Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

この研究は、AHにNIHの助成R01 HL119984によってサポートされていました

マウス胚線維芽細胞の1文化（MEFの） <ol><li> MEF培地中、15％ウシ胎児血清（FBS）を補充したダルベッコ改変イーグル培地（DMEM、高グルコース）を、準備します。 </li><li>室温（RT）で30分間0.5％ゼラチン溶液でコート100ミリメートル細胞培養皿を。 </li><li>サイトメーターを使用したMEFを数えます。ゼラチン溶液を除去し、直ちに37℃に予め温めMEF培地を注ぎます。急速100mmのゼラチンコートデ?...

<ol>
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このプロトコルでは、我々は、マウスESCの神経分化を研究するため、比較的簡単で、アクセス方法を提示します。以前のプロトコルでは、RA、または直ちにEBドロップ・アグリゲーション21を吊り下げた後に、それぞれ、2日目又はEBのハンギングドロップ8又は懸濁培養7によるの4日目に培地に添加しました。私たちが考案したプロトコルで?...

ESCは胚盤胞の内部細胞塊に由来します。彼らは起源の生物の任意の細胞型に分化する能力を持っている、すなわち、これらの細胞は、多能性があります。 ESC のin vitro分化は、発生経路とメカニズムを調べるための実験システムとして幅広い重要です。それは、細胞や組織の機能不全を補正するための新しい治療アプローチをテストするための強力かつ柔軟なモデルシステムを提供しています。 EBは、初期胚発生時の細胞分化の多くの側面を再現します。胚致死は難しい胚欠陥1,2の細胞の基礎を決定することができる場合、特に、EBを使用することができます。 EBを懸滴または液体懸濁液技術3のいずれかによって形成することができます。前者の利点は、このように、実験の再現性を容易に、一貫したサイズおよび密度のEBSを生成する能力です。 4の10種類によって認識される基底膜成分です。 RAは、神経分化5,6を誘導するビタミンAの小さな親油性代謝物です。 RAの高濃度は、神経遺伝子の発現を促進し、EB形成の7,8の間中胚葉遺伝子発現を抑制する。 RAは、レチンアルデヒドデヒドロゲナーゼ9により最終製品にレチンアルデヒド酸化、続いてのいずれかでアルコールまたはレチノールデヒドロゲナーゼによってレチンアルデヒドへの酸化ビタミンAによって製造されます。神経分化は、細胞質からRAの輸送を必要とします<html>セルラRA結合タンパク質2（CRABP2）によって核へ。核内で、RAは、RAR-RXRヘテロ二量体10からなるその同族受容体複合体に結合します。これは、転写コアクチベーターの動員、および転写9、11の開始をもたらします。さらに、RAは、このようにBMPとSMAD 12シグナル伝達拮抗、リン酸化（活性）SMAD1の分解を促進します。これらの活動に加えて、RAは、Pax6の発現、神経分化13を支持する転写因子を増加させます。 RAシグナリングはサーチュイン1（SIRT1）、核ニコチンアミドアデニンジヌクレオチド（NAD +）により変調される- CRABP2を脱アセチル化依存性酵素、核へのトランスロケーションを妨害し、したがってRAは、RAR-RXRヘテロダイマー14,15に結合すると、 16。 e_contentは&quot;&gt;ここで説明するRA処理したEBのプロトコルを設計する際の我々の目標は、神経前駆細胞へのESCの分化を調節するシグナル伝達経路のin vitroでの解析を容易にするために、神経分化を最適化することである。このプロトコルの利点の一つの促進であります免疫蛍光法による細胞機能の分析。3DのEBが十分な抗体が貫通し、画像に困難であるれていない。EB解離2D単層に特定の時点で神経分化中には、共焦点顕微鏡による細胞の免疫標識及びイメージングを容易にします。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

（典型的には、日E3.5で）胚盤胞の内部塊から単離されたマウス胚性幹細胞（ESC）は、初期胚発生を研究するためのin vitroモデル系として使用することができます。白血病抑制因子（LIF）の非存在下で、ESCの神経前駆細胞にデフォルトで分化します。彼らが原因初期段階の胚との類似性に球状凝集体は、胚様体（EB）と呼ばれる3次元（3D）に集めことができます。 EBは、それらが2次元（2D）の拡張を成長させることによって展開ここで、フィブロネクチンでコーティングしたカバースリップ上に播種し、またはそれらは球状体として成長し続けると、3つの胚葉に分化する3次元コラーゲンマトリックスに埋め込むことができる：内胚葉、中胚葉、および外胚葉。 3Dコラーゲン文化がより密接に、2DのEBより生体内環境を模倣します。 2D EB培養物は、分化を追跡するために、免疫蛍光法およびイムノブロッティングによる分析を容易にします。私たちは、二段階の神経differentiaを開発しましたションプロトコル。第1のステップでは、EBを、ハンギングドロップ法によって生成され、そして、同時に、レチノイン酸（RA）への曝露によって分化するように誘導されます。第二工程において、RAの非存在下での2Dまたは3D形式の神経分化が進行します。

OCT4、Nanogの、およびSOX2は、ESCの自己再生および多能性を付与するコア転写因子です。我々は、野生型からとSYX、RhoAの特異交換因子SYXをコードする遺伝子は、破壊された遺伝子改変マウスの株からESCの神経分化を比較するために上記のプロトコルを適用しました。我々は、血管新生18でSYXを関与していました。 ESCは、および場合SYXの神?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

我々は2人のまたは3次元の胚様体を生成するために、マウスの胚性幹細胞を使用するためのテクニックを説明します。私たちは、その後、レチノイン酸によって胚様体細胞の神経分化を誘導する方法を説明し、どのように前駆細胞マーカーの免疫蛍光およびイムノブロッティングによりそれらの分化の状態を分析します。

2および3次元の胚様体中のマウス胚性幹細胞のレチノイン酸誘発神経分化の分析

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

胚様体の異なるサイズによって人工多能性幹（iPS）細胞から網膜色素上皮（RPE）の導出

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

発生生物学

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

三次元培養、マイクロRNAの分析と推定標的遺伝子上のヒト神経幹細胞株の分化

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

無血清単層培養中のマウス胚性幹細胞の神経分化

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

胚性幹細胞や組織の心臓分化のエピジェネティック制御

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

レチノイン酸誘導された胚性幹細胞分化の間に活性化された予測と遺伝子調節要素の検証

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

水平全マウント：皮膚の厚い3次元組織断面のための新規処理および画像化プロトコール

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

人間の胚または誘導多能性幹細胞からの網膜色素上皮細胞の急速な監督の分化

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

マウス膵臓前駆細胞の in Vitroからスキャフォールド フリー、三次元のインスリンを表現する Pancreatoids の生成

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

核の分布、蛋白質および細胞骨格を研究する線虫生殖細胞の解析

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

プライミング多能性胚様体の表面で人間の始原生殖細胞のような細胞の生成誘導多能性幹細胞

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...