Name: dissection and culture of mouse embryonic kidney
Uploaded: 2017-05-17T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney at JoVE.com

筆者はLeif OxburghとDerek Adamsの知識共有、Leif Oxburghの原稿への有用なコメント、StefanWölflとUlrikeMüllerのテクニカルサポート、Saskia Schmitteckert、Julia Gobbert、Sascha Weyer、Viola Mayerに感謝します。ラボこの研究は、Development、The Biology of Company （CPへ）によって支持された。

マウスは、スウェーデンの規制およびEU法（2010/63 / EU）に従って維持された。すべての手続きはスウェーデン倫理委員会のガイドライン（C79 / 9、C248 / 11、C135 / 14の許可）に従って実施された。ハイデルベルク大学での動物被験者の手順は、ハイデルベルク大学のRegierungspräsidiumKarlsruheとAnimal Welfare Officersによって承認されています。 1.培養用試薬および材料の調製<p class...

<ol>
	<li>Sax&#233;n, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Organogenesis of the kidney. Developmental and Cell Biology Series. 19, (1987).</li><li>Lindstr&#246;m, N. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Integrated+&#946;-catenin,+BMP,+PTEN,+and+Notch+signalling+patterns+the+nephron.">Integrated &#946;-catenin, BMP, PTEN, and Notch signalling patterns the nephron.</a> eLife. 4, e04000 (2015).</li><li>Peuckert, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multimodal+Eph/Ephrin+signaling+controls+several+phases+of+urogenital+development.">Multimodal Eph/Ephrin signaling controls several phases of urogenital development.</a> Kidney Int. 90 (2), 373-388 (2016).</li><li>Pasquale, E. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eph+receptor+signalling+casts+a+wide+net+on+cell+behaviour.">Eph receptor signalling casts a wide net on cell behaviour.</a> Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 6 (6), 462-475 (2005).</li><li>Bonanomi, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ret+Is+a+Multifunctional+Coreceptor+that+Integrates+Diffusible-+and+Contact-Axon+Guidance+Signals.">Ret Is a Multifunctional Coreceptor that Integrates Diffusible- and Contact-Axon Guidance Signals.</a> Cell. 148 (2), 568-582 (2012).</li><li>Brown, A. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+Culture+of+Cells+from+the+Nephrogenic+Zone+of+the+Embryonic+Mouse+Kidney.">Isolation and Culture of Cells from the Nephrogenic Zone of the Embryonic Mouse Kidney.</a> J Vis Exp. (50), e2555 (2011).</li><li>Grobstein, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inductive+interaction+in+the+development+of+the+mouse+metanephros.">Inductive interaction in the development of the mouse metanephros.</a> J Exp Zool. 130, 319-340 (1955).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Toivonen, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Primary Embryonic Induction. , (1962).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Koskimies, O., Lahti, A., Miettinen, H., Rapola, J., Wartiovaara, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+kidney+mesenchyme+in+an+experimental+model+system.">Differentiation of kidney mesenchyme in an experimental model system.</a> Adv Morphog. 7, 251-293 (1968).</li><li>Dudley, A. T., Godin, R. E., Robertson, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+between+FGF+and+BMP+signaling+pathways+regulates+development+of+metanephric+mesenchyme.">Interaction between FGF and BMP signaling pathways regulates development of metanephric mesenchyme.</a> Genes Dev. 13, 1601-1613 (1999).</li><li>Per&#228;l&#228;, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sema4C-Plexin+B2+signalling+modulates+ureteric+branching+in+developing+kidney.">Sema4C-Plexin B2 signalling modulates ureteric branching in developing kidney.</a> Differentiation. 81 (2), 81-91 (2011).</li><li>Thesleff, I., Ekblom, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+transferrin+in+branching+morphogenesis,+growth+and+differentiation+of+the+embryonic+kidney.">Role of transferrin in branching morphogenesis, growth and differentiation of the embryonic kidney.</a> J Embryol exp Morph. 82, 147-161 (1984).</li><li>Watanabe, T., Costantini, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Real-time+analysis+of+ureteric+bud+branching+morphogenesis.">Real-time analysis of ureteric bud branching morphogenesis.</a> Dev Biol. 271, 98-108 (2004).</li><li>Sebinger, D. D. R., Unbekandt, M., Ganeva, V. V., Ofenbauer, A., Werner, C., Davies, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Novel,+Low-Volume+Method+for+Organ+Culture+of+Embryonic+Kidneys+That+Allows+Development+of+Cortico-Medullary+Anatomical+Organization.">A Novel, Low-Volume Method for Organ Culture of Embryonic Kidneys That Allows Development of Cortico-Medullary Anatomical Organization.</a> PLoS One. 5 (5), e10550 (2010).</li><li>Ekblom, P., Miettinen, A., Virtanen, I., Wahlstr&#246;m, T., Dawnay, A., Sax&#233;n, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+segregation+of+the+metanephric+nephron.">In vitro segregation of the metanephric nephron.</a> Dev Biol. 84 (1), 88-95 (1981).</li><li>Davies, J. A., Unbekandt, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=siRNA-mediated+RNA+interference+in+embryonic+kidney+organ+culture.">siRNA-mediated RNA interference in embryonic kidney organ culture.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 886, 295-303 (2012).</li><li>Sax&#233;n, L., Lehtonen, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+kidney+in+organ+culture.">Embryonic kidney in organ culture.</a> Differentiation. 36 (1), 2-11 (1987).</li><li>Bard, J. B. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+the+mouse+kidney+embryogenesis+writ+small.">The development of the mouse kidney embryogenesis writ small.</a> Curr Opin Genet Dev. 2, 589-595 (1992).</li><li>Davies, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+method+for+cold+storage+and+transport+of+viable+embryonic+kidney+rudiments.">A method for cold storage and transport of viable embryonic kidney rudiments.</a> Kidney Int. 70 (11), 2031-2034 (2006).</li><li>Batourina, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Distal+ureter+morphogenesis+depends+on+epithelial+cell+remodeling+mediated+by+vitamin+A+and+Ret.">Distal ureter morphogenesis depends on epithelial cell remodeling mediated by vitamin A and Ret.</a> Nat Genet. 32 (1), 109-115 (2002).</li></ol>

