Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
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وأيد هذه الدراسة من قبل منحة المعاهد الوطنية للصحة R01 HL119984 إلى AH

1. ثقافة الفأر الجنينية الخلايا الليفية (MEFS) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> إعداد المتوسطة MEF والمتوسطة تعديل النسر Dulbecco وفي (DMEM، وارتفاع الجلوكوز)، على أن تستكمل مع المصل 15٪ بقري جنيني (FBS). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> معطف 100 ملم أطباق زراعة الخلايا م?...

<ol>
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A., McCaffery, P. J., Drager, U. C., De Luca, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoids+in+embryonal+development.">Retinoids in embryonal development.</a> Physiol Rev. 80 (3), 1021-1054 (2000).</li><li>Bain, G., Ray, W. J., Yao, M., Gottlieb, D. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+promotes+neural+and+represses+mesodermal+gene+expression+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+in+culture.">Retinoic acid promotes neural and represses mesodermal gene expression in mouse embryonic stem cells in culture.</a> Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 223 (3), 691-694 (1996).</li><li>Okada, Y., Shimazaki, T., Sobue, G., Okano, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent+acquisition+of+neural+cell+identity+during+in+vitro+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent acquisition of neural cell identity during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Dev Biol. 275 (1), 124-142 (2004).</li><li>Duester, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+synthesis+and+signaling+during+early+organogenesis.">Retinoic acid synthesis and signaling during early organogenesis.</a> Cell. 134 (6), 921-931 (2008).</li><li>Niederreither, K., Dolle, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+in+development:+towards+an+integrated+view.">Retinoic acid in development: towards an integrated view.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 9 (7), 541-553 (2008).</li><li>Maden, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+in+the+development,+regeneration+and+maintenance+of+the+nervous+system.">Retinoic acid in the development, regeneration and maintenance of the nervous system.</a> Nat Rev Neurosci. 8 (10), 755-765 (2007).</li><li>Sheng, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+regulates+bone+morphogenic+protein+signal+duration+by+promoting+the+degradation+of+phosphorylated+Smad1.">Retinoic acid regulates bone morphogenic protein signal duration by promoting the degradation of phosphorylated Smad1.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 107 (44), 18886-18891 (2010).</li><li>Gajovic, S., St-Onge, L., Yokota, Y., Gruss, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+mediates+Pax6+expression+during+in+vitro+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells.">Retinoic acid mediates Pax6 expression during in vitro differentiation of embryonic stem cells.</a> Differentiation. 62 (4), 187-192 (1997).</li><li>Dong, D., Ruuska, S. E., Levinthal, D. J., Noy, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+roles+for+cellular+retinoic+acid-binding+proteins+I+and+II+in+regulating+signaling+by+retinoic+acid.">Distinct roles for cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II in regulating signaling by retinoic acid.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (34), 23695-23698 (1999).</li><li>Sessler, R. J., Noy, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+ligand-activated+nuclear+localization+signal+in+cellular+retinoic+acid+binding+protein-II.">A ligand-activated nuclear localization signal in cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II.</a> Mol Cell. 18 (3), 343-353 (2005).</li><li>Tang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SIRT1-Mediated+Deacetylation+of+CRABPII+Regulates+Cellular+Retinoic+Acid+Signaling+and+Modulates+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+Differentiation.">SIRT1-Mediated Deacetylation of CRABPII Regulates Cellular Retinoic Acid Signaling and Modulates Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.</a> Mol Cell. 55 (6), 843-855 (2014).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RhoA+inhibits+neural+differentiation+in+murine+stem+cells+through+multiple+mechanisms.">RhoA inhibits neural differentiation in murine stem cells through multiple mechanisms.</a> Sci Signal. 9 (438), ra76 (2016).</li><li>Garnaas, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syx,+a+RhoA+guanine+exchange+factor,+is+essential+for+angiogenesis+in+Vivo.">Syx, a RhoA guanine exchange factor, is essential for angiogenesis in Vivo.</a> Circ Res. 103 (7), 710-716 (2008).</li><li>Chou, Y. H., Khuon, S., Herrmann, H., Goldman, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nestin+promotes+the+phosphorylation-dependent+disassembly+of+vimentin+intermediate+filaments+during+mitosis.">Nestin promotes the phosphorylation-dependent disassembly of vimentin intermediate filaments during mitosis.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 14 (4), 1468-1478 (2003).</li><li>Arai, T., Matsumoto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+localization+of+functionally+differentiated+microtubules+in+squid+neurons:+regional+distribution+of+microtubule-associated+proteins+and+beta-tubulin+isotypes.">Subcellular localization of functionally differentiated microtubules in squid neurons: regional distribution of microtubule-associated proteins and beta-tubulin isotypes.</a> J Neurochem. 51 (6), 1825-1838 (1988).</li><li>Arnhold, S., Klein, H., Semkova, I., Addicks, K., Schraermeyer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurally+selected+embryonic+stem+cells+induce+tumor+formation+after+long-term+survival+following+engraftment+into+the+subretinal+space.">Neurally selected embryonic stem cells induce tumor formation after long-term survival following engraftment into the subretinal space.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 45 (12), 4251-4255 (2004).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+receptor+beta+mediates+the+growth-inhibitory+effect+of+retinoic+acid+by+promoting+apoptosis+in+human+breast+cancer+cells.">Retinoic acid receptor beta mediates the growth-inhibitory effect of retinoic acid by promoting apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 16 (3), 1138-1149 (1996).</li><li>Altucci, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid-induced+apoptosis+in+leukemia+cells+is+mediated+by+paracrine+action+of+tumor-selective+death+ligand+TRAIL.">Retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells is mediated by paracrine action of tumor-selective death ligand TRAIL.</a> Nat Med. 7 (6), 680-686 (2001).</li><li>Pettersson, F., Dalgleish, A. G., Bissonnette, R. P., Colston, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoids+cause+apoptosis+in+pancreatic+cancer+cells+via+activation+of+RAR-gamma+and+altered+expression+of+Bcl-2/Bax.">Retinoids cause apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells via activation of RAR-gamma and altered expression of Bcl-2/Bax.</a> Br J Cancer. 87 (5), 555-561 (2002).</li><li>Kothapalli, C. R., Kamm, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+matrix+microenvironment+for+targeted+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+neural+and+glial+lineages.">3D matrix microenvironment for targeted differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural and glial lineages.</a> Biomaterials. 34 (25), 5995-6007 (2013).</li><li>Cai, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BMP+and+TGF-beta+pathway+mediators+are+critical+upstream+regulators+of+Wnt+signaling+during+midbrain+dopamine+differentiation+in+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">BMP and TGF-beta pathway mediators are critical upstream regulators of Wnt signaling during midbrain dopamine differentiation in human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Dev Biol. 376 (1), 62-73 (2013).</li></ol>

