Name: a method to test the effect of environmental cues on mating behavior in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2017-07-17T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

我们感谢布卢明顿果蝇库存中心的苍蝇股票; C. Gahr，JT Alkema和S. van Hasselt早期尝试开发加压空气测定;碧玉博士为培养酵母提供建议;和Rezza Azanchi和Joel Levine最初开发了果蝇交配行为的延时监测。 JA Gorter得到了神经科学研究学校BCN / NWO研究生课程资助的支持。这项工作得到了荷兰科学研究组织（NWO）（参考文献：821.02.020）对JC Billeter的支持。

环保接头盒<ol><li> 为了确保受控和易于清洁的测试区域，请设置一个120厘米x 64厘米x 85厘米的不锈钢厨柜，如图1A所示。 <ol><li>在天花板正下方的机柜背面钻一个孔，在侧面钻四个四孔，每个孔的直径为2厘米。在盒子的每一侧，距离盒子底部7厘米的高度和12.5厘米的孔之间钻第一组四个孔。在距离底部35厘米的高度处，在盒子的每一侧钻另外两套。 注意：四组四个孔用于摄像机?...

<ol>
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H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+the+postmating+behavioral+switch+in+Drosophila+females+by+internal+sensory+neurons.">Control of the postmating behavioral switch in Drosophila females by internal sensory neurons.</a> Neuron. 61 (4), 519-526 (2009).</li><li>H&#228;semeyer, M., Yapici, N., Heberlein, U., Dickson, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensory+neurons+in+the+Drosophila+genital+tract+regulate+female+reproductive+behavior.">Sensory neurons in the Drosophila genital tract regulate female reproductive behavior.</a> Neuron. 61 (4), 511-518 (2009).</li><li>Rez&#225;val, C., Pavlou, H. J., Dornan, A. J., Chan, Y. -. B., Kravitz, E. A., Goodwin, S. 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该协议描述了在24小时内测试交配行为的测定，同时连续控制耦合对被假设用于确定交配频率的环境线索。当培养基含有酵母时，可以响应于通过加压空气系统输送的酵母空气来增加交配频率（ 图2B ）。另外，用介质中仅含有琼脂，蛋白胨和乙酸气味的简化食品介质可以观察到交配频率中的类似反应（ 图3B ） 通过这里展示的实验，只能对夫妻的一般...

