Name: a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila
Uploaded: 2017-07-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

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1. Grev Aygıtının Montajı ( Şekil 1 ) <ol><li> Pistonu 1 mL tüberkülin şırıngadan çıkarın. Namlu 1 mL işaretinden kesin. </li><li> 200 μL&#39;lik bir pipet ucundan bir aerosol bariyerini (3 mm yükseklik x 4 mm çap) çıkarın ve bir çarpma aracı olarak kullanın. Darbe cihazını şırınga varilinin içine yerleştirin. Darbe önleyici ucunu uç tarafına hareket ettirmek için namluya hafifçe dokunun, düz taraf meme açıklığını kapatacak şekilde. </li><li> Nam...

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	<li>McKee, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+first+NINDS/NIBIB+consensus+meeting+to+define+neuropathological+criteria+for+the+diagnosis+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The first NINDS/NIBIB consensus meeting to define neuropathological criteria for the diagnosis of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> Acta Neuropathol. 131, 75-86 (2016).</li><li>Martland, H. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Punch+drunk.">Punch drunk.</a> JAMA. 91 (15), 1103-1107 (1928).</li><li>Millspaugh, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dementia+pugilistica.">Dementia pugilistica.</a> US Naval Med Bull. 35, 297-303 (1937).</li><li>Omalu, B. 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L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+spectrum+of+neurobehavioral+sequelae+after+repetitive+mild+traumatic+brain+injury:+a+novel+mouse+model+of+chronic+traumatic+encephalopathy.">The spectrum of neurobehavioral sequelae after repetitive mild traumatic brain injury: a novel mouse model of chronic traumatic encephalopathy.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (13), 1211-1224 (2014).</li><li>Hirth, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+melanogaster+in+the+study+of+human+neurodegeneration.">Drosophila melanogaster in the study of human neurodegeneration.</a> CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets. 9 (4), 504-523 (2010).</li><li>Littleton, J. T., Ganetzky, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ion+channels+and+synaptic+organization:+analysis+of+the+Drosophila+genome.">Ion channels and synaptic organization: analysis of the Drosophila genome.</a> Neuron. 26 (1), 35-43 (2000).</li><li>Appel, L. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Drosophila+Stubble-stubbloid+gene+encodes+an+apparent+transmembrane+serine+protease+required+for+epithelial+morphogenesis.">The Drosophila Stubble-stubbloid gene encodes an apparent transmembrane serine protease required for epithelial morphogenesis.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 90 (11), 4937-4941 (1993).</li><li>Piyankarage, S. C., Featherstone, D. E., Shippy, S. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nanoliter+hemolymph+sampling+and+analysis+of+individual+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Nanoliter hemolymph sampling and analysis of individual adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Anal Chem. 84 (10), 4460-4466 (2012).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Drosophila+model+of+closed+head+traumatic+brain+injury.">A Drosophila model of closed head traumatic brain injury.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 110 (44), E4152-E4159 (2013).</li><li>Barekat, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+as+an+integrated+model+to+study+mild+repetitive+traumatic+brain+injury.">Using Drosophila as an integrated model to study mild repetitive traumatic brain injury.</a> Sci Rep. 6, 25252 (2016).</li><li>Katzenberger, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Method+to+Inflict+Closed+Head+Traumatic+Brain+Injury+in+Drosophila.">A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila.</a> J Vis Exp. (e52905), (2015).</li><li>Branson, K., Robie, A. A., Bender, J., Perona, P., Dickinson, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+ethomics+in+large+groups+of+Drosophila.">High-throughput ethomics in large groups of Drosophila.</a> Nat Methods. 6 (6), 451-457 (2009).</li><li>Straw, A. D., Dickinson, M. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motmot,+an+open-source+toolkit+for+realtime+video+acquisition+and+analysis.">Motmot, an open-source toolkit for realtime video acquisition and analysis.</a> Source Code Biol Med. 4 (5), 1-10 (2009).</li><li>Talavage, T. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functionally-detected+cognitive+impairment+in+high+school+football+players+without+clinically-diagnosed+concussion.">Functionally-detected cognitive impairment in high school football players without clinically-diagnosed concussion.</a> J Neurotrauma. 31 (4), 327-338 (2014).</li><li>Theadom, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency+and+impact+of+recurrent+traumatic+brain+injury+in+a+population-based+sample.">Frequency and impact of recurrent traumatic brain injury in a population-based sample.</a> J Neurotrauma. 32 (10), 674-681 (2015).</li><li>Drobysheva, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+histological+detection+of+dopaminergic+neurons+in+Drosophila+melanogaster.">An optimized method for histological detection of dopaminergic neurons in Drosophila melanogaster.</a> J Histochem Cytochem. 56 (12), 1049-1063 (2008).</li></ol>

