Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Cette étude a été soutenue par subvention du NIH R01 HL119984 AH

1. La culture de fibroblastes embryonnaires de souris (FAE) <ol><li> Préparer le milieu MEF, le milieu de Eagle modifié par Dulbecco (DMEM, à haute glucose), supplémenté avec 15% de sérum de fœtus bovin (FBS). </li><li> Manteau de 100 mm des boîtes de culture cellulaire avec une solution de gélatine à 0,5% pendant 30 min à température ambiante (RT). </li><li> Count en utilisant un cytomètre FAE. Retirer la solution de gélatine et verser immédiatement milieu MEF pré-chauffé à 37 ° C. Décongeler rapi...

<ol>
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Dans ce protocole, nous présentons une méthode relativement simple et accessible pour étudier la différenciation neuronale des souris CES. Dans les protocoles précédents, RA a été ajouté au milieu au jour 2 ou 4 jours de la tenture-drop EB 8 ou par culture en suspension 7, respectivement, ou immédiatement après l&#39;agrégation goutte suspendue EB 21. Dans le protocole que nous avons conçu, RA a été ajouté plus tôt. En dépit de la ...

Proviennent de la CES masse cellulaire interne blastocyste. Ces cellules sont pluripotentes, à savoir qu&#39;ils ont la capacité de se différencier en n&#39;importe quel type de cellule de l&#39;organisme d&#39;origine. ESC différenciation in vitro est d&#39; un grand intérêt en tant que système expérimental pour étudier les voies de développement et les mécanismes. Il offre un système de modèle puissant et flexible pour tester de nouvelles approches thérapeutiques pour la correction du dysfonctionnement des cellules et des tissus. Récapitulent de nombreux aspects EBs de la différenciation cellulaire au cours de l&#39;embryogenèse précoce. En particulier EbS peuvent être utilisés lorsque l&#39; embryon rend la létalité difficile de déterminer la base cellulaire des défauts embryonnaires 1, 2. EB peuvent être formés soit par des techniques de suspension goutte suspendue ou liquides 3. L&#39;avantage de la première est la capacité de générer des EBs de taille uniforme et de densité, facilitant ainsi la reproductibilité expérimentale. <p class = « jove_content »&gt; L&#39;interaction avec les protéines d&#39;adhésion matrice extracellulaire (ECM) peut affecter la motilité et la survie des cellules adhérentes. Dans le système de culture 2D, la fibronectine est souvent appliquée pour augmenter l&#39;adhérence des cellules au substrat. La fibronectine est un composant de membrane basale reconnu par 10 types de surface cellulaire hétérodimères d&#39; intégrines 4. RA est un petit métabolite lipophile de la vitamine A qui induit la différenciation des neurones 5, 6. De fortes concentrations de RA favorisent l&#39; expression du gène de neurones et réprime l&#39; expression du gène mésodermique pendant la formation EB 7, 8. RA est produite par oxydation de la vitamine A rétinaldéhyde soit par l&#39;alcool déshydrogénase ou rétinol, suivie d&#39; une oxydation de rétinaldéhyde pour le produit final par le rétinaldéhyde déshydrogénase 9. différenciation neurale nécessite le transport de la PR du cytoplasme<html> au noyau par la protéine de liaison cellulaire RA-2 (CRABP2). Dans le noyau, RA se lie à son récepteur apparenté complexe consistant en un hétérodimère RAR-RXR 10. Cela se traduit par le recrutement de co-activateurs de transcription et l&#39;initiation de la transcription 9, 11. En outre, RA favorise la dégradation de phosphorylé (active) SMAD1, ainsi antagoniser la signalisation BMP et SMAD 12. En plus de ces activités, RA augmente l&#39; expression de Pax6, un facteur de transcription qui favorise la différenciation des neurones 13. La signalisation de la PR est modulée par sirtuines-1 (Sirt1), une nicotinamide adénine dinucléotide nucléaire (NAD +) - enzyme dépendante qui désacétyle CRABP2, en interférant avec sa translocation vers le noyau, et donc avec RA liaison à l&#39;hétérodimère RAR-RXR 14, 15, 16. e_content &quot;&gt; Notre objectif dans la conception du protocole EB-traité RA décrit ici est d&#39;optimiser la différenciation neuronale afin de faciliter l&#39; analyse in vitro des voies de signalisation qui régulent la différenciation ESC dans les cellules précurseurs neuronaux. L&#39; un des avantages de ce protocole est la facilitation de l&#39;analyse de la fonction des cellules par immunofluorescence. 3D EB ne sont pas bien pénétré par les anticorps et sont difficiles à image. dissociation EB dans une monocouche 2D à des moments spécifiques au cours de la différenciation neuronale facilite l&#39;immunomarquage et l&#39;imagerie des cellules par microscopie confocale.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

