Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

이 연구는 AH에 NIH 보조금 R01 HL119984에 의해 지원되었다

마우스 배아 섬유 아 세포의 (1) 문화 (MEFs에) <ol><li> MEF 매체를 준비, 15 % 소 태아 혈청 (FBS)으로 보충 된 둘 베코 변성 이글 배지 (DMEM, 고 글루코스). </li><li> 실온에서 30 분 (RT) 0.5 % 젤라틴 용액 코트 100mm 세포 배양 접시. </li><li> 세포 계측기를 사용하여 MEFs에를 계산합니다. 젤라틴 용액을 제거하고 즉시 MEF 매체는 37 ° C로 미리 예열 붓는다. 급속 다음, 2 분 동안 37 ° C의 물 배스에서 마이 토마 이?...

<ol>
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J., Noy, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+ligand-activated+nuclear+localization+signal+in+cellular+retinoic+acid+binding+protein-II.">A ligand-activated nuclear localization signal in cellular retinoic acid binding protein-II.</a> Mol Cell. 18 (3), 343-353 (2005).</li><li>Tang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=SIRT1-Mediated+Deacetylation+of+CRABPII+Regulates+Cellular+Retinoic+Acid+Signaling+and+Modulates+Embryonic+Stem+Cell+Differentiation.">SIRT1-Mediated Deacetylation of CRABPII Regulates Cellular Retinoic Acid Signaling and Modulates Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation.</a> Mol Cell. 55 (6), 843-855 (2014).</li><li>Yang, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RhoA+inhibits+neural+differentiation+in+murine+stem+cells+through+multiple+mechanisms.">RhoA inhibits neural differentiation in murine stem cells through multiple mechanisms.</a> Sci Signal. 9 (438), ra76 (2016).</li><li>Garnaas, M. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syx,+a+RhoA+guanine+exchange+factor,+is+essential+for+angiogenesis+in+Vivo.">Syx, a RhoA guanine exchange factor, is essential for angiogenesis in Vivo.</a> Circ Res. 103 (7), 710-716 (2008).</li><li>Chou, Y. H., Khuon, S., Herrmann, H., Goldman, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nestin+promotes+the+phosphorylation-dependent+disassembly+of+vimentin+intermediate+filaments+during+mitosis.">Nestin promotes the phosphorylation-dependent disassembly of vimentin intermediate filaments during mitosis.</a> Mol Biol Cell. 14 (4), 1468-1478 (2003).</li><li>Arai, T., Matsumoto, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Subcellular+localization+of+functionally+differentiated+microtubules+in+squid+neurons:+regional+distribution+of+microtubule-associated+proteins+and+beta-tubulin+isotypes.">Subcellular localization of functionally differentiated microtubules in squid neurons: regional distribution of microtubule-associated proteins and beta-tubulin isotypes.</a> J Neurochem. 51 (6), 1825-1838 (1988).</li><li>Arnhold, S., Klein, H., Semkova, I., Addicks, K., Schraermeyer, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurally+selected+embryonic+stem+cells+induce+tumor+formation+after+long-term+survival+following+engraftment+into+the+subretinal+space.">Neurally selected embryonic stem cells induce tumor formation after long-term survival following engraftment into the subretinal space.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 45 (12), 4251-4255 (2004).</li><li>Liu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+receptor+beta+mediates+the+growth-inhibitory+effect+of+retinoic+acid+by+promoting+apoptosis+in+human+breast+cancer+cells.">Retinoic acid receptor beta mediates the growth-inhibitory effect of retinoic acid by promoting apoptosis in human breast cancer cells.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 16 (3), 1138-1149 (1996).</li><li>Altucci, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid-induced+apoptosis+in+leukemia+cells+is+mediated+by+paracrine+action+of+tumor-selective+death+ligand+TRAIL.">Retinoic acid-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells is mediated by paracrine action of tumor-selective death ligand TRAIL.</a> Nat Med. 7 (6), 680-686 (2001).</li><li>Pettersson, F., Dalgleish, A. 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이 프로토콜에서 우리는 생쥐는 ESC의 신경 분화를 연구하는 비교적 간단한 접근 방법을 제시한다. 이전의 프로토콜에서는, RA가 제 2 일 또는 EB 매달려 드롭 (8)의 제 4 일 또는 현탁 배양 물 (7)을 배지에 첨가하고, EB 드롭 집합 (21)에 걸려 각각 또는 직후. 우리가 고안 한 프로토콜에서, RA는 이전 하였다. 현탁 배양에 의해 형성 사채 RA의 초기 도...

