Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

מחקר זה נתמך על ידי מענק NIH R01 HL119984 כדי AH

1. תרבות של פיברובלסטים עכבר עובריים (MEFs) <ol style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> כן בינוני MEF, המדיום של הנשר השונה של Dulbecco (DMEM, גבוהה גלוקוז), בתוספת 15% בסרום שור עובר (FBS). </li><li style=";text-align:right;direction:rtl"> מנות תרבית תאים מעיל 100 מ&quot;מ עם פתרון ג&#39;לטין 0.5% למשך 30 דקות ?...

<ol>
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E., Levinthal, D. J., Noy, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distinct+roles+for+cellular+retinoic+acid-binding+proteins+I+and+II+in+regulating+signaling+by+retinoic+acid.">Distinct roles for cellular retinoic acid-binding proteins I and II in regulating signaling by retinoic acid.</a> J Biol Chem. 274 (34), 23695-23698 (1999).</li><li>Sessler, R. 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K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syx,+a+RhoA+guanine+exchange+factor,+is+essential+for+angiogenesis+in+Vivo.">Syx, a RhoA guanine exchange factor, is essential for angiogenesis in Vivo.</a> Circ Res. 103 (7), 710-716 (2008).</li><li>Chou, Y. H., Khuon, S., Herrmann, H., Goldman, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nestin+promotes+the+phosphorylation-dependent+disassembly+of+vimentin+intermediate+filaments+during+mitosis.">Nestin promotes the phosphorylation-dependent disassembly of vimentin intermediate filaments during mitosis.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 14 (4), 1468-1478 (2003).</li><li>Arai, T., Matsumoto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+localization+of+functionally+differentiated+microtubules+in+squid+neurons:+regional+distribution+of+microtubule-associated+proteins+and+beta-tubulin+isotypes.">Subcellular localization of functionally differentiated microtubules in squid neurons: regional distribution of microtubule-associated proteins and beta-tubulin isotypes.</a> J Neurochem. 51 (6), 1825-1838 (1988).</li><li>Arnhold, S., Klein, H., Semkova, I., Addicks, K., Schraermeyer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurally+selected+embryonic+stem+cells+induce+tumor+formation+after+long-term+survival+following+engraftment+into+the+subretinal+space.">Neurally selected embryonic stem cells induce tumor formation after long-term survival following engraftment into the subretinal space.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 45 (12), 4251-4255 (2004).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+receptor+beta+mediates+the+growth-inhibitory+effect+of+retinoic+acid+by+promoting+apoptosis+in+human+breast+cancer+cells.">Retinoic acid receptor beta mediates the growth-inhibitory effect of retinoic acid by promoting apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 16 (3), 1138-1149 (1996).</li><li>Altucci, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid-induced+apoptosis+in+leukemia+cells+is+mediated+by+paracrine+action+of+tumor-selective+death+ligand+TRAIL.">Retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells is mediated by paracrine action of tumor-selective death ligand TRAIL.</a> Nat Med. 7 (6), 680-686 (2001).</li><li>Pettersson, F., Dalgleish, A. 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בפרוטוקול זה אנו מציגים שיטה פשוטה ונגישה יחסית ללמוד בידול עצבי של ESCs בעכברים. בשנת הפרוטוקולים קודמים, RA נוספה המדיום ביום 2 או יום 4 של הירידה התלויה-EB 8 או על ידי השעית תרבות 7, בהתאמה, או מייד לאחר EB תלוי צבירת ירידת 21. בפרוטוקו?...