この写本は、発達中のメタネフリカのanlagenをマウスの胚から単離し、器官を培養する方法を記述しています。この方法は、Grobstein 8とSaxén9,10によって開発された標準的な手法であり、多くの他者11,12によって適応され、変更されています。この方法の成功は、主に、外植片の生存および誘導電位の低下が切開時間の延長に伴う切開の持続時間に依存する。?...

The mammalian kidney is derived from two primordial structures with mesodermal origin: the tubular epithelial ureteric bud and the metanephric mesenchyme. During nephrogenesis, the ureteric bud invades the metanephric mesenchyme and branches to form the collecting system. The metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the epithelial elements of the nephrons. These processes occur in a precisely timed and spatially coordinated manner and are initiated by reciprocal inductive mechanisms. Both tissue components communicate and affect the other's cell morphogenesis. 
In the 1920s, it was Boyden who performed the in vivo obstruction of the mesonephric duct in chicken, providing the first indication of inductive interactions as separated nephric blastema fail to differentiate1. At about the same time, the first successful attempts to culture chicken nephric rudiments in a hanging drop were published. Subsequently, the organ culture was developed to study tissue interactions in mammalian organogenesis. In the 1950s, Grobstein developed a technique in which metanephric rudiments could be cultured on a filter. This technique was modified by Sax&#233;n, who placed the filter on a Trowell-type screen in a culture dish1. Over the years, many modifications and applications for organ culture have emerged. The method described here is based on Sax&#233;n's technique but is simplified, as the filters float free on the medium and the diameter of the culture well only slightly exceeds the diameter of the filter, limiting unwanted movement of the filter.
Whole-organ culture is a classical, cheap, and simple but powerful tool to investigate cellular processes and intercellular communication during organogenesis. Organ culture allows for treatment with biological agents, such as growth factors, antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, viruses, and peptides, as well as with pharmaceutical compounds and other chemicals. Also, gene function may be studied using explants derived from genetically modified mice or using inducible gene inactivation technology, such as the Cre-loxP system. This allows for the study of genetic mutations that cause embryonic lethality prior to the development of the kidney. Organ culture can also be combined with fluorescent tagging for gene function or lineage tracing and modern imaging techniques, which enable real-time monitoring of cell behavior2.
In the specific example provided here, the effect of EphrinB2-activated Eph-receptor signaling on the branching morphology of the ureteric bud was investigated. The morphology of the EphA4/EphB2 double-knockout mice suggested several severe defects in kidney development, which were detectable as early as embryonic day 11 (E11) and involved the ureteric bud, the ureter, and the common nephric duct3. Signaling via Eph receptors requires the clustering of the ligand-receptor dimer4. To over-activate Eph signaling, the kidney rudiments from E11.5 mouse embryos were cultured in the presence of clustered recombinant EphrinB2-Fc. EphrinB2 is a known ligand for the EphA4 receptor, which is expressed in the ureteric bud tips3.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21331020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15140148</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS, calcium, magnesium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14040117</td>
			<td>use for dissection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>holo-Transferrin human</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T0665</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin-Transferrin-Selenium (ITS -G) (100X)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>158127</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B solution</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>A2942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium azide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S8032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thimerosal</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T5125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propyl gallate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>2370</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mowiol 4-88</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>81381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glycerol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>G5516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotinylated Dolichorus Biflorus Agglutinin</td>
			<td>Vector Laboratories</td>
			<td>B-1035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa488 conjugated Streptavidin</td>
			<td>Jackson Immuno Research</td>
			<td>016-540-084</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Mouse Ephrin-B2 Fc Chimera Protein, CF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>496-EB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Human IgG1 Fc, CF</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>110-HG-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat Anti-Human IgG Fc Antibody</td>
			<td>R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td>G-102-C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline tablets</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td>use for fixation and immunostaining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5, biologie 
			tips, INOX, 11cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>0208-5-PS</td>
			<td>2 pairs of forceps are needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors, straight, 12cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>03-320-120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dressing Forceps, 
			straight, delicate, 13cm</td>
			<td>agnthos.se</td>
			<td>08-032-130</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dishes Nunclo Delta treated</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>150679</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMTP01300 Isopore Membrane Filter, polycarbonate, Hydrophilic, 5.0 &#181;m, 13 mm, white, plain</td>
			<td>MerckMillipore</td>
			<td>TMTP01300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nunclon Multidishes 
			4 wells, flat bottom</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6789-1CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope cover glass24x50mm thickn. No.1.5H 0.17+/-0.005mm</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>107222</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cover glasses No.1.5, 18x18mm</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>102032</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slides ~76x26x1, 1/2-w. ground plain</td>
			<td>nordicbiolabs</td>
			<td>1030418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VWR Razor Blades</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>55411-055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 mL centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>CLS430055</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Whatman prepleated qualitative filter paper, Grade 113V, creped</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>WHA1213125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixed stage research mircoscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>BX61WI</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black 6 inbred mice, male, C57BL/6NTac</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>B6-M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Black 6 inbred mice,female, C57BL/6NTac</td>
			<td>Taconic</td>
			<td>B6-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Greenough Stereo Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>Leica S6 E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissection and culture of mouse embryonic kidney

