Name: differentiating chondrocytes from peripheral blood-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells
Uploaded: 2017-07-18T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

저자는 자신의 플라스미드 인 Xiaobin Zhang에게 감사 드리고자합니다. 우리는 또한 Shaorong Gao와 Qianfei Wang에게 실험 중에 도움을 주신 것에 대해 감사드립니다. 이 연구는 중국 국립 자연 과학 재단 (No.81101346, 81271963, 81100331), 베이징 215 고급 인재 프로젝트 (No.2014-3-025) 및 베이징 차오양 병원 기금 (No CYXX-2017-01), 중국 과학 아카데미 청소년 혁신 진흥 협회 (YL).

PBCs로부터 hiPSC를 생성하기위한 프로토콜은 이전의 연구 5 에서 찾을 수있다. 이 연구는 우리 기관의 기관 검토위원회 (Institutional Review Board)의 승인을 받았습니다. 1. 배아 체 (EB) 형성 <ol><li> hiPSC 배지 50 ML : 15 % 녹아웃 혈청 대체 (KSR), 5 % 태아 소 혈청 (FBS), 1 × 비 필수 아미노산, 55 μM 2- 메르 캅토 에탄올, 2 MM L을 보충 한 녹아웃 Dulbecco의 수정 이글 매체 (DMEM...

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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+factor+stoichiometry+influences+the+epigenetic+state+and+biological+properties+of+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Reprogramming factor stoichiometry influences the epigenetic state and biological properties of induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 9 (6), 588-598 (2011).</li><li>Okita, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+efficient+nonviral+method+to+generate+integration-free+human-induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+from+cord+blood+and+peripheral+blood+cells.">An efficient nonviral method to generate integration-free human-induced pluripotent stem cells from cord blood and peripheral blood cells.</a> Stem Cells. 31 (3), 458-466 (2013).</li><li>Staerk, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reprogramming+of+human+peripheral+blood+cells+to+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Reprogramming of human peripheral blood cells to induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 7 (1), 20-24 (2010).</li><li>Qu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chondrogenic+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+in+chondrocyte+co-culture.">Chondrogenic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in chondrocyte co-culture.</a> Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 45 (8), 1802-1812 (2013).</li><li>Guzzo, R. M., Gibson, J., Xu, R. H., Lee, F. Y., Drissi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+differentiation+of+human+iPSC-derived+mesenchymal+stem+cells+to+chondroprogenitor+cells.">Efficient differentiation of human iPSC-derived mesenchymal stem cells to chondroprogenitor cells.</a> J Cell Biochem. 114 (2), 480-490 (2013).</li><li>Koyama, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+differentiated+into+chondrogenic+lineage+via+generation+of+mesenchymal+progenitor+cells.">Human induced pluripotent stem cells differentiated into chondrogenic lineage via generation of mesenchymal progenitor cells.</a> Stem Cells Dev. 22 (1), 102-113 (2013).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+insulin-transferrin-selenium+in+auricular+chondrocyte+proliferation+and+engineered+cartilage+formation+in+vitro.">Role of insulin-transferrin-selenium in auricular chondrocyte proliferation and engineered cartilage formation in vitro.</a> Int J Mol Sci. 15 (1), 1525-1537 (2014).</li><li>Guzzo, R. M., Scanlon, V., Sanjay, A., Xu, R. H., Drissi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+human+cell+type-specific+iPS+cells+with+enhanced+chondrogenic+potential.">Establishment of human cell type-specific iPS cells with enhanced chondrogenic potential.</a> Stem Cell Rev. 10 (6), 820-829 (2014).</li><li>Goepfert, C., Slobodianski, A., Schilling, A. F., Adamietz, P., Portner, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cartilage+engineering+from+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Cartilage engineering from mesenchymal stem cells.</a> Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 123, 163-200 (2010).</li><li>Ingber, D. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tissue+engineering+and+developmental+biology:+going+biomimetic.">Tissue engineering and developmental biology: going biomimetic.</a> Tissue Eng. 12 (12), 3265-3283 (2006).</li><li>Yoshida, Y., Yamanaka, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recent+stem+cell+advances:+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+for+disease+modeling+and+stem+cell-based+regeneration.">Recent stem cell advances: induced pluripotent stem cells for disease modeling and stem cell-based regeneration.</a> Circulation. 122 (1), 80-87 (2010).</li></ol>

여기, 우리는 iPSCs를 통해 PBCs에서 연골 세포를 생성하는 프로토콜을 제공합니다. PBC는 임상 분야에서 보편적으로 널리 사용되기 때문에 재 프로그래밍을위한 잠재적 대안으로 제시됩니다. 이 연구에서, episomal vectors (EV)는 Zhang et al.에 의해 확립 된 방법에 따라 PBC를 iPSC로 재 프로그램하기 위해 이용되었다 . 11 . 이러한 통합이없는 접근 방식은 임상 필드 <sup class="xr...