<html> ESCs מקורם מסת התאים הפנימית הבלסטוציסט. תאים אלה הם pluripotent, כלומר יש להם את היכולת להתמיין לכל סוג תא של האורגניזם ממוצא. בידול ESC במבחנה הוא עניין רחב כמערכת ניסיונית חוקר מסלולים ומנגנונים התפתחותי. הוא מציע מערכת מודל חזקה וגמישה לבחון גישות טיפוליות חדשות תיקון של תפקוד תאים ורקמות. EBS לשחזר היבטים רבים של התמיינות תאים במהלך העובר מוקדם. בפרט, EBS ניתן להשתמש כאשר הקטלניות עובריים מקשה לקבוע את הבסיס התאי של מומים עובריים 1, 2. EBS יכול להיוצר גם על ידי Drop Hanging או טכניקות השעיה נוזלות 3. היתרון של לשעבר הוא היכולת ליצור EBS של גודל וצפיפות עקביים, ובכך להקל על שחזור ניסיוני. = נער &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; אינטראקציה עם תאי מטריקס (ECM) חלבונים דבקים עשויה להשפיע על תנועתיות והישרדות של תאים חסידים. במערכת התרבות 2D, פיברונקטין מוחל לעתים קרובות כדי להגדיל את הידבקות התא למצע. פיברונקטין הוא מרכיב lamina בסיס מוכר על ידי 10 סוגים של פני שטח תא integrin heterodimers 4. RA הוא מטבוליט lipophilic קטן של ויטמין A אשר גורמת בידול עצבי 5, 6. ריכוזים גבוהים של RA לקדם ביטוי גנים עצבי ואת מדחיקת ביטוי גני mesodermal במהלך היווצרות 7 EB, 8. RA מופק על ידי ויטמין A חמצון כדי retinaldehyde ידי אחד dehydrogenase אלכוהול או רטינול, ואחריו חמצון retinaldehyde למוצר הסופי על ידי retinaldehyde דהידרוגנז 9. בידול עצבי דורש הובלה של RA מן הציטופלסמה<html> אל הגרעין ידי חלבון תאי RA-מחייב 2 (CRABP2). בגרעין, RA נקשר לקולטן מורכב מאותו המקור שלה מורכב heterodimer RAR-RXR 10. התוצאה היא גיוס של ממריצים-שיתוף תעתיק, וגם בהוצאת תעתיק 9, 11. יתר על כן, RA מקדמת את ההשפלה של פוספורילציה (פעיל) SMAD1, ובכך קומם BMP ו הסמאד איתות 12. בנוסף לפעילויות אלה, RA מגביר ביטוי Pax6, גורם שעתוק התומך בידול עצבי 13. איתות RA היא מווסתת על ידי הסירטואינים-1 (SIRT1) חברה dinucleotide אדנין nicotinamide גרעיני (NAD +) - אנזים תלוי כי הוא מסיר קבוצות אצטיל CRABP2, מפריעים טרנסלוקציה שלו אל גרעין, ולכן עם RA מחייב heterodimer RAR-RXR 14, 15, 16. e_content &quot;&gt; מטרתנו בעיצוב פרוטוקול EB RA שטופל המתואר כאן היא למטב בידול עצבי כדי להקל במבחנת ניתוח של מסלולי איתות המווסתים בידול ESC לתוך תאים מבשרים עצביים. אחד היתרונות של פרוטוקול זה הוא סיוע של הניתוח של תפקוד תא על ידי immunofluorescence. EBS 3D אינו חדר היטב על ידי נוגדנים וקשים תמונה. דיסוציאציה EB לתוך בשכבת 2D בנקודות ספציפיות עת במהלך בידול עצבי מקל immunolabeling הדמיה של התאים על ידי מיקרוסקופ confocal.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

תאי גזע עובריים עכבר (ESCs) מבודדים מן המסה הפנימית של הבלסטוציסט (בדרך כלל ב E3.5 יום), יכול לשמש כמערכת מודל במבחנה לחקר ההתפתחות העוברית המוקדמת. בהעדר גורם מעכבות לוקמיה (LIF), ESCs להבדיל כברירת מחדל לתוך תאים עצביים מבשר. הם יכולים להיות צברו לתוך תלת ממדים (3D) המצרפי כדורי כינת גוף embryoid (EB) בשל הדמיון שלה לעובר בשלב מוקדם. EBS ניתן זורעים על coverslips פיברונקטין מצופה, ושם מתפשטים ידי הגוברת שני ממדי (2D) הרחבות, או מושתל מטריצות קולגן 3D שבו הם להמשיך ולצמוח כפי spheroids, להתמיין שכבות נבט שלושה: endodermal, mesodermal, ו ectodermal. תרבות קולגן 3D המחקה את הסביבה vivo הדוק יותר מאשר EBS 2D. תרבות 2D EB מקלה על ניתוחים ידי immunofluorescence ו immunoblotting לעקוב בידול. פתחנו differentia שני שלבים עצבייםפרוטוקול tion. בשלב הראשון, EBS נוצרת על ידי טכניקת תליית הטיפה, וגם, בו זמנית, הם המושרה להבדיל ידי חשיפת חומצה רטינואית (RA). בשלב השני, התמיינות עצבית בפורמט 2D או 3D בהעדר RA.

Oct4, Nanog, ו Sox2 הם גורמי שעתוק הליבה המקנות התחדשות עצמית מגוונת&quot; ESC. יישמנו בפרוטוקול לעיל כדי להשוות את הבידול העצבי של ESCs מן סוג בר מן זן של עכברים גנטיים השונים שבו Syx, גן המקודד את גורם RhoA הספציפי החילופי Syx, מופר. אנחנו סבכנו Syx ב אנגיוגנזה <sup cla...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

אנו מתארים שיטה לשימוש בתאי גזע עובריים בעכברים ליצירה שניים או שלושה גופי embryoid ממדים. לאחר מכן נסביר כיצד להשרות התמיינות עצבית של תאי הגוף Embryoid ידי חומצה רטינואית, וכיצד לנתח מצב הבידול שלהם על ידי immunofluorescence סמן תא אב ו immunoblotting.

ניתוח של החומצה הרטינואית המושרה בידול עצבית של תאי גזע עובריים עכבר בשניים ובשלושה-ממדי גופים Embryoid

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

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Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

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Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

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Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

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Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

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We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

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דור של אינסולין נטולת לגרדום, תלת מימדי לבטא Pancreatoids העכבר אבות הלבלב במבחנה

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Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

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Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...