Name: visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic angiogenesis in xenopus tropicalis
Uploaded: 2017-05-25T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis at JoVE.com

这项研究的灵感来自Levine等人的工作。描述了这一实验方法，并提供了非洲爪蟾血管发育的综合描述。我们感谢我们实验室的成员的投入。本研究得益于延世大学未来领先的2015年研究计划（2015年至22年）和国家科研基金会（NRF）的生物和医学技术开发计划（NRF），由科学，ICT与未来计划部NRF-2013M3A9D5072551）

所有实验均符合延世大学医学院动物保健和使用委员会批准的方案。 1. 非洲爪蟾热带胚胎的准备注意： 如前所述 ，制作了非洲爪蟾热带胚胎，稍作修改。 非洲爪蟾热带胚胎根据Nieuwkoop和Faber 11的表进行分期。 <ol><li> 诱导排卵 <ol><li>要预先注射，在交配之前一天，将一种青蛙（一只雄性和一只雌性）的人绒毛?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arteries+and+veins:+making+a+difference+with+zebrafish.">Arteries and veins: making a difference with zebrafish.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 3 (9), 674-682 (2002).</li><li>Levine, A. J., Munoz-Sanjuan, I., Bell, E., North, A. J., Brivanlou, A. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fates+of+the+blastomeres+of+the+32-cell-stage+Xenopus+embryo.">Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell-stage Xenopus embryo.</a> Dev Biol. 122 (2), 300-319 (1987).</li><li>Elliott, K. L., Houston, D. W., Fritzsch, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transplantation+of+Xenopus+laevis+tissues+to+determine+the+ability+of+motor+neurons+to+acquire+a+novel+target.">Transplantation of Xenopus laevis tissues to determine the ability of motor neurons to acquire a novel target.</a> PLoS One. 8 (2), 55541 (2013).</li><li>Grainger, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Xenopus+tropicalis+as+a+model+organism+for+genetics+and+genomics:+past,+present,+and+future.">Xenopus tropicalis as a model organism for genetics and genomics: past, present, and future.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 917, 3-15 (2012).</li><li>Weisgraber, K. H., Innerarity, T. L., Mahley, R. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+lysine+residues+of+plasma+lipoproteins+in+high+affinity+binding+to+cell+surface+receptors+on+human+fibroblasts.">Role of lysine residues of plasma lipoproteins in high affinity binding to cell surface receptors on human fibroblasts.</a> J Biol Chem. 253 (24), 9053-9062 (1978).</li><li>Showell, C., Conlon, F. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Egg+collection+and+in+vitro+fertilization+of+the+western+clawed+frog+Xenopus+tropicalis.">Egg collection and in vitro fertilization of the western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Cold Spring Harb Protoc. 2009 (9), 5293 (2009).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal Table of Xenopus laevis (Daudin). , (1956).</li><li>Longair, M. H., Baker, D. A., Armstrong, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+Neurite+Tracer:+open+source+software+for+reconstruction,+visualization+and+analysis+of+neuronal+processes.">Simple Neurite Tracer: open source software for reconstruction, visualization and analysis of neuronal processes.</a> Bioinformatics. 27 (17), 2453-2454 (2011).</li><li>Marshak, S., Nikolakopoulou, A. M., Dirks, R., Martens, G. J., Cohen-Cory, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell-autonomous+TrkB+signaling+in+presynaptic+retinal+ganglion+cells+mediates+axon+arbor+growth+and+synapse+maturation+during+the+establishment+of+retinotectal+synaptic+connectivity.">Cell-autonomous TrkB signaling in presynaptic retinal ganglion cells mediates axon arbor growth and synapse maturation during the establishment of retinotectal synaptic connectivity.</a> J Neurosci. 27 (10), 2444-2456 (2007).</li><li>Cha, H. 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这里提出的方案首先由Ali H.Brivanlou及其同事开发，以调查非洲爪蟾 4的血管形成过程中的发育事件，但如本手稿所示，可用于其他小动物。将染料注入心脏很容易进行，整个血管网络可以在荧光解剖显微镜下以及共聚焦显微镜下成像。如果染料在血管发育过程中注入心脏，血管生长和分支的动力学可以实时成像4 。使用明确定义的静脉网络，特别是PCV和最...