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55722/differentiating-chondrocytes-from-peripheral-blood-derived-human">Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells</a>.
The corresponding author was updated from:
Yueying Li 
yueyinglee2010@hotmail.com 
Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences
The corresponding author is now listed as:
Tie Liu 
waterkins@163.com 
Department of Orthopedics, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University

An erratum was issued for: <a href="https://www.jove.com/video/55722/differentiating-chondrocytes-from-peripheral-blood-derived-human">Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells</a>.

Erratum: Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

연골 조직은자가 수복 및 재생 능력이 매우 낮습니다. 다양한 외과 적 중재 및 생물학적 치료법이 연골 및 관절 기능을 회복시키는 데 사용되고 있으며 만족스럽지 못한 결과가 있습니다. 최근 줄기 세포 기술의 발달로 전체 연골 치료 분야가 바뀔 수 있습니다 1 . 다양한 줄기 세포가 종자 세포로 연구되었지만 인간 유도 다 능성 줄기 세포 (hiPSCs)는 거부 반응을 일으키지 않으면 서 여러 유형의 환자 특정 세포를 제공 할 수 있기 때문에 가장 유망한 선택 인 것으로 보인다 2 . 또한, 그들은 성체 세포의 제한된 증식 성을 극복하고 자신의 재생 능력과 만능 능력을 유지할 수 있습니다. 또한, 유전자 표적화는 연골 세포의 특정 유형을 얻기 위해 유전자형을 변경하는 데 사용할 수 있습니다. 섬유 아세포는 재 프로그래밍 잠재력이 잘 연구 되었기 때문에 iPSC 생성에 널리 사용되었습니다.그러나 환자의 고통스런 생검 및 섬유 아세포의 시험 관내 팽창에 대한 필요성과 같이 유전자 돌연변이를 야기 할 수있는 몇 가지 한계가 아직 극복되어야합니다 3 . 최근, PBC는 리 프로그래밍 4에 유리한 것으로 나타 났으며; 게다가, 그들은 일반적으로 활용되었고 풍부하게 저장되었다. 연구 초점을 피부에서 방향을 바꿀 수도 있습니다. 그러나 우리가 아는 바로는 PBC 재 프로그램과 연골 세포로의 분화에 관한보고는 거의 없습니다. 현재 연구에서 우리는 연골 세포 형성을 모방하기 위해 pellet 배양 시스템을 통해 iPSCs를 연골 세포 계통으로 분화시킨 다음 iPSCs로 분화시켜 PBCs를 대체 소스로 이용한다.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout DMEM</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10829018</td>
			<td>Basal medium used for hiPSC culture and EB formation medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Knockout Serum Replacement (KSR)</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>A more defined, FBS-free medium supplement used for hiPSC culture and EB formation medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>sh30070.03</td>
			<td>Used for hiPSC culture and EB formation medium,offers excellent value for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonessential amino acids</td>
			<td>Chemicon</td>
			<td>TMS-001-C</td>
			<td>Used as a growth supplement in all the cell culture medium, to increase cell growth and viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>An amino acid required for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>100-18B</td>
			<td>A cytokine used for sustaining the pluripotency and self-renewal of hiPSCs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dispase</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>17105041</td>
			<td>Used for hiPSC dissociation for subculture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>C11960</td>
			<td>Basal medium used for MSC culture medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.1% gelatin</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>ES-006-B</td>
			<td>Used for cell attachment onto the dishes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.25% trypsin/EDTA</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>25200072</td>
			<td>Used for cell dissociation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DPBS</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>14190250</td>
			<td>A balanced salt solution used for cell wash or reagent preparing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>&#946;-mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>Used as a growth supplement in all the cell culture medium.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ITS</td>
			<td>invitrogen</td>
			<td>41400045</td>
			<td>Insulin, Transferrin, Selenium Solution.Used for chondrogenic differentiation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ascorbic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>4403</td>
			<td>Known as vitamin C. It helps in active growth and has antioxidant property.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium pyruvate</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11360070</td>
			<td>Added to cell culture medium as an energy source in addition to glucose.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transforming growth factor-beta 1</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>AF-100-21C</td>
			<td>A cytokine that regulate cell proliferation, growth and chondrogenic differentiation.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rabbit polyclonal antibodies against Collagen II</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab34712</td>
			<td>This antibody reacts with Type II collagens,which is specific for cartilaginous tissues.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse monoclonal antibodies to Collagen X</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab49945</td>
			<td>This antibody reacts with Type X collagen,which is a product of hyperthrophic chondrotocytes.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Permount</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>SP15-100</td>
			<td>For mounting and long-term storage of slides</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Toluidine blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>89640</td>
			<td>Used for proteoglycans detection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcian blue</td>
			<td>Amresco</td>
			<td>#0298</td>
			<td>Used for glucosaminoglycans detection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Papain</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P4762-25MG</td>
			<td>Used to digest chondrogenic pellets.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethylmethylene blue</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>341088-1G</td>
			<td>Used to quantitate glycosaminoglyans</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chondroitin sulfate sodium salt from shark cartilage</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>C4384-250MG</td>
			<td>Used to draw the standard curve for sGAG content measurement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>Q32851 (100)</td>
			<td>Used to determine DNA content</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TRIzol</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>15596018</td>
			<td>Used for RNA isolation from cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reverse Transcriptase System</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>A3500</td>
			<td>Used to convert RNA into cDNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SYBR FAST qPCR kit Master Mix</td>
			<td>Kapa</td>
			<td>KK4601</td>
			<td>Used for Real-time PCR</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