Nörofizyolojik değişiklikler, nöropatolojik özellikler ve nörobevürek açıklar dahil olmak üzere CTE özelliklerini sadık kalarla modelleyen hayvan modelleri, hastalık mekanizmalarının ortaya çıkarılması ve teşhis ve terapötik hedeflerin geliştirilmesi için gereklidir. Bir insan hastalığına ait hiçbir hayvan modelinin klinik olarak ilgili tüm bitiş noktalarını taklit etmek için mükemmel olmadığı anlaşılabilir bir durumdur. Bununla birlikte, sağlam bir CTE modelinin aşağıdaki üç ...

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopati (CTE) son zamanlarda Alzheimer hastalığı 1 gibi diğer tauopatilerden ayrı, ayrı bir nörodejeneratif bozukluk olarak kabul edilmiştir. CTE, Alzheimer hastalığının ve diğer yaygın tauopatilerin (en önemli risk faktörleri ilerleme yaşı ve demans öyküsü olması) aksine, CTE adıyla gösterildiği gibi, muhtemelen temas sporları sporcularında görülen beyin travması öyküsü ile yakın bir ilişki kurar; Boksörler ve futbolcular gibi askeri gazilere, 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 gibi . Başın tekrarlayan sarsıntılı ve alttan vurucu darbelerle başlatıldığı düşünülmektedir. Hastalar Alzheimer hastalığı, frontotemporal ile örtüşen bilişsel açıklar, ruh hali ve davranış değişiklikleri ve hareket disfonksiyonu gibi semptom ve bulgular gösterebilirlerBunama, Lewy cisimci bunama ve Parkinson hastalığı 6 . Buna karşılık, beyin dokusunun ölüm sonrası incelemeleri, diğer dejeneratif koşullarda gözlemlenmeyen bir patognomonik özellik olan kortikal sulkusun derinliklerinde küçük damarları çevreleyen farklı bir hiperfosforile tau birikimi desenini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bununla birlikte, bugüne kadar, hastalık ortaya çıkmasına yol açan patogenez hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir. Bu büyük ölçüde sadık bir hayvan modelinin bulunmaması nedeniyle - sadece son zamanlarda kemirgen modelleri üretildi 5 , 8 . Bu model organizmalar, maliyet yoğun bakımın dezavantajlarına ve nörodejeneratif hastalık çalışmaları için uygun olmayan nispeten uzun bir yaşam süresine sahiptir. Memeli meslektaşlarıyla karşılaştırıldığında, Drosophila gibi omurgasız hayvanlar, uygun maliyetli bakımları ile mükemmel bir alternatiftir;Genetik belirleyicileri ayırmak için kapsamlı araçlar ve nispeten kısa ömür 9 . Dikkat çekici bir nokta da, sinek ve insan beyinleri, evrimsel olarak korunmuş moleküler ve hücresel yolakları, aynı zamanda anatomik benzerliklerini 10 , 11 , 12 paylaşmaktadır. Travmatik beyin hasarını incelemek için iki adet dahice Drosophila modeli daha önce 13 , 14 bildirilmiştir. Katzenberger ve arkadaşları tarafından tasarlanan ilk &quot;Yüksek Etkili Travma&quot; (HIT) cihazı , metal bir yay 13 , 15&#39;in serbest ucuna bağlı plastik bir flakondaki serbest hareket eden sinekler içeriyordu. Plastik şişe dik durur ve serbest bırakıldığında, bir poliüretan yastığı vurdu ve sinekler için şişe duvarına sıçrar ve geri teperken travmalar kazandırır. Buna karşın, Barekat ve arkadaşları farklı bir teslim yöntemi önermişti.Omni Boncuk Ruptor-24 homojenizatör platformu 14 . Sinekler CO 2 ile etkisiz hale getirildi ve homojenleştiriciye sabitlenmiş ve önceden programlanmış çalkalama koşullarına tabi tutulan 2 mL&#39;lik bir tampon tüpüne yerleştirildi. Doku homojenleştirici sistemini kullanmanın bir yararı, deneycinin yaralanma yoğunluğunu, hasar süresini ve hasar süresini modüle edebilmesidir. Bununla birlikte, her iki rejimin de aynı dezavantajı vardır: başın birincil yaralanmaları çarpma yeri ve kuvveti açısından rasgele uygulanmaktadır. Buna ek olarak, her iki yöntem de vücudun diğer bölümlerine ve iç organlara kaçınılmaz hasarların neden olduğu önemli mortaliteye neden olmuştur. Burada, meyve sineklerinde mTBI&#39;yi indüklemek için yeni bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Aparatımız, gazla itilen balistik darbe üreticisinden oluşur. Mevcut Drosophila modelleri 14 , 15&#39;e kıyasla, yöntemimiz,Çarpma şiddeti, etkiler arasındaki zaman aralığı ve sürülen toplam çarpma sayısı gibi çeşitli faktörlerin doğru bir şekilde kontrol edilmesine olanak tanıyarak, serbestçe hareket eden sinek kafasına yönlendirilebilir.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="692">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Aerosol Barrier</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1120-8810</td>
			<td style="width:207px;">Used as an impactor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">200 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1111-0706</td>
			<td>Used as a fly head holder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1000 ul Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">USA Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">1122-1830</td>
			<td>Used as a connector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">1 ml Tuberculin Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">309625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">60 mm Petri Dishes</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB0875713A</td>
			<td>Used as a tracking arenas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flow Regulator</td>
			<td>Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-122WC</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Standard Clamp Holder/stand</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">EISCO Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">CH0688</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Fine Brush</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-204</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Flypad</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">Sylgard Silicone Elastomer</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td>4019862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Microsoft&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">HD-5000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ctrax Walking Fly Tracker</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Caltech</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Ctrax 0.2.11</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:216px;">MATLAB Image Processing Toolbox</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MATLAB</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">R2015b</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel method to model chronic traumatic encephalopathy in drosophila