生殖行为通常具有高能量成本，特别是对于产生比男性更大的配子的女性，并且必须仔细选择条件来提高其发育后代。由于能源成本，繁殖与营养条件相关并不奇怪。这是真正的大多数，如果不是所有的动物包括哺乳动物，其可以青春期营养不良，且其性欲可通过食物，限制1的负面影响被推迟。 遗传模式生物体黑腹果蝇的繁殖也受营养条件的影响。男性法院在食物挥发2的存在较高的水平，并且女性更性酵母，鸡蛋的生产和后代存活3，4，5的主要营养素的存在接受。这个对食物的进化保守的生殖反应提供了机会，研究将环境食物可利用性与有遗传易感性和时效性生物体中的有性繁殖联系起来的机制。事实上，在果蝇的工作有牵连胰岛素通路作为食物和交配行为6之间连接的重要调节器。它也表明，交配行为本身改变女性的食品的偏好以及相关联的神经元化学感应7，8，9。 很明显，食物线索影响黑腹果蝇的生殖行为。这些影响似乎主要影响女性，特别是那些已经交配过的人5 。然而，为了测试环境条件的这些急性效应，经典地用于雌性交配行为的测定法可能会由于交配事件之间的长时间中断，不太适合。在经典的重建测定中，一个处女女性首先与男性交配，并立即分离出来，并在24到48小时后呈现了一个新的男性。此经典测定法已被用于取得了巨大成功，以确定修改的女性行为和阴响应12，13，14，15，16，17，18阳射精的组件。因此，这里证实的连续交配测定是经典交配测定法的补充，可用于研究环境条件对生殖行为的急性影响。 使用这里说明的交配行为的连续测定，我们以前表明，一对暴露于酵母的苍蝇会恢复在24小时观察期5，19，20，21 everal倍，而苍蝇不暴露于食品只会remate一次5。这一发现可在指示女性不初始交配后remate数天的黑腹果蝇文献的大部分的光被令人费解的（参考文献10综述，11）。然而，这种差异可以通过测定条件容易地解释，其中在提供新的交配机会之前女性被隔离一至几天。如果在这个小时长的观察期间该对不配合，那么女性的特征就是不接受。此外，由于来自野生捕蝇的数据显示，女性在其存储器官中含有4至6名男性的精子，所以交配频率高不应该是令人惊讶的。因此在dicating，女性自然remate几次22,23。 在这里，我们展示了使用这种连续交配测定来揭示苍蝇如何收集和组合关于环境条件的信息来调节交配频率。该测定允许测试相对大量的交配对进行遗传研究并测试挥发性和非挥发性环境线索的影响。该测定通常运行24小时，但可以延长至48小时，允许测试循环环境线索，例如光暗（LD）循环。我们通过测试来自加压空气系统中的酵母培养物的挥发性线索的影响与食品基质中非挥发性酵母营养物的可用性的结合来证明该测定。 加压空气系统将挥发性线索连续地泵入包含的配合场地sa食物底物和一对测试夫妇（其交配行为被监控）。为了进一步确定酵母影响交配的细节，我们测试酵母的主要挥发性化合物，即乙酸24 ，与蛋白胨（氨基酸）形式的与食品底物中酵母相当的氨基酸含量衍生自动物蛋白酶消化的酸）。这些实验一起证明了可以通过该测定来测试环境线索对黑腹果蝇交配行为的影响。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Cabinet</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stainless steel kitchen cabinet</td>
			<td>Horecaworld</td>
			<td>7412.0105</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>White LEDs</td>
			<td>Lucky Light</td>
			<td>ll-583wc2c-001</td>
			<td>Cold white, 20 mAmp and 2 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Red LEDs</td>
			<td>Lucky Ligt</td>
			<td>ll-583vc2c-v1-4da</td>
			<td>Wavelength between 625 nm, 20 mAmp and 6 V</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resistor</td>
			<td>Royal Ohm</td>
			<td>CFR0W4J0561A50</td>
			<td>560 ohm, 0.25 W, 250 V and 5 % tolerance</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Smartphone light meter app</td>
			<td>Patrick Giudicelli</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Light/Lux Meter FREE, version 1.1.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power timer</td>
			<td>Alecto</td>
			<td>TS-121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metal brackets</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sharp angle 5 by 5 mm,&#160; 2 x 5450 and 1 x 1100 mm long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Frosted glass plate</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1190 x 545 x 5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Filter paper sheets</td>
			<td>LEE filters</td>
			<td>220</td>
			<td>White frost</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small fan</td>
			<td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td>
			<td>4260285292828</td>
			<td>80 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 1200 RPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Big fan</td>
			<td>Nanoxia Deep silence</td>
			<td>4260285292910</td>
			<td>120 mm Ultra-Quiet PC Fan, 650-1500 RPM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Webcam camera</td>
			<td>Logitech</td>
			<td>950270</td>
			<td>B910 HD WEBCAM OEM, Angle: 78-degree, resolution: 5-million-pixel&#160;&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera software</td>
			<td>DeskShare</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Security monitor pro</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing bottles</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>32-130</td>
			<td>6oz Drosophila stock bottle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flypad</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>59-114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wild-type flies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Canton-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fly rearing vials</td>
			<td>Dominique Dutscher</td>
			<td>789008</td>
			<td>Drosophila tubes narrow 25x95 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MIR-154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnetic hot plate</td>
			<td>Heidolph</td>
			<td>505-20000-00</td>
			<td>MR Hei-Standard</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Caldic Ingredients B.V.</td>
			<td>010001.26.0</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Gezond&#38;wel</td>
			<td>1019155</td>
			<td>Dextrose/Druivensuiker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Van Gilse</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Granulated sugar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cornmeal</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Wheat germ</td>
			<td>Gezond&#38;wel</td>
			<td>1017683</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Soy flour</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-115</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Molasses</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>62-117</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Active dry yeast</td>
			<td>Red Star</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tegosept</td>
			<td>Flystuff</td>
			<td>20-258</td>
			<td>100%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Peptone (bacto)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>211677</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic Acid</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>1000631000</td>
			<td>Glacial, 100%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small petridish</td>
			<td>Greiner bio-one</td>
			<td>627102</td>
			<td>35 x 10 mm with vents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin film</td>
			<td>Bemis NA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast and pressurised air set-up</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Big petridish</td>
			<td>Gosselin</td>
			<td>BP140-01</td>
			<td>140 x 20.6 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrapure water</td>
			<td>Millipore corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>MiliQ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast extract</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>212750</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar (pure)</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>214530</td>
			<td>bacto</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose (0(+)-glucose monohydrate)&#160;</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>18270000004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Open caps</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>29 240 28&#160;</td>
			<td>GL45</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone septum</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>548-0662</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Barbed bulkhead fittings</td>
			<td>Nalgene</td>
			<td>6149-0002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Large PVC tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameter: outer 1.2 cm and inner 0.9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small PVC tubing</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>diameters: outer 0.8 cm and inner 0.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Aquarium pump</td>
			<td>Sera precision</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Sera air 110 plus, AC 220-240 V, 50/60 Hz, 3 W and pressure &#62;100 mbar</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Activated charcoal</td>
			<td>Superfish</td>
			<td>A8040400</td>
			<td>Norit activated carbon</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposible filter unit</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td>10462100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipettes</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>612-1600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe</td>
			<td>BD Plastipak</td>
			<td>300013</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hot glue</td>
			<td>Pattex</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter</td>
			<td>Whatman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>FP 30/pore size 0.45 mm CA-S</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Name</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Catalog Number</td>
			<td>Comments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Analysis</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Statistics software</td>
			<td>R</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>lme4 package</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a method to test the effect of environmental cues on mating behavior in drosophila melanogaster