는 ESC는 배반포의 내부 세포 덩어리로부터 유래. 그들이 기원의 유기체의 모든 세포 유형으로 분화 할 수있는 능력을 가지고 즉,이 세포는 만능이다. ESC 체외 분화 발달 경로와 메커니즘을 조사하는 실험적인 시스템으로 폭 넓은 관심이다. 그것은 세포와 조직 기능 장애의 교정을위한 새로운 치료 방법을 테스트 할 수있는 강력하고 유연한 모델 시스템을 제공합니다. 교환 사채는 초기 배 발생 동안 세포 분화의 여러 측면을 요점을 되풀이. 배아 치사가 어려운 배아 결함 (1, 2)의 셀룰러 기반을 결정하게 될 때 특히 EB를 사용할 수있다. 사채가 매달려 드롭 또는 액체 현탁액 기술 (3) 중 어느 하나를 형성 할 수있다. 전자의 이점은, 따라서 실험 재현성을 용이 일관된 크기 및 밀도 사채를 생성하는 능력이다. 4 인테그린 세포 표면의 10 개 종류로 인식 기저판 성분이다. RA는 신경 분화 (5, 6)을 유도하는 비타민 A의 작은 친 유성 대사 산물이다. RA 고농도 신경 유전자 발현을 촉진하고 EB 형성 7, 8 중 중배엽 유전자 발현을 억제한다. RA는 레티 날 탈수소 효소 (9)에 의해 최종 제품 레티 산화 다음 중 알코올 탈수소 효소, 레티놀, 레티 날에 의해 산화 비타민 의해 제조된다. 신경 분화는 세포질에서 RA의 전송을 필요로<html> 셀룰러 RA 결합 단백질 2 (CRABP2)에 의한 핵. 핵에서, RA는 RAR-RXR 헤테로 10 이루어진 동종 수용체 복합체에 결합한다. 이 전사 공동 활성제의 모집 및 전사 (9), (11)의 시작을 초래한다. 또한, RA 따라서 BMP 및 SMAD 12 시그널링 길항 인산화 (활성) SMAD1의 분해를 촉진시킨다. 이러한 활동 외에, RA는 PAX6 식 신경 분화 13을지지하는 전사 인자를 증가시킨다. RA 시그널링 시르-1 (SIRT1) 핵 니코틴 아마이드 아데닌 다이 뉴클레오타이드 (NAD +)에 의해 변조되고, - 핵으로의 전좌 방해 CRABP2을 deacetylates 의존성 효소, 따라서 RA가 RAR-RXR 헤테로 14 (15)에 결합하여, (16). e_content은 &quot;&gt; 여기에 설명 된 RA 처리 EB 프로토콜을 설계하는 우리의 목표는 신경 전구 세포에 ESC 분화를 조절하는 신호 전달 경로의 체외 분석을 용이하게하기 위해 신경 분화를 최적화하는 것입니다.이 프로토콜의 장점 중 하나의 촉진이다 면역. 3D 사채 의한 세포 기능의 분석은 또한 항체 관통 신경 분화를 공 초점 현미경에 의해 immunolabeling 및 세포 이미징을 용이하게하는 동안 특정 시점에서 2 차원 단층으로 이미지. EB 해리하기 어려운 것은 아니다.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

배반포 (일반적으로 일 E3.5에서)의 내부 물질로부터 격리 마우스 배아 줄기 세포 (는 ESC)는 초기 배아 발달을 연구하기위한 체외 모델 시스템으로 사용할 수 있습니다. 백혈병 억제 인자 (LIF)가 없을는 ESC를 신경 전구 세포로 분화 기본적. 이들은 인해 초기 단계 배아의 유사성 구형 집합체 배아 체 (EB)을 지칭 삼차원 (3D)에 축적 될 수있다. 교환 사채는 두 가지 차원 (2D) 확장을 성장으로 확장 곳, 피브로넥틴 코팅 커버 슬립에 시드, 또는 그들이 회전 타원체로 성장을 계속하고 3 개 개의 배엽으로 분화 3D 콜라겐 매트릭스에 이식 할 수 있습니다 내배엽, 중배엽과 외배엽. 3 차원 콜라겐 문화는 2D 사채보다 더 밀접하게 생체 내 환경을 모방. 2 차원 EB 문화는 면역과 차별화를 추적하기 위해 면역 블에 의해 분석을 용이하게합니다. 우리는 두 단계 신경 differentia을 개발했다기 프로토콜입니다. 첫 번째 단계에서, 사채 동시에, 레티노 산 (RA)에 대한 노출에 의해 분화 유도되고, 상기 걸이 드롭 방법에 의해 발생하고있다. 두 번째 단계에서, RA의 부재 2D 또는 3D 포맷에서 신경 분화를 진행한다.

Oct4는, Nanog를, 및 SOX2는 ESC 자기 갱신과 다 능성을 부여하는 핵심 전사 인자이다. 우리는 야생형과 SYX 상기에서 RhoA 특정 과거 SYX 인자를 코딩하는 유전자가 파괴되어 유전자 변형 마우스의 균주는 ESC의 신경 분화를 비교하기 위해 상기 프로토콜을 적용 하였다. 우리는 혈관 신생 18 SYX을 내포했다. - / -는 ESC를하고 SYX의 신경 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

우리는 두 개 또는 세 개의 차원 배양체를 발생시키기위한 뮤린 배아 줄기 세포를 사용하는 기술을 설명한다. 우리는 다음 전구 세포 마커 면역과 면역에 의해 분화의 상태를 분석하기 위해 레티노 산, 방법에 의한 배아 신체 세포의 신경 분화를 유도하는 방법을 설명합니다.

두와 입체 배아 체에서 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 레티노 산에 의한 신경 분화 분석

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

배아의 몸의 다른 크기에 의해 유도 다 능성 줄기에서 망막 색소 상피 세포 (RPE)를 도출 (IPS) 세포

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

연구

발생학

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

3 차원 문화, 마이크로 RNA의 분석 및 추정 적 표적 유전자에 인간의 신경 줄기 세포 라인의 차별화

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

혈청이없는 단층 문화 마우스 배아 줄기 세포의 신경 분화

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

배아 줄기 세포와 조직의 심장 차별화의 성적인 규정

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

예측 및 유전자 규제 요소의 검증은 레티노 산 유도 배아 동안 활성화 된 세포 분화 줄기

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

수평 한 전체적인 거치 : 피부의 두껍고, 3 차원 조직 단면도를위한 비발 한 가공 그리고 화상 진찰 의정서

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간의 배아 또는 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 망막 안료 상피 세포의 급속 한, 감독 차별화

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

비 계, 3 차원 인슐린 표현 Pancreatoids 마우스 췌 장 창시자에 체 외에서 의 세대

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

꼬마 선 충 생식 핵의 분포, 단백질, 및 골격을 전산 분석

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

액 pluripotency에서 Embryoid 몸의 표면에 인간의 원시 생식 세포와 같은 세포의 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...