Name: analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies
Uploaded: 2017-04-22T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Denna studie stöddes av NIH bidrag R01 HL119984 till AH

1. Kultur av Mus Embryonala fibroblaster (MEF) <ol><li> Förbereda MEF-medium, Dulbeccos modifierade Eagles medium (DMEM, hög-glukos), kompletterat med 15% fetalt bovint serum (FBS). </li><li> Coat 100 mm cellodlingsskålar med 0,5% gelatinlösning under 30 min vid rumstemperatur (RT). </li><li> Räkna MEFs med användning av en cytometer. Avlägsna gelatinlösning och omedelbart häll MEF-medium förvärmas till 37 ° C. Snabbt tina ampuller med mitomycin C-behandlade MEFs i ett 37 ° C vattenbad under 2 minuter, d?...

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I detta protokoll presenterar vi ett relativt enkelt och tillgänglig metod för att studera neural differentiering av murina ESCs. I tidigare protokoll, till RA till mediet vid dag 2 eller dag 4 av EB hängdropp- 8 eller genom suspensionsodling 7, respektive, eller omedelbart efter EB hängande droppe aggregering 21. I protokollet vi fram var RA lagt tidigare. Trots den tidigare införandet av RA till EBS bildas av suspensionskultur, producerade de...

ESCs härrör från blastocysten inre cellmassan. Dessa celler är pluripotenta, dvs de har förmågan att differentieras till alla celltyper hos organismen ursprungsland. ESC in vitro differentiering är av stort intresse som ett experimentellt system för att utreda utvecklingsvägar och mekanismer. Det erbjuder en potent och flexibel modell för att testa nya terapeutiska metoder för korrigering av cell- och vävnads dysfunktion. EB rekapitulera många aspekter av celldifferentiering under tidig embryogenes. I synnerhet, kan EBs användas när embryonal dödlighet gör det svårt att bestämma den cellulära basen av de embryonala defekter 1, 2. EBs kan bildas antingen av den hängande droppen eller vätskesuspensionstekniker 3. Fördelen av den förra är förmågan att generera EBs av konsekvent storlek och densitet, vilket underlättar experimentell reproducerbarhet. <p class = &quot;jove_content&quot;&gt; Interaktion med extracellulära matrix (ECM) adhesionsproteiner kan påverka motilitet och överlevnad av vidhäftande celler. I 2D-odlingssystemet, är fibronektin ofta tillämpas för att öka cellvidhäftning till substratet. Fibronektin är ett basal lamina komponent som känns igen av 10 typer av cellytan grin heterodimerer 4. RA är en liten lipofil metabolit av vitamin A som inducerar neural differentiering 5, 6. Höga koncentrationer av RA främja neural genexpression och undertrycker mesodermala genuttryck under EB formation 7, 8. RA är producerad av vitamin A oxidation till retinaldehyd genom antingen alkohol eller retinol dehydrogenas, följt av retinaldehyd oxidation till den slutliga produkten genom retinaldehyd dehydrogenas 9. Neural differentiering kräver transport av RA från cytoplasman<html> till kärnan genom cellulär RA-bindande protein 2 (CRABP2). I kärnan, binder RA till dess besläktade receptor komplex bestående av en RAR-RXR heterodimer 10. Detta resulterar i rekrytering av transkriptionella co-aktivatorer, och initieringen av transkription 9, 11. Vidare RA befrämjar nedbrytningen av fosforylerade (aktiva) Smad1, således antagonisera BMP och SMAD signalering 12. Förutom dessa aktiviteter ökar RA Pax6 uttryck, en transkriptionsfaktor som stöder neural differentiering 13. RA-signalering moduleras av sirtuin-1 (SIRT1), en nukleär nikotinamidadenindinukleotid (NAD +) - beroende enzym som deacetylates CRABP2, interferera med dess translokation till kärnan, och således med RA bindning till RAR-RXR heterodimer 14, 15, 16. e_content &quot;&gt; Vårt mål i utformningen av RA-behandlade EB protokoll som beskrivs här är att optimera neural differentiering för att underlätta in vitro-analys av de signalvägar som reglerar ESC differentiering till neuronala prekursorceller. En av fördelarna med detta protokoll är underlättande av analys av cellfunktionen genom immunofluorescens. 3D EBs är inte väl penetrerad av antikroppar och är svåra att bilden. EB dissociation till en 2D monoskikt vid specifika tidpunkter under neural differentiering underlättar immunomärkning och avbildning av cellerna genom konfokalmikroskopi.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Materials</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEFs</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>PMEF-CF</td>
			<td>ESC feeder layer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ESC</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>CMTI-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (60 mm)</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30701119</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>Hanging drops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>662160</td>
			<td>2D EBs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well plate</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td>30720113</td>
			<td>Transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dark 1.5 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>Celltreat Scientific Products</td>
			<td>229437</td>
			<td>RA stock solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover-glass</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-545-80</td>
			<td>Circular, 12 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Superfrost-plus microscope slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-550-15</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D collagen culture kit</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ECM675</td>
			<td>3D culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Effectene Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Qiagen</td>
			<td>301427</td>
			<td>Stem cell transfection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcon&#160;Centrifugal Filters (10 kDa)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>MRCPRT010</td>
			<td>Protein concentration</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>12-709F</td>
			<td>MEFs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IMDM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12440-046</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>EMD Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-009-B</td>
			<td>ESCs culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G2625</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LIF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>8878-LF-025</td>
			<td>To maintain ESC pluripotency</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solutions</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140050</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamicin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>15750060</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MycoZap Plus-PR</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>VZA-2022</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200-072</td>
			<td>Cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMSO</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-trans-retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R2625-50MG</td>
			<td>Induction of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine Serum Albumin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A7030-50G</td>
			<td>Blocking and antibody dilution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T8787-100ML</td>
			<td>Cell membrane permeabilization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>352360</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Prolong Gold anti-fade reagent with DAPI</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>P36931</td>
			<td>Mounting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>16% Paraformaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td>Cell fixation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>1030-FN</td>
			<td>Dish coating</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Collagenase type I</td>
			<td>Worthington Biochem. Corp</td>
			<td>LS004196</td>
			<td>EB dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Primary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nestin (Rat-401)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-33677</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oct4</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-5279</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanog</td>
			<td>Bethyl Laboratories</td>
			<td>A300-398A</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sox2</td>
			<td>Cell Signaling</td>
			<td>3579</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubulin b3 (AA10)</td>
			<td>Santa Cruz Biotech</td>
			<td>sc-80016</td>
			<td>Detection of neural differentiation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Secondary Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-Mouse-Alexa555</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A31570</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Donkey anti-mouse-Alexa488&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Tech.</td>
			<td>A21202</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name&#160;</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td colspan="4">Instruments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wide-field microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>Eclipse TS100</td>
			<td>Cell culture imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Confocal microscope</td>
			<td>Nikon</td>
			<td>C2</td>
			<td>Immunofluorescence imaging</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in two and three-dimensional embryoid bodies