个人的性行为受基因型，经验和环境条件的影响。这些因素如何相互作用来调节性行为仍然很少了解。在黑腹果蝇中 ，环境线索（如食物供应）影响交配活动，提供易处理系统来调查调控性行为的机制。在黑腹果蝇中 ，环境线索通常通过化学感觉味觉和嗅觉系统感觉到。在这里，我们提出了一种测试环境化学物质对交配行为的影响的方法。该测定由含有食物介质和交配对的小交配竞技场组成。连续监测每对夫妇的交配频率24小时。在这里，我们介绍了该测定法通过加压空气系统从外部来源测试环境化合物的适用性，以及直接在交配领域操纵环境成分。你加压空气系统对于测试非常易挥发的化合物的影响是特别有用的，而直接在配合领域操作组分可以有助于确定化合物的存在。该测定可以适应于关于遗传和环境线索对交配行为和繁殖力以及其他男性和女性生殖行为的影响的问题。

使用这种连续测定，可以在实验环境条件下确定具体的交配行为和交配频率。为了控制环境条件，我们将不锈钢厨柜改造成具有自己的光源和扩散的测试区域，确保了高度丰富的光线和从配套场地顶部的最少量的眩光（ 图1A ） 。内部测试区域完全由不锈钢和玻璃包裹，可以用有机溶剂如己烷或乙醇清洗。此外，机柜配备有用作管道入口的孔，从加压空气系统...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster at JoVE.com

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

我们展示了一种分析影响果蝇黑腹果蝇交配行为的环境和遗传线索的测定方法。

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

The overall goal of this behavioral assay, is to quantify the effect of environmental queues on reproductive behaviors, such as courtship and mating. This method can help answer key questions in the field of behavioral biology and eurogenetics. Such as the inference of genetic and environmental factors on reproductive behaviors and the mechanisms that moderate those behaviors.This technique offers speed and flexibility in testing a wide range of environmental queues that affect reproduction. And that with a very good number of replicates. Demonstrating the procedure will be Jenke Gorter a grad student from my lab.Begin the experiment by preparing one liter of rich fly medium. Pour one liter of tap water in a two liter glass beaker with magnetic stir bar. And put the beaker on a magnetic hot plate.Keep the stirring off and turn the heat up to 300 degrees Celsius, until the boiling temperature is reached. Turn on the stirring to 500 rpm and add the ingredients to the boiling water. Wait for the yeast to foam vigorously.Then turn down the hot plate temperature to 120 degrees Celsius. After 10 minutes turn the hot plate down to 30 degrees Celsius. And let the mixture stir, until it cools to 48 degrees Celsius.Monitor the temperature by inserting a thermometer directly into the food. Dissolve two grams of Tegosept into 10 milliliters of 96%ethanol. Combine the mixture and five milliliters of one molar propionic acid to the beaker.Stir for three minutes. Heat a needle to redness in a bunsen burner. And pierce a hole 0.3 centimeters in diameter on the upper side of a 3.5 centimeter by 1.0 centimeter plastic Petri dish.When preparing food medium, with odorous compounds, first pipette 30 microliters of the desired compound into the dish for 1/2 of the experimental dishes. Leave the other 1/2 of the dishes empty for comparison. Using a five milliliter serological pipette pour three milliliters of food medium, covering the bottom of the dish.Cover it with a cheesecloth to prevent contamination and allow the medium to solidify for one hour, at room temperature. Next, place a lid on the dishes and tape the lids shut on two sides. Prepare small paraffin film plugs to cover the holes of the dishes by rolling pieces of paraffin film into zero point two centimeter thick rolls.And then cut them into zero point five centimeters segments. Cut two small holes in the septum to snugly fit barbed, bulkhead fittings. Fit open four point five centimeter bottle caps with a zero point three two centimeter thick Silcone septum.Attach the small PVC tubing to both outlets that exit the bottle and to only one of the inlets entering the bottle. Next, attach a glass tube to the outlet of each YPD culture bottle, using small tubing. Fill the tube with glass fiber.And Autoclave it before use. Wrap the fitted caps and tubing in aluminum foil. And Autoclave them for 25 minutes at 120 degrees Celsius and one bar pressure.Dip a sterile 100 microliter pipette tip into one of the yeast colonies from the YPD Agar plate and drop it into the Autoclaved YPD liquid medium bottle. Cap this yeast and oculated YPD liquid medium bottle, as well as, a YPD medium control bottle, without yeast, with Autoclaved caps, mounted within an outlet. To prevent contamination of the YPD medium with microorganisms, attach the small tubing to a zero point four five micrometer sterile syringe filter, with a plastic push on the bulkhead tubing connector, going toward the filter.And a screw on plastic bulkhead connector leaving the filter. Then attach the tubing to the inlet of the YPD culture bottle. Place the bottles on separate magnetic plates.And stir the solution at 100 rpm, at room temperature, for 24 hours before the start of the experiment. Connect the inlets of both bottles to a tube connected to pressurized air. Make sure to connect the outlet of the experimental yeast bottle to a tube venting the yeast smell out of the experimental room, to prevent interference with the experiment.Attach PVC tubing to the outlet side of the glass tube, and lead this toward the lower holes of the experiment box. Using a T-splitter, with outer diameter greater than or equal to zero point five centimeters, and short pieces of small PVC tubing, attach two serological pipettes to each of the two outlets at both sides. Tape the pipettes flat on the white paper sheet under the cameras, in the steel box.Use a mouth pipette to place one experimental female into a small Petri dish at ZT six. And allow the fly to acclimatize to the mating arena for one hour. After one hour, at ZT seven, transfer a wild type male to the Petri dish.And click Start Monitoring for 24 hours. For the air pump experiment, place the dish in such a way, that a pipette outlet is connected to the entrance hole of the mating arena. To analyze the mating behavior of the couple, select an open all pictures, in an image viewing software.And page through them in chronological order. Write down the date, experiment number, dish number, and start time, into a spreadsheet within the same row. Take the start time of each arena from the moment it is placed under the web cam camera.Record the time stamp from the pictures. Mark the start time of each copulation in the same row, into the spread sheet. Count a mating as an incident, when the male has mounted the female and the couple remains moderately stationery and in the same posture, for at least five consecutive frames.Analysis of yeast air, separated for food medium, shows that a mating couple does not respond to yeast odors when there is no yeast present in the food medium. But they do increase their mating frequency in yeast air when yeast is also added to the food medium. Female receptivity increases upon the presence of Acetic Acid.But only when Peptone is present in the medium, demonstrating that the flies need to simultaneously sense Amino Acids and Acetic Acid, to increase their mating frequency. Once mastered, this technique can be set up in six hours. And the behavioral analysis can be performed in five hours, if done properly.

