Name: a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila
Uploaded: 2017-07-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

著者は何も開示することはない。

ストライク装置の組み立て（ 図1 ） <ol><li>プランジャーを1mLツベルクリンシリンジから取り出します。 1 mLのマークでバレルをカットします。 </li><li> 200μLのピペットチップからエアロゾルバリヤ（高さ3mm×直径4mm）を取り外し、インパクタとして使用する。インパクターをシリンジバレルの内側に置きます。ゆっくりとバレルをタップしてインパクターを先端に移動?...

<ol>
	<li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+NINDS/NIBIB+consensus+meeting+to+define+neuropathological+criteria+for+the+diagnosis+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 131, 75-86 (2016).</li><li>Martland, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Punch+drunk.">Punch drunk.</a> JAMA. 91 (15), 1103-1107 (1928).</li><li>Millspaugh, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dementia+pugilistica.">Dementia pugilistica.</a> US Naval Med Bull. 35, 297-303 (1937).</li><li>Omalu, B. 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C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy:+where+are+we+and+where+are+we+going?.">Chronic traumatic encephalopathy: where are we and where are we going?.</a> Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (12), 407 (2013).</li><li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+disease+in+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of disease in chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Brain. 136 (Pt 1), 43-64 (2013).</li><li>Petraglia, A. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+neurobehavioral+sequelae+after+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+a+novel+mouse+model+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of neurobehavioral sequelae after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: a novel mouse model of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (13), 1211-1224 (2014).</li><li>Hirth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+in+the+study+of+human+neurodegeneration.">Drosophila melanogaster in the study of human neurodegeneration.</a> CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 9 (4), 504-523 (2010).</li><li>Littleton, J. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+channels+and+synaptic+organization:+analysis+of+the+Drosophila+genome.">Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome.</a> Neuron. 26 (1), 35-43 (2000).</li><li>Appel, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+Stubble-stubbloid+gene+encodes+an+apparent+transmembrane+serine+protease+required+for+epithelial+morphogenesis.">The Drosophila Stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90 (11), 4937-4941 (1993).</li><li>Piyankarage, S. C., Featherstone, D. E., Shippy, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoliter+hemolymph+sampling+and+analysis+of+individual+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Nanoliter hemolymph sampling and analysis of individual adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (10), 4460-4466 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110 (44), E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Barekat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+as+an+integrated+model+to+study+mild+repetitive+traumatic+brain+injury.">Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25252 (2016).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+to+Inflict+Closed+Head+Traumatic+Brain+Injury+in+Drosophila.">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (e52905), (2015).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motmot,+an+open-source+toolkit+for+realtime+video+acquisition+and+analysis.">Motmot, an open-source toolkit for realtime video acquisition and analysis.</a> Source Code Biol Med. 4 (5), 1-10 (2009).</li><li>Talavage, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally-detected+cognitive+impairment+in+high+school+football+players+without+clinically-diagnosed+concussion.">Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (4), 327-338 (2014).</li><li>Theadom, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+and+impact+of+recurrent+traumatic+brain+injury+in+a+population-based+sample.">Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample.</a> J Neurotrauma. 32 (10), 674-681 (2015).</li><li>Drobysheva, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+histological+detection+of+dopaminergic+neurons+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">An optimized method for histological detection of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 56 (12), 1049-1063 (2008).</li></ol>

神経生理学的変化、神経病理学的特徴、および神経行動障害を含むCTEの特徴を忠実にモデル化する動物モデルは、疾患メカニズムの解明および診断および治療標的の開発に不可欠である。臨床的に関連するすべてのエンドポイントを模倣するのに、ヒト疾患の動物モデルは完全ではないことは理解できる。しかし、堅牢なCTEモデルは、次の3つの要件を満たす必要があると考えています。（1?...

