanogaster ( Drosophila ) i et forsøg på at identificere nøglegener og veje, der fører til den karakteristiske hyperphosphorylerede tauakkumulering og neuronal død i hjernen. Justerbar styrke påvirkning for at forårsage mild lukket skade leveres direkte til flyvehovedet, idet hovedet udsættes for hurtig acceleration og deceleration. Vores metode eliminerer de potentielle problemer, der er forbundet med andre Drosophila mTBI-modeller ( f.eks. Kan dyredød induceres ved beskadigelse afAndre dele af kroppen eller til indre organer). Den mindre arbejdskraft- og omkostningskrævende dyrepleje, kort levetid og omfattende genetiske værktøjer gør frugtflyven ideel til at studere CTE-patogenese og gøre det muligt at udføre storskala, genomgående fremadrettede genetiske og farmakologiske skærme. Vi forventer, at den igangværende karakterisering af modellen vil skabe vigtige mekaniske indsigter om sygdomsforebyggelse og terapeutiske tilgange.

For at etablere en CTE-model ved hjælp af voksen Drosophila , fastslog vi effektiviteten af ​​vores enhed ved at forårsage en enkelt lukkede hovedskader. For at eliminere variationer relateret til genotype, køn eller alder anvendte vi 2-dages gamle Canton-S WT kvindelige fluer i eksperimentet. Vi kunne nemt styre slagstyrken ved at regulere strømningshastigheden af ​​CO 2 ved et konstant gastryk på 100 kPa. Fluer udsat for en enkelt strejke ved den højes...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Her beskriver vi en ny metode til at forårsage traumatisk hjerneskade i lukkede hoved i Drosophila melanogaster . Vores metode har den fordel at direkte levere gentagne påvirkninger med justerbar styrke til hovedet alene. Yderligere udforskning af hvirvelløse system vil bidrage til at belyse patogenesen af ​​kronisk traumatisk encefalopati.

En ny metode til at modellere kronisk traumatisk encephalopati i<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

The overall goal of this novel procedure is to inflict closed traumatic brain injuries in the fruit fly, Drosophila, to establish a new chronic traumatic encephalopathy model. This method can help answer key questions in the chronic traumatic encephalopathy field, such as how the repetitive trauma induces neuron degeneration. The main advantage of this technique is that it delivers the repetitive impacts of adjustable strengths to the fly head directly without causing damage to other parts of the animal body.Real world demonstration of this method is critical as assembly of the device and fly loading steps are difficult to learn, because the Drosophila head is so small and it is important to apply the impact only to the head. To make the apparatus used to concuss or strike the fruit flies, first, make the impactor portion of the apparatus. Remove the plunger from a one milliliter polycarbonate tuberculin syringe and then cut the barrel at the one milliliter mark.For an impactor, use the aerosol barrier found on a 200 microliter pipette tip. This impactor should be three millimeters long and four millimeters in diameter. Then, pack the impactor into the syringe barrel with the flat side towards the nozzle.To provide force, attach the syringe barrel to a carbon dioxide flow regulator. The regulator must have an On Off toggle switch and good control of the gas flow rate. Then, clamp the barrel vertically to an iron stand, such that the impactor will fall to the bottom of the barrel.Next, make the fly holder. Start with a 200 microliter pipette tip. Cut the pipette's tip five millimeters from the small end to make a 8 millimeter diameter opening.A fly head will fit through this hole, but the thorax will not. Lastly, make a for the fly holder and impactor device. First, cut a one milliliter pipette tip 44 millimeters from the small opening.Second, cut a six millimeter length from the needle cover for a one milliliter syringe. Then, push the two together. Anesthetize a single, two-day old adult female fly using carbon dioxide.From the carbon dioxide pad, use a fine brush to gently transfer the fly into the holder. Then, gently tap the holder until the head protrudes from the tip. Of the proboscis is exposed, use a blunted, one milliliter syringe needle to gently tuck it back inside the tip.It is critical to keep the fly body, especially the mouth part, inside the holder. Otherwise, the fly may die from damage to the internal organs or from not being able to ingest food. Next, set the gas pressure to 100 kilopascals and adjust the flow as needed.Once the fly is loaded, tighten the holder to the syringe barrel using the connector, such that the fly head faces downward. Then, using the toggle switch, send a burst of gas that moves the impactor to strike the fly once and only once. Now, detach the fly holder and dump the fly back onto the carbon dioxide pad.Brush the fly into an empty vial until it recovers. Keep one fly per vial. The recovery takes only a few minutes.Repeat the process to test four flies per experimental group. Processing two groups, a test and a sham, should only take 20 to 30 minutes. Treat shams just like test animals, except do not include an aerosol barrier in the impactor tube.To track fly movements in a Petri dish, first, fill a six centimeter dish with transparent silicon elastomer to make the tracking arena. Leave a three millimeter gap between the silicon and the lid so that flies can walk freely in the gap, but not take flight. Beneath the tracking arena, have a white background.Next, anesthetize four flies from the same treatment group and place them in the arena. Let the flies acclimate for an hour to the arena, which should be fully lit and at about 22 degrees Celsius. Not hotter than room temperature.After an hour, use a charge-coupled device camera positioned above the arena to record the fly's activity for five minutes. After the five minute recording, anesthetize the flies in the arena and return them to a new home vial. Then, dispose of the arena.Later, analyze the recordings using the freely available Ctrax software. This software generates tracking data, which can be exported in a programmable language compatible format, such as the MATLAB format. From the data, calculate the distance traveled per frame, the mean walking distance for each fly, and the average distance traveled per fly.For statistical significance, expect to test about 100 flies per treatment group. To establish a chronic traumatic encephalopathy model, the effectiveness of a single, closed-head injury made by the impacting apparatus at different speeds was analyzed using two-day old Canton-S females. The gas pressure was held at 100 kilopascals.Flies exposed to a single strike at the highest tested flow rate, exhibited minimal external defects. Despite no clear evidence for external damage, injuries at a flow rate of 15 liters per minute were acutely lethal, resulting in less than a 10%survival within 24 hours. Survival increased with lower flow rates.One hundred percent survival was achieved at five liter per minute or less, so five liters per minute was selected as the standard for the model. Just after being struck, flies gradually recovered their mobility within four minutes. Recovery for the shams was about a minute quicker.Post-impact, video-assisted movement tracking was used to measure locomotive function. During the two days after the impact, locomotion slowly returned to normal. This evidence for gradual recovery is in line with CTE recovery in humans.To evaluate long term effects, a repetitive traumatic brain injury protocol of five strikes over five days was applied. Twenty days post-treatment, the locomotion of surviving members in each group was compared and the treated group clearly walked less. The lifespan of the treated group was also substantially reduced, with a median at 26 days compared to 37 days for controls.After its development, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of mild repetitive traumatic brain injury to explore pathogenic mechanisms in the classic animal model Drosophila melanogaster. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to shield the proboscis, thorax and abdomen from direct impact by the aerosol barrier.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

En billig metode til at analysere Beslaglæggelse-lignende aktivitet og bevægelse i<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A Novel Method of Drug Administration til Multiple zebrafisk (<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt;) Og Kvantificering af Tilbagetrækning

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Kvantitativ analyse af Klatring Defekter i en Drosophila Model af neurodegenerative lidelser

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

En metode til at påføre lukket hoved traumatisk hjerneskade i<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

Optagelse af EEG i frit bevægende neonatale rotter ved hjælp af en ny metode

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel analyse for Cold Nociception i<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larver

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

En roman In Vitro Model af Blast traumatisk hjerneskade

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...