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopati (CTE) tekrarlayan hafif Travmatik Beyin Hasarı (mTBI) ile yakından ilişkili olan nörodejeneratif bir hastalıktır. Nöropatolojik kriterleri tanımlama konusundaki görüş birliğine rağmen, kompleks patolojik değişimlerinden sorumlu mekanizmalar büyük ölçüde zor görünüyor. Burada, beyindeki karakteristik hiperfosforillenmiş tau birikimine ve nöron ölümüne yol açan anahtar genleri ve yolları belirlemek amacıyla Drosophila melanogaster ( Drosophila ) &#39;da bir CTE modeli geliştiren yeni bir yöntem açıklanmaktadır. Hafif kapalı yaralanma yaratmak için ayarlanabilir mukavemet etkisi başını hızlı bir ivme ve yavaşlamaya maruz bırakarak doğrudan sinek kafasına gönderilir. Metodumuz, diğer Drosophila mTBI modellerinin doğasında olan potansiyel problemleri ortadan kaldırır ( örneğin, hayvan ölümleri,Vücudun diğer bölümleri veya iç organlar). Daha az emek ve masraf gerektiren hayvan bakımı, kısa ömür ve kapsamlı genetik araçlar, meyve CTE patogenezini incelemek için ideal bir hale getirir ve büyük ölçekli, genetik geniş genetik ve farmakolojik ekranlar gerçekleştirmeyi mümkün kılar. Modelin devam eden karakterizasyonunun hastalık önleme ve terapötik yaklaşımlar üzerine önemli mekanik perspektifler oluşturacağını umuyoruz.

Yetişkin Drosophila kullanılarak bir CTE modeli oluşturmak için, cihazımızın tek bir kapalı baş yarası vermedeki etkinliğini tespit ettik. Genotip, cinsiyet veya yaşla ilişkili varyasyonları gidermek için deneyde 2 günlük Canton-S WT dişi sinekler kullandık. 100 kPa&#39;lık sabit bir gaz basıncında CO 2&#39;nin akış oranını düzenleyerek darbenin gücünü kolayca kontrol edebilirdik. En yüksek akış hızında (15 L / dak.) Tek bir vuruşa ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila at JoVE.com

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Burada, Drosophila melanogaster&#39;de kapalı kafa travmatik beyin hasarına neden olan yeni bir yaklaşım açıklıyoruz. Metodumuz, başa tek başına ayarlanabilen mukavemetli tekrarlayan çarpmalara doğrudan sahip olma avantajına sahiptir. Omurgasız sistemin daha fazla araştırılması kronik travmatik ensefalopati patogenezinin aydınlatılmasına yardımcı olacaktır.