慢性外傷性脳症（CTE）は、最近、アルツハイマー病などの他のタウオパシーとは別個の別個の神経変性障害として認識されている1 。アルツハイマー病や他の一般的なタウオパシーとは異なり、CTEはその名の通り、脳の外傷の病歴と密接に関連していると言えます。接触したスポーツアスリートでは、ボクサーやフットボールの選手、軍用退役軍人のようなもの2,3,4,5。それは頭に繰り返し震えと副交渉の打撃によって開始されると考えられています。患者は、アルツハイマー病、前頭側頭と重複する認知機能障害、気分および行動変化、および運動障害などの症状および徴候を示すことがある認知症、レヴィー小体認知症、およびパーキンソン病6 。対照的に、脳組織の死後検査は、皮質溝の深さにある小血管周囲の過剰リン酸化タウ蓄積の明確なパターンを示し、他の変性状態では見られない病理学的特徴である7 。しかしながら、これまでのところ、疾患発現につながる病因についてはほとんど知られていない。これは大部分が忠実な動物モデルが欠如していることに起因しており、最近ではげっ歯類モデルが作成されたばかりです5,8。これらのモデル生物は、費用重視のケアおよび比較的長い寿命の欠点を有し、神経変性疾患研究にはあまり適していない。 哺乳動物のそれと比較して、 ショウジョウバエなどの無脊椎動物は費用対効果の高いメンテナンスを備えた優れた代替品であり、遺伝的決定因子を解剖するための広範なツール、および比較的短い寿命9 。注目すべきことに、ハエとヒトの脳は、進化的に保存された分子および細胞経路、ならびに解剖学的類似点を共有している10,11,12。外傷性脳損傷を研究するための2つの巧妙なショウジョウバエモデルが以前に報告されている13,14 。 Katzenbergerらによって設計された最初の &quot;High Impact Trauma&quot;（HIT）装置は、金属ばね13,15の自由端に結合されたプラスチックバイアル内に自由に動く飛行機を含んでいた。プラスチック製のバイアルを直立させて離したときに、ポリウレタン製のパッドに当たって、バイアルの壁に跳ね返り、跳ね返りながら飛行機に外傷を与えました。対照的に、Barekatらは、異なる送達方法を設計したOmni Bead Ruptor-24ホモジナイザープラットフォーム14を用いて行った 。ハエはCO 2で不能化され、ホモジナイザーに固定された2mLスクリューキャップ管に入れられ、予めプログラムされた振盪条件に供された。組織ホモジナイザーシステムを使用することの1つの利点は、実験者が傷害の強度、傷害の持続時間、および傷害の回数を調節することができることである。しかし、両方のレジームにも同じ欠点があります。頭部への一次損傷は、インパクトの場所と強度に関してランダムに影響を受けます。さらに、両方の方法は、身体および内臓の他の部分への必然的な副次的損傷によって引き起こされる、かなりの死亡をもたらした。ここでは、ミバエのmTBIを誘導する新規な方法を説明する。私たちの装置は、ガス推進弾道衝撃子で構成されています。既存のショウジョウバエのモデル14,15と比較すると、本発明者らの方法は、meas自由に動くフライヘッドのみに向けることができるので、衝撃の重大性、衝撃の時間間隔、持続する衝撃の総数などの様々な要因を正確に制御することができます。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="692">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Aerosol Barrier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1120-8810</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Used as an impactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">200 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1111-0706</td>
			<td>Used as a fly head holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1000 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1122-1830</td>
			<td>Used as a connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1 ml Tuberculin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">60 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td>Used as a tracking arenas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-122WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Standard Clamp Holder/stand</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">EISCO Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CH0688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Fine Brush</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flypad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Sylgard Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Microsoft&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HD-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ctrax Walking Fly Tracker</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Caltech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ctrax 0.2.11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2015b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila