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

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A Method for Evaluating the Reinforcing Properties of Ethanol in Rats without Water Deprivation, Saccharin Fading or Extended Access Training

一种用于评价大鼠乙醇的补强性能没有禁水，糖精衰落或扩展访问训练方法

Operant oral self-administration methods are commonly used to study the reinforcing properties of ethanol in animals. However, the standard methods ...

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test (rPVT): A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

The Rodent Psychomotor Vigilance Test rPVT: A Method for Assessing Neurobehavioral Performance in Rats and Mice

鼠类精神运动警觉测试（rPVT）：一个在大鼠和小鼠的神经行为评估性能的方法

The human Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT) is a widely used procedure for measuring changes in fatigue and sustained attention. The present article ...

Testing Animal Anxiety in Rats: Effects of Open Arm Ledges and Closed Arm Wall Transparency in Elevated Plus Maze Test

大鼠动物焦虑症的实验研究: 开放臂壁和闭合臂墙透明度对高加迷宫试验的影响

The elevated plus maze test is a behavioral test for assessing animal anxiety in rodents. Although this test is widely applied in the field of behavioral ...

A Burrowing/Tunneling Assay for Detection of Hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

A Burrowing/Tunneling Assay for Detection of Hypoxia in Drosophila melanogaster Larvae

用于检测果蝇幼虫缺氧的挖洞/隧道法

Oxygen deprivation in animals can result from exposure to low atmospheric oxygen levels or from internal tissue damage that interferes with oxygen ...

Elevated Plus Maze Test Combined with Video Tracking Software to Investigate the Anxiolytic Effect of Exogenous Ketogenic Supplements

高架加迷宫试验结合视频跟踪软件研究外源性生酮类补充剂的毒性作用

The overall goal of this study is to describe the methodology of the elevated plus maze (EPM) test in combination with a video tracking software. The ...

Providing Meaningful Environmental Enrichment and Measuring Saliva Cortisol in Pigs Housed on Slatted Flooring

提供有意义的环境富集和测量唾液皮质醇在猪安置在板状地板

As pork is the most consumed meat worldwide, the welfare of animals in the swine industry has increasingly become a major public concern, which imposes a ...