Mus embryonala stamceller (ESC) som isolerats från den inre massan av blastocysten (typiskt vid dag E3.5), kan användas som in vitro-modellsystem för att studera tidig embryonal utveckling. I frånvaro av leukemihämmande faktor (LIF), ESC differentierar som standard till neurala prekursorceller. De kan samlat till en tredimensionell (3D) sfäriska aggregat benämnda embryoid kropp (EB) på grund av dess likhet med det tidiga stadiet embryot. EBs kan ympas på fibronektinbelagda täckglas, där de expanderar genom att odla två dimensionella (2D) förlängningar, eller implanteras i 3D kollagenmatriser där de fortsätter att växa som sfäroider, och differentierar till de tre groddblad: endodermala, mesodermala och ektodermalt. 3D collagen kulturen härmar in vivo miljö närmare än 2D EBS. 2D EB kulturen underlättar analys genom immunofluorescens och immunoblotting att spåra differentiering. Vi har utvecklat en tvåstegs neural differentieringtion-protokollet. I det första steget, är EBs genereras av hängdropp- teknik, och, samtidigt, induceras att differentiera genom exponering för retinsyra (RA). I det andra steget, neurala differentieringsfortskrider i en 2D- eller 3D-format i frånvaro av RA.

Oct4, Nanog och SOX2 är kärntranskriptionsfaktorer som ger ESC självförnyelse och pluripotens. Vi tillämpade ovanstående protokoll för att jämföra den neurala differentieringen av ESCs från vildtyp och från en stam av genetiskt modifierade möss där Syx, en gen som kodar för det RhoA specifika utbyte faktor Syx, störs. Vi hade inblandad Syx i angiogenes 18. Vi märkte skillnader i beteenden EBS aggregerade från Syx + / +...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies at JoVE.com

Analysis of Retinoic Acid-induced Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Two and Three-dimensional Embryoid Bodies

Vi beskriver en teknik för användning av murina embryonala stamceller för generering av två eller tre dimensionella embryoidkroppar. Vi förklarar sedan hur man framkalla neural differentiering av embryoida kroppens celler av retinoinsyra och hur man analyserar deras tillstånd av differentiering av stamceller markör immunofluorescens och immunoblotting.

