Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

这项研究是由美国国立卫生研究院授予R01 HL119984到AH支持

1.培养小鼠胚胎成纤维细胞的（MEF中） <ol><li>制备MEF培养基，Dulbecco改良的Eagle氏培养基（DMEM，高葡萄糖），补充有15％胎牛血清（FBS）。 </li><li>外套百毫米细胞培养皿以在室温下（RT）30分钟0.5％的明胶溶液。 </li><li>计数使用流式细胞仪的MEF。除去明胶溶液，并立即倒入MEF培养基预先加热至37℃。迅速解冻丝裂霉素C处理的MEF的小瓶在37℃水浴中2分钟，然后播种每100mm明胶包被的培养皿2.8×10 6...

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在这个协议中，我们提出一个相对简单的和方便的方法来研究的鼠胚胎干细胞的神经分化。在先前的协议中，RA在第2天或EB悬滴8的第4天或由悬浮培养7加入到培养基中，分别或后立即EB悬滴聚集21。在我们设计的方案，RA较早加入。尽管较早引进RA的到的EB通过悬浮培养形成的，这个方案产生的神经分化标记8更高的表达。 <p c...

胚胎干细胞从胚泡内细胞团起源。这些细胞是多能的， 即它们具有分化成起源的生物体的任何细胞类型的能力。 ESC 体外分化为广泛兴趣，作为调查的发育途径和机制的实验系统。它提供了一个强有力的和灵活的模型系统来测试的细胞和组织功能障碍修正新的治疗方法。 EB的早期胚胎发育过程中重演细胞分化的许多方面。具体地，可以当胚胎致死性使得难以确定胚胎缺陷1,2的蜂窝式的基础上使用的EB。的EB可以通过悬滴或液体悬浮液技术3形成。前者的优点是，以产生一致的大小和密度的EB中，从而有利于实验的再现性的能力。 4识别的基底膜成分。 RA是诱导神经分化5,6维生素A的一小的亲脂性代谢物。高浓度的RA的促进神经基因表达和在EB形成7,8阻遏中胚层的基因表达。 RA是由维生素A的氧化通过任一醇或视黄醇脱氢酶，随后醛氧化成最终产品通过醛脱氢酶9醛生产。神经分化需要从细胞质RA的运输<html>由蜂窝RA-结合蛋白2（CRABP2）细胞核。在细胞核中，RA结合由一个RAR-RXR异二聚体10的其同源受体复合物。这导致招聘转录共激活因子和转录9,11的开始。此外，RA促进磷酸化的（活性）SMAD1的降解，从而拮抗BMP和Smad信号12。除了这些活动，RA增加Pax6的表达，支持神经分化13的转录因子。 RA信令由沉默调节蛋白1（Sirt1的），核烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸（NAD +）调制-即deacetylates CRABP2，以其易位干扰到细胞核依赖性酶，并因此与RA结合RAR-RXR异二聚体14,15 16。 e_content“&gt;我们在设计这里所述的RA处理的EB协议的目标是为了便于调节ESC分化成神经元前体细胞中的信号传导途径的体外分析，以优化神经分化，其中一个这种协议的优点之一是便利细胞功能的免疫荧光。3D的EB的分析不能很好地穿透抗体和难以成像。EB解离成在特定的时间点的2D单层期间神经分化通过共聚焦显微镜促进免疫标记和细胞的成像。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

从胚泡（通常在一天E3.5）的内质分离的小鼠胚胎干细胞（ESC），可以用作体外模型系统用于研究早期胚胎发育。在不存在白血病抑制因子（LIF）的，胚胎干细胞分化默认成神经前体细胞。它们可以积累成三维（3D）的球形聚集体称为胚状体（EB），由于其相似性的早期胚胎中。的EB可在纤连蛋白包被的盖玻片接种，在那里它们通过生长的二维（2D）扩展展开，或在3D胶原基质在那里继续成长为球状体，并分化成三个胚层注入：内胚层，中胚层和外胚层。三维胶原文化更加接近地模拟体内环境比2D日圆。所述2D EB培养通过免疫荧光和免疫印迹来跟踪分化促进分析。我们已经制定了两步神经不同点重刑协议。在第一步骤中，的EB通过悬滴技术生成的，并且，同时，被诱导通过暴露于视黄酸（RA）进行区分。在第二步骤中，在不存在RA的2D或3D格式神经分化前进。

OCT4，NANOG，SOX2和是赋予ESC自我更新和多能性的核心转录因子。我们应用上述协议ESC的神经分化从野生型和从那里SYX，一个基因编码的RhoA特定交换因子SYX，被破坏基因改造的小鼠的菌株进行比较。我们曾在18血管牵连三亚。我们注意到，在EB的行为差异从三亚+ / +和三亚汇总- / -胚胎干细胞，并且进行了测试，如?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

我们描述了使用小鼠胚胎干细胞生成二维或三维的胚状体的技术。然后，我们解释如何以诱导胚状体细胞视黄酸，以及如何的神经分化由祖细胞标志物的免疫荧光和免疫印迹来分析其分化状态。

二维和三维胚体小鼠胚胎干细胞的维甲酸诱导神经分化的分析

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

从诱导多能干得出视网膜色素上皮（RPE）（IPS），由胚体大小不同的细胞

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

科研

发育生物学

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

一个人类神经干细胞系的三维文化，微小RNA的分析和推测的靶基因分化

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

小鼠胚胎干细胞的无血清单层培养神经细胞分化

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

心脏分化的表观遗传调控胚胎干细胞和组织

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

预测与基因调控元件的验证激活过程中维甲酸诱导胚胎干细胞分化

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Directed Differentiation of Primitive and Definitive Hematopoietic Progenitors from Human Pluripotent Stem Cells

人多能干细胞对原始和最终造血祖细胞定向分化的研究

One of the major goals for regenerative medicine is the generation and maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) derived from human pluripotent stem ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

水平整体安装：厚三维组织横截面皮肤的新型加工和成像方案

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

人胚胎或诱导多能干细胞对视网膜色素上皮细胞的快速定向分化

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

无支架三维胰岛素表达 Pancreatoids 的实验研究体外培养的小鼠胰祖细胞

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

秀丽线虫生殖的计算分析研究细胞核、蛋白质和细胞骨架的分布

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...