血管生成，从新出生的内皮细胞形成新血管，血管发生，从先前存在的血管形成新血管，是形成胚胎脉管系统的两个不同的过程。这些过程中的任何调节都会导致各种心脏疾病和血管的结构异常。此外，肿瘤生长与不受控制的血管生长有关。因此，血管发生和血管生成的分子机制是密切研究的对象2 。 非洲爪蟾和斑马鱼是有吸引力的脊椎动物模型，用于血管发生和血管生成研究，原因有几个。首先，他们的胚胎很小;因此，对整个脉管系统进行成像是比较容易的。其次，胚胎发育很快;整个脉管系统只需要几天的时间才能发展，在此期间，发展中的血管<html>可以成像。第三，容器形成之前和期间的遗传和药物干预是容易进行的，例如通过将反义吗啉代核苷酸（MO）显微注射到发育中的胚胎中或通过药物3,4,5的浴中应用。 非洲爪蟾对斑马鱼的独特优势是可以进行胚胎操作，因为非洲爪蟾遵循定型的全息切割，胚胎命运图很好地定义6 。例如，可以通过在两细胞阶段向一个细胞注射反义MO来产生仅遗传操纵一个侧面的胚胎。还可以将心原子从一个胚胎移植到另一个胚胎，以确定该基因是否通过细胞内在或外在机制发挥其功能ass =“xref”&gt; 7。虽然这些技术主要是在非洲爪蟾属中开发的，它是异源四倍体，因此不适用于遗传研究，但它们可以直接应用于热带非洲爪蟾 ，这是一种密切相关的二倍体物种。 在活非洲爪蟾胚胎中可视化脉管系统的一种方法是注射荧光染料以标记血管。用荧光分子如DiI标记的乙酰化低密度脂蛋白（AcLDL）是非常有用的探针。与未乙酰化LDL不同，AcLDL不与LDL受体9结合，但被巨噬细胞和内皮细胞吞噬。将DiI-AcLDL注射到活体动物的心脏中导致内皮细胞的特异性荧光标记，并且可以通过荧光显微镜在活的或固定的胚胎中成像整个脉管系统。 在这里，我们在非洲爪蟾中使用DiI-AcLDL进行血管显像和定量的详细方案（ 图1 ）。我们提供了关键的实践要点，例如成功和不成功的实验。此外，我们提供了一种用于定量分析血管复杂性的直接方法，可用于评估遗传和环境因素对血管网络形成的影响。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="539">
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">35mm Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">10035</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">Sylgard mold frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">60mm Petri dish</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">10060</td>
			<td>Embryo raising tray</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Borosilicate Glass</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sutter instrument</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">B100-50-10</td>
			<td>Needle for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">BSA</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">A3059-10G</td>
			<td>Coating reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">CaCl2</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">D.S.P.GR Reagent</td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>0.1X MBS component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Coverslip</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Superior</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">HSU-0111520</td>
			<td>For confocal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">DiI-AcLDL</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">L3484</td>
			<td>Vessel staining solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">FBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Hyclone</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">SH.30919.02</td>
			<td>For storage of testis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Fiber Optical Illuminator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">Z-LITE-Z</td>
			<td>Light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Ficoll</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">F4375</td>
			<td>Injection buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Flaming/Brown Micropipette Puller</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sutter instrument</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">P-97</td>
			<td>Injection needle puller</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Forcep</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Fine Science Tool</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">11255-20</td>
			<td style="width:180px;">For embryo hatching and 
			needle tip cutting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Glass Bottom dish</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">SPL</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">100350</td>
			<td>For confocal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">hCG</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">MNS Korea</td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>For priming of frogs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">H3375</td>
			<td>Buffering agent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Lab. Companion</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">ILP-02</td>
			<td>For raising embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">DAEJUNG</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">6566-4400</td>
			<td>MBS component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">L15 medium</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">11415-114</td>
			<td>For storage of testis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">L-cysteine</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">168149-100G</td>
			<td>De-jellying reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">MgSO4</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">M7506</td>
			<td>MBS component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Microtube</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Axygen</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">MCT-175-C-S</td>
			<td>For storage of testis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">MS222</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">E10521</td>
			<td>Anesthetic powder</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">NaCl</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">DAEJUNG</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">7647-14-5</td>
			<td>MBS component</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">NaOH</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">S-0899</td>
			<td>pH adjusting reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">P6148</td>
			<td>Fixatives</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">PBS</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">BIOSESANG</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">P2007</td>
			<td>Buffer for imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">pH paper</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">P4536-100EA</td>
			<td>For confirming pH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">PICO-LITER INJECTOR</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Waner instruments</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">PLI-100A</td>
			<td>For injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Pin</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Pinservice</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">26002-10</td>
			<td>For incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">Pinholder</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Scitech Korea</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">26016-12</td>
			<td>For incision</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Precision Stereo Zoom Binocular Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">PZMIII</td>
			<td>For visual screening</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:153px;">Standard Manual Control Micromanipulator&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Waner instruments</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">W4 64-0056</td>
			<td>For microinjection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:153px;">SYLGARD 184 Kit</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Dow Corning</td>
			<td style="width:93px;"></td>
			<td>For DiI injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:153px;">Transfer pipette</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">Korea Ace Scientific Co.</td>
			<td style="width:93px;">YM.B78-400</td>
			<td>For eggs and 
			embryo collection</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

visualization and quantitative analysis of embryonic angiogenesis in xenopus tropicalis