Analys av retinsyra-inducerade Neural differentiering av Mouse embryonala stamceller i två och tre-dimensionella Embryoid organ

Mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) isolated from the inner mass of the blastocyst (typically at day E3.5), can be used as in vitro model system for ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to analyze the expression and production of genes and protein markers, respectively, of neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. This method can help determine the mechanism responsible for the inhibition of neural differentiation by the raw age of DPAs, and lead to better protocols to differentiate stem cells into neurons for therapeutic purposes. The main advantage of this technique is that it facilitates tracking the process of neural differentiation at the emerin and protein levels, including by optical microscopy.Demonstrating the procedure will be Dr.Junning Yang, a research associate in my laboratory. Begin embryoid body formation by harvesting embryonic stem cells with 0.25%Trypsin-EDTA for two to five minutes at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide. Add fresh Iscove's Modified Dulbecco's Medium, or IMDM, with 15%FBS to the detaching cells, and transfer the cell suspension to a 15 milliliter tube.Centrifuge at 160 x G for five minutes at room temperature. Then count the cells using a hemocytometer, and prepare a five x 10 to the fifth cells per milliliter suspension in IMDM with 0.5 micromolar retinoic acid. Next, use an eight-channel pipette and 200-microliter tips to plate 120-microliter drops per 100 millimeter petri dish.Invert the dish and fill the inverted lid with PBS to prevent hanging drops from drying. Culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for three to four days. Use 200-microliter pipette tips to harvest hanging drop embryoid bodies grown for three days.Touch an embryoid body with a pipette tip, and transfer it to a fibernectin-coated cover slip in a 24-well plate. Change the medium on the cultures every two to three days. When changing the medium, collect the used medium for protein secretion analysis as needed.To detect secreted proteins in the medium, transfer 500 microliters of embryoid body medium to 10 kilodalton cutoff centrifugal filters, and spin at 20, 000 x G at four degrees celsius. Examine the medium remaining inside the centrifugal filters every 15 to 20 minutes to prevent excessive enrichment. Stop centrifugation when the volume of the remaining medium has fallen to 25 microliters.Invert the filter and spin at 160 x G at four degrees celsius, then collect the remaining concentrated medium by following the manufacturer's instructions. For a 3D culture, harvest embryoid bodies grown for four days as hanging drops with 200-microliter pipette tips, as before. Transfer 30 embryoid bodies to a 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tube, then prepare collagen gel solution by diluting appropriate volumes of collagen solution and 5X DMEM, adding the neutralization solution, and immediately mixing well.Place the collagen gel on ice. Next, pipette an appropriate volume of chilled collagen solution into the tube containing the embryoid bodies, and then gently pipette the embryoid body suspension into the wells of a six-well plate without creating bubbles. Immediately transfer the plate to 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for 60 minutes to initiate collagen polymerization.After the 60 minutes, overlay the plate containing the embryoid bodies with IMDM. For embryoid body dissociation, again collect the four-day hanging drop embryoid bodies with 200-microliter pipette tips. This time, transfer them to a non-adhesive bacteriological petri dish containing IMDM with 15%FBS and culture at 37 degrees celsius, 5%carbon dioxide, for four more days.Check the embryoid bodies twice every day to make sure they do not attach to the bottom. Gently shake the dish to prevent embryoid body attachment. After four days, transfer the embryoid bodies to a centrifuge tube and centrifuge at 185 x G for five minutes at room temperature.Following centrifugation, remove the supernatant. The palette volume should not exceed 100 microliters. Next, pipette one milliliter of 0.25%type I collagenase, supplemented with 20%FBS in PBS into the tube of embryoid bodies.Incubate the mixture for one hour at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Gently pipette the suspension using a one-milliliter pipette tip every 20 minutes. After the incubation, gently wash the cells three times with PBS.If cell aggregates are present, use a cell strainer with a 100-micron mesh to remove them. Plate the cells on gelatin-coated cover slips in IMDM, then incubate at 37 degrees celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. Wash the 2D or dissociated 3D embryoid bodies with PBS.Then fix with four percent paraformaldehyde and PBS for 30 minutes at room temperature. After washing the fixed cells three times with PBS to remove floating cell debris, add 1%triton X-100 in PBS to permeabilize the cells for 20 minutes at room temperature. After washing as before, remove the last wash and block with 5%BSA in PBS for 30 minutes.Towards the end of the incubation, prepare a primary antibody dillution in 1%BSA in PBS supplemented with 0.03%triton X-100. When the 30 minutes has elapsed, replace the blocking solution with the primary antibody solution. Incubate for three hours at room temperature, or overnight, at four degrees celsius.After washing, apply a secondary antibody in PBS and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on glass slides with an anti-fade medium for optical microscopy. This image shows sprout emergence from an embryoid body generated from ESCs, positive for two copies of the Syx gene, which codes for a guanine exchange factor that activates the GTPase RhoA.The image was taken after six days in 3D culture. This embryoid body formed from Syx KnockOut ESCs demonstrates increased sprouting after the same time in culture. Here, phase images of 2D embryoid body edges show that cells expanded faster from Syx KnockOuts than from Syx wild-type.These immunofluorescence images illustrate that the neural differentiation marker, Nestin, shown in red, was more abundant in cells expanding from six-day 2D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. Here, immunofluorescence images show that the neural differentiation markers Nestin and beta III Tubulin were more abundant in cells dissociated from 13-day 3D6 KnockOut embryoid bodies than from their Syx wild-type counterparts. This is a time-consuming procedure because of the duration of embryoid body growth and differentiation.It not only requires at least eight days, but in some cases we follow differentiation up to 24 days. While attempting this procedure, it is important to remember to limit the viability of embryoid body diameter to ensure similar differentiation rates along the embryoid bodies.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) from Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Deriving Retinal Pigment Epithelium RPE from Induced Pluripotent Stem iPS Cells by Different Sizes of Embryoid Bodies