في هذا البروتوكول نقدم طريقة بسيطة نسبيا ويمكن الوصول إليها لدراسة التمايز العصبي من المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية الفئران. في البروتوكولات السابقة، وأضيف RA إلى متوسطة في يوم 2 أو يوم 4 من EB شنقا الإفلات 8 أو ثقافة تعليق 7، على التوالي، أو م?...

<html> المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية تنشأ من الكيسة الكتلة الخلوية الداخلية. هذه الخلايا هي المحفزة، أي أنها تملك القدرة على التمايز إلى أي نوع من الخلايا في الكائن الأصلي. ESC في المختبر التمايز هو من اهتمام واسع كنظام تجريبي للتحقيق في مسارات وآليات التنموية. ويقدم نظام نموذجي قوي ومرن لاختبار أساليب علاجية جديدة لتصحيح الخلايا والأنسجة الخلل. EBS تلخيص جوانب كثيرة من تمايز الخلايا خلال مرحلة التطور الجنيني المبكر. على وجه الخصوص، EBS يمكن استخدامها عند الفتك الجنينية يجعل من الصعب تحديد الأساس الخلوي للعيوب الجنينية 1 و 2. EBS يمكن أن تتكون إما من قبل قطرة شنقا أو تقنيات تعليق السائلة 3. ميزة السابق هو القدرة على توليد EBS من حجم ثابت وكثافة، مما يسهل استنساخ التجربة. معشوقة = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; التفاعل مع الخلية البروتينات التصاق مصفوفة (ECM) قد تؤثر على القدرة على الحركة وبقاء الخلايا الملتصقة. في نظام الثقافة 2D، وغالبا ما يتم تطبيق فبرونيكتين لزيادة التصاق الخلية إلى الركيزة. فبرونيكتين عنصرا الصفيحة القاعدية التي تعترف بها 10 أنواع من سطح الخلية إنتغرين heterodimers 4. RA هو الأيض للدهون صغيرة من فيتامين (أ) الذي يسبب العصبية التمايز 5، 6. تركيزات عالية من RA تعزيز التعبير الجيني العصبي وتقمع التعبير الجيني أرومية متوسطة خلال تشكيل EB 7 و 8. ويتم إنتاج RA فيتامين ألف الأكسدة لريتينالديهيد إما عن طريق الكحول أو الريتينول نازعة، تليها الأكسدة ريتينالديهيد إلى المنتج النهائي من قبل ريتينالديهيد نازعة 9. التمايز العصبي يتطلب نقل RA من السيتوبلازم<html> إلى النواة التي الخلوي ملزم RA بروتين 2 (CRABP2). في النواة، RA تربط لمجمعها مستقبلات وما شابه ذلك تتألف من مغاير RAR-RXR 10. وهذا يؤدي إلى توظيف النسخي شارك في تفعيل، والشروع في النسخ 9 و 11. وعلاوة على ذلك، RA يعزز تدهور فسفرته (نشط) SMAD1، وبالتالي استعداء BMP وSMAD يشير 12. وبالإضافة إلى هذه الأنشطة، RA يزيد التعبير Pax6، وهو عامل النسخ التي تدعم العصبية التمايز 13. والتضمين إشارات RA التي كتبها sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)، وثنائي النوكليوتيد الأدينين نيكوتيناميد النووي (NAD +) - انزيم يعتمد ذلك deacetylates CRABP2، والتدخل مع النبات لالنواة، وبالتالي مع RA ملزمة لمغاير RAR-RXR 14، 15، 16. e_content &quot;&gt; هدفنا في تصميم بروتوكول EB تعامل RA-الموصوفة هنا هو تحسين التمايز العصبي من أجل تسهيل في المختبر تحليل مسارات الإشارات التي تنظم ESC التمايز في الخلايا العصبية السلائف. واحدة من مزايا هذا البروتوكول هو تيسير تحليل وظيفة الخلية التي كتبها المناعي. 3D EBS لم يتم اختراقها بشكل جيد من قبل الأجسام المضادة ويصعب الصورة. تفارق EB إلى أحادي الطبقة 2D في نقطة زمنية محددة خلال التمايز العصبي يسهل immunolabeling والتصوير من الخلايا عن طريق الفحص المجهري متحد البؤر.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية (المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية) معزولة عن الكتلة الداخلية من الكيسة الأريمية (عادة في E3.5 اليوم)، ويمكن أن تستخدم في المختبر نظام نموذجي لدراسة التطور الجنيني المبكر. في حالة عدم وجود عامل مثبط سرطان الدم (LIF)، المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية تفرق افتراضيا في الخلايا العصبية السلائف. ويمكن جمع إلى ثلاثي الأبعاد (3D) ووصف مجموع كروية الجسم مضغي (EB) نظرا لتشابهه مع الجنين مرحلة مبكرة. EBS يمكن المصنف coverslips على فبرونيكتين المغلفة، حيث أنها توسع من خلال زراعة اثنين الأبعاد (2D) التمديدات، أو زرع في مصفوفات الكولاجين 3D حيث تواصل نموها كما الكروية، وتفرق في الطبقات الجرثومية الثلاث: الأديم الباطن، أرومية متوسطة، والأدمة. ثقافة الكولاجين 3D يحاكي البيئة في الجسم الحي بشكل وثيق من 2D EBS. ثقافة 2D EB تسهل التحليل المناعي وimmunoblotting لتتبع التمايز. لقد قمنا بتطوير من خطوتين فارق العصبيبروتوكول نشوئها. في الخطوة الأولى، يتم إنشاء EBS بواسطة تقنية شنقا الإفلات، و، في وقت واحد، والتي يسببها للتمييز عن التعرض لحمض الريتينويك (RA). في الخطوة الثانية، وعائدات التمايز العصبية في شكل 2D أو 3D في غياب RA.