Kronik Travmatik Ensefalopatiyi Modelleyen Yeni Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE) is an established neurodegenerative disease that is closely associated with exposure to repetitive mild Traumatic ...

The overall goal of this novel procedure is to inflict closed traumatic brain injuries in the fruit fly, Drosophila, to establish a new chronic traumatic encephalopathy model. This method can help answer key questions in the chronic traumatic encephalopathy field, such as how the repetitive trauma induces neuron degeneration. The main advantage of this technique is that it delivers the repetitive impacts of adjustable strengths to the fly head directly without causing damage to other parts of the animal body.Real world demonstration of this method is critical as assembly of the device and fly loading steps are difficult to learn, because the Drosophila head is so small and it is important to apply the impact only to the head. To make the apparatus used to concuss or strike the fruit flies, first, make the impactor portion of the apparatus. Remove the plunger from a one milliliter polycarbonate tuberculin syringe and then cut the barrel at the one milliliter mark.For an impactor, use the aerosol barrier found on a 200 microliter pipette tip. This impactor should be three millimeters long and four millimeters in diameter. Then, pack the impactor into the syringe barrel with the flat side towards the nozzle.To provide force, attach the syringe barrel to a carbon dioxide flow regulator. The regulator must have an On Off toggle switch and good control of the gas flow rate. Then, clamp the barrel vertically to an iron stand, such that the impactor will fall to the bottom of the barrel.Next, make the fly holder. Start with a 200 microliter pipette tip. Cut the pipette's tip five millimeters from the small end to make a 8 millimeter diameter opening.A fly head will fit through this hole, but the thorax will not. Lastly, make a for the fly holder and impactor device. First, cut a one milliliter pipette tip 44 millimeters from the small opening.Second, cut a six millimeter length from the needle cover for a one milliliter syringe. Then, push the two together. Anesthetize a single, two-day old adult female fly using carbon dioxide.From the carbon dioxide pad, use a fine brush to gently transfer the fly into the holder. Then, gently tap the holder until the head protrudes from the tip. Of the proboscis is exposed, use a blunted, one milliliter syringe needle to gently tuck it back inside the tip.It is critical to keep the fly body, especially the mouth part, inside the holder. Otherwise, the fly may die from damage to the internal organs or from not being able to ingest food. Next, set the gas pressure to 100 kilopascals and adjust the flow as needed.Once the fly is loaded, tighten the holder to the syringe barrel using the connector, such that the fly head faces downward. Then, using the toggle switch, send a burst of gas that moves the impactor to strike the fly once and only once. Now, detach the fly holder and dump the fly back onto the carbon dioxide pad.Brush the fly into an empty vial until it recovers. Keep one fly per vial. The recovery takes only a few minutes.Repeat the process to test four flies per experimental group. Processing two groups, a test and a sham, should only take 20 to 30 minutes. Treat shams just like test animals, except do not include an aerosol barrier in the impactor tube.To track fly movements in a Petri dish, first, fill a six centimeter dish with transparent silicon elastomer to make the tracking arena. Leave a three millimeter gap between the silicon and the lid so that flies can walk freely in the gap, but not take flight. Beneath the tracking arena, have a white background.Next, anesthetize four flies from the same treatment group and place them in the arena. Let the flies acclimate for an hour to the arena, which should be fully lit and at about 22 degrees Celsius. Not hotter than room temperature.After an hour, use a charge-coupled device camera positioned above the arena to record the fly's activity for five minutes. After the five minute recording, anesthetize the flies in the arena and return them to a new home vial. Then, dispose of the arena.Later, analyze the recordings using the freely available Ctrax software. This software generates tracking data, which can be exported in a programmable language compatible format, such as the MATLAB format. From the data, calculate the distance traveled per frame, the mean walking distance for each fly, and the average distance traveled per fly.For statistical significance, expect to test about 100 flies per treatment group. To establish a chronic traumatic encephalopathy model, the effectiveness of a single, closed-head injury made by the impacting apparatus at different speeds was analyzed using two-day old Canton-S females. The gas pressure was held at 100 kilopascals.Flies exposed to a single strike at the highest tested flow rate, exhibited minimal external defects. Despite no clear evidence for external damage, injuries at a flow rate of 15 liters per minute were acutely lethal, resulting in less than a 10%survival within 24 hours. Survival increased with lower flow rates.One hundred percent survival was achieved at five liter per minute or less, so five liters per minute was selected as the standard for the model. Just after being struck, flies gradually recovered their mobility within four minutes. Recovery for the shams was about a minute quicker.Post-impact, video-assisted movement tracking was used to measure locomotive function. During the two days after the impact, locomotion slowly returned to normal. This evidence for gradual recovery is in line with CTE recovery in humans.To evaluate long term effects, a repetitive traumatic brain injury protocol of five strikes over five days was applied. Twenty days post-treatment, the locomotion of surviving members in each group was compared and the treated group clearly walked less. The lifespan of the treated group was also substantially reduced, with a median at 26 days compared to 37 days for controls.After its development, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of mild repetitive traumatic brain injury to explore pathogenic mechanisms in the classic animal model Drosophila melanogaster. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to shield the proboscis, thorax and abdomen from direct impact by the aerosol barrier.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