Härrör näthinnans pigmentepitel (RPE) från inducerade pluripotenta stamceller (iPS) Celler med olika storlekar av Embryoid organ

Pluripotent stem cells possess the ability to proliferate indefinitely and to differentiate into almost any cell type. Additionally, the development of ...

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures, Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Differentiering av en mänsklig Neural Stem Cell Line den Tredimensionell kulturer, Analys av MicroRNA och Förmodade målgenerna

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local ...

Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells in Serum-free Monolayer Culture

Neural differentiering av Mouse embryonala stamceller i Serumfri enskiktskultur

The ability to differentiate mouse embryonic stem cells (ESC) to neural progenitors allows the study of the mechanisms controlling neural specification as ...

Epigenetic Regulation of Cardiac Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells and Tissues

Epigenetisk reglering av hjärt Differentiering av embryonala stamceller och vävnader

Specific gene transcription is a key biological process that underlies cell fate decision during embryonic development. The biological process is mediated ...

Prediction and Validation of Gene Regulatory Elements Activated During Retinoic Acid Induced Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation

Förutsägelse och validering av Gene reglerande element aktiveras under retinsyra Induced embryonala stamceller Differentiering

Embryonic development is a multistep process involving activation and repression of many genes. Enhancer elements in the genome are known to contribute to ...

Horizontal Whole Mount: A Novel Processing and Imaging Protocol for Thick, Three-dimensional Tissue Cross-sections of Skin

Horisontell helmontering: Ett nytt bearbetnings- och bildprotokoll för tjocka, tredimensionella vävnads tvärsnitt av huden

Processing a tissue of interest to generate a microscopic image that supports a scientific argument can be challenging. The acquisition of high-quality ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Snabb, regisserad differentiering av Retinal Pigment epitelial celler från mänskliga embryonala eller inducerade pluripotenta stamceller

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation of Scaffold-free, Three-dimensional Insulin Expressing Pancreatoids from Mouse Pancreatic Progenitors In Vitro

Generation av byggnadsställning-fri, tredimensionella Insulin att uttrycka Pancreatoids från mus bukspottskörteln föräldraparets In Vitro

The pancreas is a complex organ composed of many different cell types that work together to regulate blood glucose homeostasis and digestion. These cell ...

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational Analysis of the Caenorhabditis elegans Germline to Study the Distribution of Nuclei, Proteins, and the Cytoskeleton

Computational analys av den Caenorhabditis elegans könsceller att studera fördelningen av atomkärnor, proteiner och cytoskelettet

The Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) germline is used to study several biologically important processes including stem cell development, apoptosis, and ...

Generation of Human Primordial Germ Cell-like Cells at the Surface of Embryoid Bodies from Primed-pluripotency Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Generation av mänskliga primordiala könsceller-liknande celler på ytan av Embryoid kroppar från primas-pluripotency inducerade pluripotenta stamceller

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are common precursors of all germline cells. In mouse embryos, a founding population of ~40 PGCs are induced from pluripotent ...