このプロトコールの目的は、マウスのメタネフリカの基礎の解剖、単離および培養のための方法を記述することである。 哺乳動物の腎臓発達中、2つの前駆組織、尿管芽および間葉間葉は、最終的に腎臓の収集系およびネフロンを形成するために、細胞機構を伝達し相互に誘導する。哺乳動物の胚が子宮内で増殖し、したがって観察者が接近できないので、器官培養が開発されている。この方法により、腎臓器官形成の間に上皮間葉相互作用および細胞の挙動を研究することが可能である。さらに、先天性腎臓および泌尿生殖路奇形の起源を調べることができる。慎重な解剖の後、metanephricの手先は、培地上に浮遊するフィルター上に移され、数日間細胞培養インキュベーターに保持することができます。しかし、条件が人工的であり、組織内の代謝に影響を及ぼす可能性がある。また、外植片に存在する細胞外基質および基底膜のために、試験物質の浸透が制限される可能性がある。 器官培養の1つの主な利点は、実験者が器官に直接アクセスできることである。この技術は安価で簡単であり、生物学的に活性な物質の添加、遺伝子変異の研究、高度なイメージング技術の適用など、多数の改変が可能である。

Metanephric kidney anlagenは、E11.5で妊娠したBlack-6近交系マウスに由来し、培養した。 3日後、尿管芽は5回まで分岐し、最初はT字型の尿管芽が分岐した。各外植片を撮影し、分節世代を決定し、分枝あたりのエンドポイントの数を計算するために、セグメントおよびエンドポイントの数を定量化した（ 図1 ）。 ImageJ（ rd世代;第4世代は、移植外植片の?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney at JoVE.com

Dissection and Culture of Mouse Embryonic Kidney

このプロトコルは、マウス胚からのmetanephric基盤を単離および培養するための方法を記載する。

マウス胎児腎臓の解剖および培養

The goal of this protocol is to describe a method for the dissection, isolation, and culture of mouse metanephric rudiments. 
During mammalian kidney ...

