Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Deze studie werd ondersteund door NIH-subsidie ​​R01 HL119984 AH

1. Cultuur van de muis embryonale fibroblasten (MEF) <ol><li> Bereiden MEF medium, Dulbecco&#39;s gemodificeerd Eagle&#39;s medium (DMEM hoge glucose) aangevuld met 15% foetaal runderserum (FBS). </li><li> Coat 100 mm celcultuurschalen met 0,5% gelatine gedurende 30 minuten bij kamertemperatuur (RT). </li><li> Count MEF met behulp van een cytometer. Verwijder de gelatineoplossing en giet onmiddellijk MEF medium voorverwarmd tot 37 ° C. Snel ontdooien flesjes mitomycine-C behandelde MEFs in een 37 ° C waterbad gedure...

<ol>
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In dit protocol presenteren we een betrekkelijk eenvoudige en toegankelijke wijze neurale differentiatie van muis SER bestuderen. In eerdere protocollen werd RA toegevoegd aan het medium op dag 2 en dag 4 van de EB hangende-druppel 8 of suspensiecultuur 7, respectievelijk, of onmiddellijk na de EB opknoping druppel 21 aggregatie. In het protocol we bedacht, werd RA eerder toegevoegd. Ondanks de eerdere invoering van RA EBS gevormd door suspensiekwee...

SER afkomstig van de blastocyst binnenste celmassa. Deze cellen zijn pluripotent, dat wil zeggen zij hebben het vermogen om te differentiëren in elk celtype van het organisme van herkomst. ESC in vitro differentiatie is van groot belang als een experimenteel systeem voor het onderzoeken van ontwikkelingstrajecten en mechanismen. Het biedt een krachtige en flexibele modelsysteem om nieuwe therapeutische benaderingen voor de correctie van cellen en weefsels dysfunctie te testen. EBS recapituleren vele aspecten van celdifferentiatie tijdens de vroege embryogenese. In het bijzonder kan EBS worden gebruikt wanneer embryonische letaliteit bemoeilijkt de cellulaire basis van de embryonale gebreken 1, 2 bepalen. EBS kan hetzij worden gevormd door de hangende druppel of vloeibare suspensietechnieken 3. Het voordeel van de eerste is de mogelijkheid om EB consistente grootte en dichtheid te genereren, waardoor experimentele reproduceerbaarheid vergemakkelijkt. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; interactie met extracellulaire matrix (ECM) adhesie eiwitten kunnen de motiliteit en overleving van hechtende cellen beïnvloeden. In de 2D-cultuur systeem, wordt fibronectine vaak toegepast op cel adhesie te verhogen tot het substraat. Fibronectine is een basale lamina component herkend door 10 soorten celoppervlak integrine heterodimeren 4. RA is een kleine lipofiele metaboliet van vitamine A die neurale differentiatie 5, 6 induceert. Hoge concentraties van RA bevorderen neurale genexpressie en onderdrukt mesodermale genexpressie tijdens EB vorming 7, 8. RA wordt door vitamine A oxidatie tot retinaldehyde door een alcohol of retinol dehydrogenase, gevolgd door retinaldehyde oxidatie tot het uiteindelijke product door retinaldehyde dehydrogenase 9. Neurale differentiatie vereist transport van RA uit het cytoplasma<html> de kern van cellulaire RA-bindend eiwit 2 (CRABP2). In de kern, RA bindt aan de verwante receptor complex van een RAR-RXR heterodimeer 10. Dit leidt tot rekrutering van transcriptionele co-activatoren, en initiatie van transcriptie 9, 11. Bovendien RA bevordert de afbraak van gefosforyleerd (actieve) Smad1, dus tegenwerken van BMP en Smad signalering 12. Naast deze activiteiten RA verhoogt Pax6 expressie, een transcriptiefactor die neuronale differentiatie 13 ondersteunt. RA signalering wordt gemoduleerd door sirtuine-1 (Sirt1), een nucleair nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +) - afhankelijk enzym dat CRABP2 deacetylates interfereren met zijn translocatie naar de kern, en dus met RA binding aan de RAR-RXR heterodimeer 14, 15, 16. e_content &quot;&gt; Ons doel bij het ontwerpen van de RA-behandelde EB protocol hier beschreven neurale differentiatie optimaliseren om in vitro analyse van de signaleringspaden die ESC differentiatie reguleren in neuronale voorlopercellen te vergemakkelijken. Een voordeel van dit protocol is vergemakkelijking van de analyse van celfunctie door immunofluorescentie. 3D EB&#39;s niet goed gepenetreerd door antilichamen en moeilijk beeld. EB dissociatie in een 2D monolaag op specifieke tijdstippen tijdens neurale differentiatie bevordert immunokleuring en beeldvorming van de cellen met confocale microscopie.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