血管在全身供给氧气和营养物质，血管网络的形成受到严格的发展控制。血管的有效体内可视化及其复杂性的可靠定量是了解血管网络的生物学和疾病的关键。在这里，我们提供了一个详细的方法，用市售的荧光染料，人血浆乙酰化低密度脂蛋白DiI复合物（DiI-AcLDL）可视化血管，并量化他们在热带非洲爪蟾的复杂性 。可以通过将DiI-AcLDL简单注入胚胎的跳动心脏来标记血管，并且在整个胚胎中的血管可以在活的或固定的胚胎中成像。通过靶向显微注射核酸和/或药理试剂的浴液应用基因扰动，基因或信号传导途径对血管发育的作用可以揭示在一个星期内不参与复杂的遗传工程动物。由于非洲爪蟾定义良好的静脉系统及其刻板血管生成，预先存在的血管发芽，血管复杂性可以在扰动实验后有效量化。这个相对简单的协议应该作为心血管研究领域的一个易于访问的工具。

实验时间表（图1和图2） 受精后不久，可以进行靶向显微注射以调节基因表达。例如，可以注射特异性结合内源性Tie2mRNA的起始密码子的反义MO，通过空间位阻抑制Tie2靶mRNA的翻译。 MO可以与荧光素缀合，以便成功注射胚胎的容易的目视筛选。或者，示踪剂mRNA（ 例如，编码EGFP的mRNA）可以与MO共注射。另外，药物可以通过孵...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis at JoVE.com

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

该方案证明了一种基于荧光的方法来显示脉管系统并量化其在热带非洲爪蟾中的复杂性 。在遗传和/或药理学操作之后，将荧光染料注射到胚胎的跳动心脏中以在体内研究心血管发育后几分钟可以对血管进行成像。

胚胎血管生成的可视化和定量分析<em&gt;热带非洲爪蟾</em

Blood vessels supply oxygen and nutrients throughout the body, and the formation of the vascular network is under tight developmental control. The ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Visualization and Quantitative Analysis of Embryonic Angiogenesis in Xenopus tropicalis

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

Manipulation and In Vitro Maturation of Xenopus laevis Oocytes, Followed by Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection, to Study Embryonic Development

操作和<em&gt;在体外</em中&gt;成熟<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;卵母细胞，其次是胞浆内单精子注射，研究胚胎发育

Amphibian eggs have been widely used to study embryonic development. Early embryonic development is driven by maternally stored factors accumulated during ...

科研

发育生物学

Analysis of Cardiomyocyte Development using Immunofluorescence in Embryonic Mouse Heart

在胚胎小鼠心脏采用免疫荧光心肌发展分析

During heart development, the generation of myocardial-specific structural and functional units including sarcomeres, contractile myofibrils, intercalated ...

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic Meckel&#8217;s Cartilage

Visualization of Chondrocyte Intercalation and Directional Proliferation via Zebrabow Clonal Cell Analysis in the Embryonic MeckelÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Cartilage

通过在胚胎梅克尔软骨Zebrabow克隆细胞分析软骨插层和定向扩散的可视化

Development of the vertebrate craniofacial structures requires precise coordination of cell migration, proliferation, adhesion and differentiation. ...

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

Using Confocal Analysis of Xenopus laevis to Investigate Modulators of Wnt and Shh Morphogen Gradients

利用共聚焦分析<em&gt;非洲爪蟾</em&gt;调查的Wnt和Shh形态发生素梯度的调节剂

This protocol describes a method to visualise ligands distributed across a field of cells. The ease of expressing exogenous proteins, together with the ...

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo

干细胞样<em&gt;爪</em&gt;胚胎外植体，研究早期神经发育特点<em&gt;体外</em&gt;和<em&gt;在体内</em

Understanding the genetic programs underlying neural development is an important goal of developmental and stem cell biology. In the amphibian blastula, ...

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

Transcriptome Profiling of In-Vivo Produced Bovine Pre-implantation Embryos Using Two-color Microarray Platform

转录组分析]<em&gt;活体</em&gt;生产牛胚胎植入前胚胎采用双色微阵列平台

Early embryonic loss is a large contributor to infertility in cattle. Moreover, bovine becomes an interesting model to study human preimplantation embryo ...

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

Technique to Target Microinjection to the Developing Xenopus Kidney

技术目标显微注射到显影<em&gt;爪</em&gt;肾

The embryonic kidney of Xenopus&#160;laevis (frog), the pronephros, consists of a single nephron, and can be used as a model for kidney disease. Xenopus ...

Analysis of Coronary Vessels in Cleared Embryonic Hearts

在清除胚胎心脏冠状血管分析

Whole mount visualization of the embryonic coronary plexus from which the capillary and arterial networks will form is rendered problematic using standard ...

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

Light-mediated Reversible Modulation of the Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway during Cell Differentiation and Xenopus Embryonic Development

在细胞分化过程中光介导的可逆调节丝裂原活化蛋白激酶途径<em&gt;爪蟾</em&gt;胚胎发育

Kinase activity is crucial for a plethora of cellular functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and apoptosis. During early ...

Quantitative Whole-mount Immunofluorescence Analysis of Cardiac Progenitor Populations in Mouse Embryos

小鼠胚胎心肌内祖群的定量全贴免疫荧光分析

The use of ever-advancing imaging techniques has contributed broadly to our increased understanding of embryonic development. Pre-implantation development ...