慢性外傷性脳症（CTE）は、繰り返し軽度の外傷性脳傷害（mTBI）への暴露と密接に関連する確立された神経変性疾患である。神経病理学的基準を定義するための最近のコンセンサスにもかかわらず、その複雑な病理学的変化の原因となっている機構は、依然として分かりにくいままである。ここでは、 ショウジョウバエメラノガスター （ ショウジョウバエ ）におけるCTEのモデルを開発して、特徴的な過剰リン酸化タウの蓄積および脳における神経細胞の死につながる重要な遺伝子および経路を同定するための新しい方法を説明する。軽度の閉鎖傷害を与えるための調整可能な衝撃は、ヘッドを急速な加減速にさらし、フライヘッドに直接供給されます。我々の方法は、他のショウジョウバエの mTBIモデルに内在する潜在的な問題を排除する（ 例えば、動物死は、身体の他の部分または内部器官）。労力とコストを重視する動物の手入れが少なく、寿命が短く、遺伝的ツールが豊富で、CTEの病因を研究し、ゲノム規模の大規模な遺伝的および薬理学的スクリーニングを行うことができます。我々は、モデルの進行中の特徴付けが、疾患の予防および治療アプローチに関する重要な機構的な洞察を生成すると予想する。

成体ショウジョウバエを使用してCTEモデルを確立するために、私たちは単一の閉鎖頭傷害を与える際の装置の有効性を判断した。遺伝子型、性別、年齢に関するバリエーションを排除するために、我々は実験で2日齢のCanton-S WT雌ハエを使用した。 100kPaの一定のガス圧でCO 2の流量を調節することによって、インパクターの強度を容易に制御することがで...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

ここでは、 ショウジョウバエのメラノガスター（melanogaster）における閉鎖頭部外傷性脳傷害を引き起こす新しいアプローチについて説明する。私たちの方法は、調整可能な強さで反復的な衝撃を直接ヘッドに伝えるという利点があります。無脊椎系のさらなる探索は、慢性外傷性脳症の病因を明らかにするのに役立つだろう。