Muis embryonale stamcellen (SER) geïsoleerd uit de binnenste massa van de blastocyst (gewoonlijk op dag E3.5), kan worden gebruikt als in vitro modelsysteem voor het bestuderen vroege embryonale ontwikkeling. Bij afwezigheid van leukemie remmende factor (LIF), SER differentiëren standaard tot neurale voorlopercellen. Ze kunnen worden vergaard in een driedimensionale (3D) sferisch aggregaat aangeduid embryoiden lichaam (EB) vanwege zijn gelijkenis met het vroege stadium embryo. EBS kunnen worden gezaaid op fibronectine beklede dekglaasjes, waar ze uitbreiden door kweken tweedimensionale (2D) extensies of geïmplanteerd in 3D collageenmatrices waar ze blijven groeien als sferoïden en differentiëren tot drie kiembladen: endodermale, mesodermale en ectodermale. De 3D collageen cultuur bootst de in vivo omgeving beter dan de 2D-EBS. De 2D EB cultuur vergemakkelijkt de analyse van immunofluorescentie en immunoblotting om differentiatie te volgen. We hebben een twee-staps neurale differentia ontwikkeldtie protocol. In de eerste stap worden EB opgewekt door de hangende druppel techniek en tegelijkertijd worden geïnduceerd om te differentiëren door blootstelling aan retinoïnezuur (RA). In de tweede stap neurale differentiatie verloopt in een 2D- of 3D-formaat bij afwezigheid van RA.

Oct4, Nanog, en SOX2 de kern transcriptiefactoren die ESC zelfvernieuwing en pluripotentie verlenen. We pasten bovenstaande protocol bij de neurale differentiatie van SER vergelijken van wild type en van een stam van genetisch gemodificeerde muizen waarbij Syx, een gen dat codeert voor het RhoA specifieke exchange factor Syx wordt verstoord. We hadden Syx betrokken bij angiogenese 18. Wij merkten verschillen in het gedrag van EBS geaggregeerde van Syx...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

We beschrijven een werkwijze voor het gebruiken van muriene embryonale stamcellen voor het genereren van twee- of driedimensionaal embryoïde lichamen. Vervolgens hebben we uitgelegd hoe neurale differentiatie van de embryoid lichaamscellen door retinolzuur, en hoe ertoe te bewegen hun staat van differentiatie te analyseren door voorlopercellen cel marker immunofluorescentie en immunoblotting.

Analyse van retinoïnezuur geïnduceerde neurale differentiatie van muis embryonale stamcellen in twee en drie-dimensionale embryoiden organen

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Afleiden van retinale pigment epitheel (RPE) van induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cellen door verschillende maten van embryoiden Bodies

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Differentiatie van een menselijke neurale stamcellen Line op Three Dimensional Culturen, Analyse van MicroRNA en vermeende doelwit-genen

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

Neurale differentiatie van muis embryonale stamcellen in serum-vrije monolaagkweek

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Epigenetische regulatie van Cardiac Differentiatie van embryonale stamcellen en weefsels

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Voorspelling en Validatie van Gene Regulatory Elements geactiveerd tijdens retinoïnezuur Induced embryonale stamcellen Differentiatie

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Horizontale gehele berging: Een nieuw verwerkings- en beeldprotocol voor dikke, driedimensionale weefsel dwarsdoorsneden van de huid

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Snelle, gerichte differentiatie van de epitheliale cellen van de retinale Pigment van menselijke embryonale of geïnduceerde pluripotente stamcellen

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Steiger-vrije, driedimensionale insuline uitdrukken Pancreatoids van muis alvleesklier voorlopercellen In Vitro generatie

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computationele analyse van de Caenorhabditis elegans Germline te bestuderen van de distributie van kernen, eiwitten en het cytoskelet

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generatie van menselijke primordiale geslachtscellen-achtige cellen aan de oppervlakte van Embryoid instanties van primer-pluripotent geïnduceerde pluripotente stamcellen

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...