A Novel Method to Model Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy in Drosophila

Novel Apparatus and Method for Drug Reinforcement

İlaç Takviye için yeni cihaz ve Yöntem

Animal models of reinforcement have proven to be useful for understanding the neurobiological mechanisms underlying drug addiction.  Operant drug ...

Nörobilim

Lateral Fluid Percussion: Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice

Yanal Akışkan Perküsyon: Travmatik Beyin Hasarı Farelerde Modeli

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) research has attained renewed momentum due to the increasing awareness of head injuries, which result in morbidity and ...

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

A Low-cost Method for Analyzing Seizure-like Activity and Movement in Drosophila

Nöbet gibi Aktivite Analizi ve Hareket için A Düşük maliyetli Yöntemi<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Video tracking systems have been used widely to analyze Drosophila melanogaster movement and detect various abnormalities in locomotive behavior. While ...

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish (Danio rerio) and the Quantification of Withdrawal

A Novel Method of Drug Administration to Multiple Zebrafish Danio rerio and the Quantification of Withdrawal

Çoklu Zebra balığı için İlaç İdaresi Bir Roman Yöntemi (<em&gt; Danio rerio</em&gt;) Ve Çekilme Niceleme

Anxiety testing in zebrafish is often studied in combination with the application of pharmacological substances. In these studies, fish are routinely ...

Quantitative Analysis of Climbing Defects in a Drosophila Model of Neurodegenerative Disorders

Nörodejeneratif Hastalıkların bir Drosophila Modelinde Tırmanma Kusur Kantitatif Analiz

Locomotive defects resulting from neurodegenerative disorders can be a late onset symptom of disease, following years of subclinical degeneration, and ...

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

A Method to Inflict Closed Head Traumatic Brain Injury in Drosophila

Kapalı Başkanı Travmatik Beyin yaralayabilecek Bir Yöntem<em&gt; Drosophila</em

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) affects millions of people each year, causing impairment of physical, cognitive, and behavioral functions and death. Studies ...

Recording EEG in Freely Moving Neonatal Rats Using a Novel Method

Yeni Bir Yöntemi Kullanarak Serbest Dolaşan Yenidoğan Sıçanlarında EEG Kaydı

EEG is a useful method to detect electrical activity in the brain. Moreover, it is a widely used diagnostic tool for various neurological conditions, such ...

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Novel Assay for Cold Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

Soğuk nosisepsiyon için Roman Tahlili<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Larva

How organisms sense and respond to noxious temperatures is still poorly understood. Further, the mechanisms underlying sensitization of the sensory ...

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

A Novel In Vitro Model of Blast Traumatic Brain Injury

Patlama travmatik beyin hasarı roman Vitro modeli

Traumatic brain injury is a leading cause of death and disability in military and civilian populations. Blast traumatic brain injury results from the ...