The overall goals of this procedure are to isolate and culture metanephric rudiments from mouse embryos and to observe the effects of specific treatments on ureteric bud branching morphology. This method can help answer key questions in kidney organogenesis about the control of tubular branching morphogenesis, about epithelial mesenchyme interactions, and about the origin of congenital malformations. The main advantages with this technique are that it facilitates direct access to the organ;that it is simple, inexpensive, and easily modified.Before beginning the dissection, use sterile forceps to carefully place one polycarbonate membrane filter with a five-micrometer pore size into each well of a four-well plate containing 500 microliters of fresh culture medium. Transfer the plate into a cell culture incubator. Then use a razor blade to cut approximately 30 100-microliter micropipette tips approximately one millimeter from the tip to widen the tip openings and return the tips to the pipette tip rack.When the tips are ready, place an embryonic day 11 1/2 embryo in PBS under a dissecting microscope. Use a fresh dish for each embryo. And with number five watchmaker forceps, cut the embryo directly under the forelegs.Next, hold the legs with one pair of forceps using a second forceps to remove the leg tissue. Remove the tail in the same manner, and use the tips of the forceps to laterally and superficially open the body wall of the embryo in a rostral and caudal direction parallel to the dorsal aorta. Cutting superficially, make an incision along the dorsal aorta and use the tips of the closed forceps to carefully separate the ventral part of the body wall from the dorsal body wall.Flip the embryo over and cut the body wall laterally in a rostral-to-caudal direction using the dorsal aorta for orientation as just demonstrated. Once the ventral body wall has been separated from the dorsal body, grasp the ventral body wall with the forceps, and carefully pull to remove the wall and the ventral organ mass. Holding the dorsal body wall with one forceps with the ventral side facing up, use the other forceps to grasp the dorsal aorta at its rostral end and carefully peel the dorsal aorta from the dorsal body wall.Using one forceps, cut rostrally to the kidney anlagen to remove the aorta. And use the tips of the forceps to carefully separate the two anlagen. Use the tips of the forceps to carefully peel the unwanted tissue from the kidney anlagen.And use a microliter pipette and a modified pipette tip to transfer one anlagen and 10 microliters of PBS into the center of one half of a single polycarbonate membrane filter in the four-well plate. Then return the plate to the incubator until the metanephric rudiments from the next embryo are ready to be placed on the filter. After three days at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide, use a micropipette to carefully replace the culture medium in each well with 500 microliters of 4%paraformaldehyde and PBS dropwise to submerge the filters.After 30 minutes at room temperature, remove the fixative and rinse the filters two times with 500 microliters of PBS submerging the filters with each wash. Then add 500 microliters of permeabilization solution to each well for a one-hour incubation at room temperature. At the end of the permeabilization incubation, rinse the filters two times as just demonstrated, and add 500 microliters of blocking solution to each well, After one hour at room temperature, replace the blocking solution with 250 microliters of biotinylated Dolichos biflorus agglutinin and blocking solution, and place the tissues at four degrees Celsius for 24 hours.The next day, wash the filters two times with 500 microliters of PBS per well. And label the tissue with 250 microliters of Alexa 488 conjugated streptavidid and blocking solution for 24 hours at four-degree Celsius. The next day, wash the tissues two times with 500 microliters of PBS per well and use forceps to transfer the filters to prepared glass slides with the explants facing up.Mount the explants with 50 to 100 microliters of embedding medium and cover the tissues with 60-millimeter long number 1.5 coverslips. Then allow the embedding medium to solidify for two hours at room temperature in the dark, and image the metanephric kidney samples. After three days of culture, the ureteric bud of the metanephric kidney anlagen branches up to five times, resulting in a ramification of the initially T-shaped ureteric bud.In the presence of clustered ephrin-B2, the branching complexity has decreased, as compared to control explants incubated with clustered human Fc.Indeed, ureteric bud branching in the majority of the ephrin-B2 treated explants, does not exceed third generation. And the fourth generation is reached in only 8%of the treated explants. Accordingly, the number of endpoints per branch and endpoints per millimeter squared is reduced in the explants treated with clustered ephrin-B2.Further, a third of the explants demonstrate an unusual morphology in the ureteric bud tips, suggesting that ephrin-B2 might have a restricting effect on ureteric bud branching process, most likely by activating FA4 and FB2 forward signaling. Any injury of the mesenchyme decreases the inductive potential leading to a reduced or absent ureteric bud branching. For example, in this explant with an almost-missing mesenchyme, the ureteric bud did not branch beyond the T stage.In this experiment, the metanephric mesenchyme was damaged, leading to poor growth and branching. After it's development in the 1960s, this technique paved the way for researchers in the field of developmental biology to explore kidney organogenesis. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to isolate and culture metanephric rudiments from E11.5 mouse embryo.Once mastered, the dissection can be completed in less than five minutes if performed properly.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

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発生生物学

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