Souris des cellules souches embryonnaires (CSE) isolées de la masse interne du blastocyste (typiquement à E3.5 jour), peut être utilisé comme système modèle in vitro pour étudier le développement embryonnaire précoce. En l&#39;absence de facteur inhibiteur de leucémie (LIF), CES différencient par défaut dans les cellules précurseurs neurales. Ils peuvent être amassés dans un agrégat sphérique en trois dimensions (3D) appelé corps embryoïdes (EB) en raison de sa similitude avec l&#39;embryon à un stade précoce. EB peuvent être ensemencées sur des lamelles revêtues de fibronectine, où ils se détendent en cultivant deux extensions dimensions (2D), ou implantés dans des matrices de collagène 3D où ils continuent de plus en plus sous forme de sphéroïdes, et se différencient en trois couches germinales: endodermique, mésodermique et ectodermique. La culture de collagène 3D imite l&#39;environnement in vivo plus près que la 2D SRU. La culture 2D EB facilite l&#39;analyse par immunofluorescence et immunoblot pour suivre la différenciation. Nous avons développé une differentia neuronale en deux étapesProtocole de tion. Dans la première étape, EBS sont générées par la technique de la goutte suspendue, et, simultanément, sont induites à se différencier par l&#39;exposition à l&#39;acide rétinoïque (RA). Dans la seconde étape, le produit de différenciation de neurones dans un format 2D ou 3D, en l&#39;absence de RA.

Oct4, Nanog, et SOX2 sont les facteurs de transcription de base qui confèrent ESC auto-renouvellement et la pluripotence. Nous avons appliqué le protocole ci - dessus pour comparer la différenciation neuronale des CES de type sauvage et d&#39;une souche de souris génétiquement modifiées où Syx, un gène codant pour le facteur d&#39;échange spécifique de RhoA Syx, est perturbé. Nous avions impliqués dans l&#39; angiogenèse Syx 18. Nous avons re...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

Nous décrivons une technique pour l&#39;utilisation de cellules souches embryonnaires de souris pour générer deux ou trois dimensions des corps embryoïdes. Nous expliquons alors comment induire la différenciation neuronale des cellules du corps embryoïdes par l&#39;acide rétinoïque, et comment analyser leur état de différenciation par immunofluorescence marqueur de cellules progénitrices et immunoblotting.

L&#39;analyse des rétinoïque induite par l&#39;acide Neuro-Différenciation de cellules souches embryonnaires de souris en deux et trois dimensions corps embryoïdes

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Découlant épithélium pigmentaire rétinien (EPR) à partir de souches pluripotentes induites (iPS) de différentes tailles de corps embryoïdes

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

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Biologie du développement

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Différenciation d&#39;un Neural Stem Cell humaine ligne sur Trois Cultures dimensionnelles, les gènes Analyse des microARN et Putative cibles

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

Différenciation neurale des souris de cellules souches embryonnaires dans le sérum sans culture monocouche

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Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

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Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

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The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

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Analyse de calcul de la lignée germinale de Caenorhabditis elegans pour étudier la Distribution des noyaux, les protéines et le cytosquelette

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Génération de cellules humaines de ressemblant cellules germinales primordiales à la Surface du corps embryoïdes de pluripotence amorcée induite par les cellules souches pluripotentes

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...