Oct4، NANOG، وSOX2 هي عوامل النسخ الأساسية التي تمنح ESC تجديد الذات وتعدد القدرات. طبقنا البروتوكول أعلاه لمقارنة التمايز العصبي من المجالس الاقتصادية والاجتماعية من النوع البري ومن سلالة من الفئران المعدلة وراثيا حيث SYX، الجين الترميز لعامل الصرف Rh...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

نحن تصف تقنية لاستخدام الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية في الفئران لتوليد اثنين أو ثلاث جثث مضغي الأبعاد. نحن ثم شرح كيف للحث على تمايز العصبي من خلايا الجسم مضغي من حمض الريتينويك، وكيفية تحليل حالتهم التمايز عن طريق خلية سلفية المناعي علامة وimmunoblotting.

تحليل الناجم عن حمض الريتينويك العصبية تمايز الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية الماوس في الهيئات مضغي اثنين وثلاثة الأبعاد

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

المستمدة الشبكية الظهارة الصبغية (RPE) من المستحثة متعددة القدرات الجذعية (آي بي إس) الخلايا عن طريق أحجام مختلفة من الهيئات مضغي

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

التمايز من العصبية البشرية خط الخلايا الجذعية على الثقافات الثلاث الأبعاد، تحليل الجينات الرنا الميكروي، واعتبارا الهدف

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

التمايز العصبي للماوس الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية في المصل خالية أحادي الطبقة الثقافة

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

تنظيم جينية من القلب تمايز الخلايا الجذعية الجنينية والأنسجة

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

التنبؤ والتحقق من جين تنظيم عناصر المنشط خلال الريتينويك حمض المستحثة الجنينية الجذعية تمايز الخلايا

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

أفقي جبل كامل: A معالجة الرواية والتصوير بروتوكول للثدي، ثلاثة-- الأبعاد الأنسجة عبر-- أقسام الجلد

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

التفريق بين الخلايا الظهارية الصبغية الشبكية من الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent المستحث أو الجنينية البشرية سريعة وموجهة

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

جيل بانكريتويدس التعبير عن الأنسولين خالية من السقالة، ثلاثي الأبعاد من الماوس المتكفل البنكرياس في المختبر

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

التحليل الحسابي ل Germline ايليجانس كاينورهابديتيس دراسة توزيع الأنوية، والبروتينات، وسيتوسكيليتون

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

جيل من البشرية البدائية الخلية الجرثومية مثل الخلايا على سطح الهيئات امبريويد من بلوريبوتينسي جاهزة للانفجار الناجم عن الخلايا الجذعية Pluripotent

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...