慢性外傷性脳症モデルの新しい方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

The overall goal of this novel procedure is to inflict closed traumatic brain injuries in the fruit fly, Drosophila, to establish a new chronic traumatic encephalopathy model. This method can help answer key questions in the chronic traumatic encephalopathy field, such as how the repetitive trauma induces neuron degeneration. The main advantage of this technique is that it delivers the repetitive impacts of adjustable strengths to the fly head directly without causing damage to other parts of the animal body.Real world demonstration of this method is critical as assembly of the device and fly loading steps are difficult to learn, because the Drosophila head is so small and it is important to apply the impact only to the head. To make the apparatus used to concuss or strike the fruit flies, first, make the impactor portion of the apparatus. Remove the plunger from a one milliliter polycarbonate tuberculin syringe and then cut the barrel at the one milliliter mark.For an impactor, use the aerosol barrier found on a 200 microliter pipette tip. This impactor should be three millimeters long and four millimeters in diameter. Then, pack the impactor into the syringe barrel with the flat side towards the nozzle.To provide force, attach the syringe barrel to a carbon dioxide flow regulator. The regulator must have an On Off toggle switch and good control of the gas flow rate. Then, clamp the barrel vertically to an iron stand, such that the impactor will fall to the bottom of the barrel.Next, make the fly holder. Start with a 200 microliter pipette tip. Cut the pipette's tip five millimeters from the small end to make a 8 millimeter diameter opening.A fly head will fit through this hole, but the thorax will not. Lastly, make a for the fly holder and impactor device. First, cut a one milliliter pipette tip 44 millimeters from the small opening.Second, cut a six millimeter length from the needle cover for a one milliliter syringe. Then, push the two together. Anesthetize a single, two-day old adult female fly using carbon dioxide.From the carbon dioxide pad, use a fine brush to gently transfer the fly into the holder. Then, gently tap the holder until the head protrudes from the tip. Of the proboscis is exposed, use a blunted, one milliliter syringe needle to gently tuck it back inside the tip.It is critical to keep the fly body, especially the mouth part, inside the holder. Otherwise, the fly may die from damage to the internal organs or from not being able to ingest food. Next, set the gas pressure to 100 kilopascals and adjust the flow as needed.Once the fly is loaded, tighten the holder to the syringe barrel using the connector, such that the fly head faces downward. Then, using the toggle switch, send a burst of gas that moves the impactor to strike the fly once and only once. Now, detach the fly holder and dump the fly back onto the carbon dioxide pad.Brush the fly into an empty vial until it recovers. Keep one fly per vial. The recovery takes only a few minutes.Repeat the process to test four flies per experimental group. Processing two groups, a test and a sham, should only take 20 to 30 minutes. Treat shams just like test animals, except do not include an aerosol barrier in the impactor tube.To track fly movements in a Petri dish, first, fill a six centimeter dish with transparent silicon elastomer to make the tracking arena. Leave a three millimeter gap between the silicon and the lid so that flies can walk freely in the gap, but not take flight. Beneath the tracking arena, have a white background.Next, anesthetize four flies from the same treatment group and place them in the arena. Let the flies acclimate for an hour to the arena, which should be fully lit and at about 22 degrees Celsius. Not hotter than room temperature.After an hour, use a charge-coupled device camera positioned above the arena to record the fly's activity for five minutes. After the five minute recording, anesthetize the flies in the arena and return them to a new home vial. Then, dispose of the arena.Later, analyze the recordings using the freely available Ctrax software. This software generates tracking data, which can be exported in a programmable language compatible format, such as the MATLAB format. From the data, calculate the distance traveled per frame, the mean walking distance for each fly, and the average distance traveled per fly.For statistical significance, expect to test about 100 flies per treatment group. To establish a chronic traumatic encephalopathy model, the effectiveness of a single, closed-head injury made by the impacting apparatus at different speeds was analyzed using two-day old Canton-S females. The gas pressure was held at 100 kilopascals.Flies exposed to a single strike at the highest tested flow rate, exhibited minimal external defects. Despite no clear evidence for external damage, injuries at a flow rate of 15 liters per minute were acutely lethal, resulting in less than a 10%survival within 24 hours. Survival increased with lower flow rates.One hundred percent survival was achieved at five liter per minute or less, so five liters per minute was selected as the standard for the model. Just after being struck, flies gradually recovered their mobility within four minutes. Recovery for the shams was about a minute quicker.Post-impact, video-assisted movement tracking was used to measure locomotive function. During the two days after the impact, locomotion slowly returned to normal. This evidence for gradual recovery is in line with CTE recovery in humans.To evaluate long term effects, a repetitive traumatic brain injury protocol of five strikes over five days was applied. Twenty days post-treatment, the locomotion of surviving members in each group was compared and the treated group clearly walked less. The lifespan of the treated group was also substantially reduced, with a median at 26 days compared to 37 days for controls.After its development, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of mild repetitive traumatic brain injury to explore pathogenic mechanisms in the classic animal model Drosophila melanogaster. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to shield the proboscis, thorax and abdomen from direct impact by the aerosol barrier.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

薬物の強化のための新規装置および方法

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

神経科学

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

横方向の流体のパーカッション：マウスにおける外傷性脳損傷のモデル

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

における発作様活性を分析し、移動のための低コストの方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

複数のゼブラフィッシュへの医薬品の新規方法（<em&gt;ゼブラフィッシュ</em&gt;）と撤退の定量

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

神経変性疾患のショウジョウバエモデルにおけるクライミング欠陥の定量分析

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

で閉鎖性頭部外傷性脳損傷を負わせる方法<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

新しい方法を用いた自由に動く新生児ラットの脳波記録

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

冷痛覚のための新規アッセイ<em&gt;ショウジョウバエ</em&gt;幼虫

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

爆発外傷性脳損傷の新規In Vitroモデル

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...