differentiating chondrocytes from peripheral blood-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells

이 연구에서, 우리는 말초 혈액 세포 (PBCs)를 통합 된 방법으로 유도 된 다 능성 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)를 통해 연골 세포를 생산하는 종자 세포로 사용했다. 배아 체 형성 (EB) 형성 및 섬유 아세포 세포 확장 후, iPSCs는 무 혈청 및 이종없는 조건 하에서 21 일 동안 연골 분화 유도된다. 연골 세포 유도 후 형태 학적, 면역 조직 화학적 분석 및 생화학 적 분석뿐만 아니라 연골 분화 마커의 정량적 실시간 PCR 검사를 통해 세포의 표현형을 평가한다. 연골 형성 펠릿은 알 시스 파랑 및 톨루이딘 블루 염색 양성 반응을 보였다. 콜라겐 II와 X 염색의 면역 조직 화학도 양성이다. 황화 글리코 사 미노 글 라이칸 (sGAG) 함량과 연골 분화 마커 인 콜라겐 2 ( COL2 ), 콜라겐 10 ( COL10 ), SOX9 및 아그로 칸 (AGGRECAN)hiPSCs 및 섬유 아세포와 비교하여 rogenic pellets. 이러한 결과는 PBC가 연골 수복을위한 iPSC를 생성하기위한 종자 세포로 사용될 수 있음을 시사한다.

hiPSCs의 연골 형성 분화 : EB 형성 배지 및 기초 배양 배지를 사용하여 hiPSC를 중간 엽 계통으로 분화시켰다. 다중 단계 배양 방법이 사용되었습니다 ( 그림 1 ). 첫째, hiPSCs는 10 일 동안 EB 형성을 통해 자발적으로 분화되었다 (D10, 도 2A ). 둘째, EBs에서 10 일 (D10 + 10) 동안 더 많은 세포가 ?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells at JoVE.com

Differentiating Chondrocytes from Peripheral Blood-derived Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

우리는 배아 체 형성 (EB) 형성, 섬유 아세포 세포 확장 및 연골 형성 유도를 포함하는 통합없는 방법을 사용하여 유도 된 다 능성 줄기 세포 (iPSCs)를 통해 인간 말초 혈액 (PB)으로부터 연골 세포 계통을 생성하는 프로토콜을 제시한다.

말초 혈액 유래 인간 유래 다 능성 줄기 세포에서 연골 세포 분화

In this study, we used peripheral blood cells (PBCs) as seed cells to produce chondrocytes via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in an ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to generate chondrogenic lineage cells from human peripheral blood-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, or IPS cells. This method can help answer the key questions in the cartilage regeneration field about using patient derived peripheral blood cells as C cells for the generation of the IPS cells for cartilage repair. The main advantages of this technique are that it is easily reproducible, and the chondrocyte differentiation occurs on the serum and xeno-free conditions.Begin by plating human IPS cells in four milliliters human IPSC medium onto a 60 millimeter tissue culture dish containing a monolayer of irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblast feeder cells. Culture the cells at 37 degrees Celsius in five percent carbon dioxide. When the stem cells are 80 to 90 percent confluent, dissociate the cells with dispace solution for subculturing.After two to three passages, use a fire drawn glass needle to dissect the 80 to 90 percent confluent undifferentiated IPSC colony into smaller fragments, and transfer no more than 100 cell culture pieces into a new nonadherent 100 millimeter petri dish containing 10 milliliters of embryoid body formation medium. Mechanical dissociation is better than automatic digestion because it reduces cell damage to now small fragments of cells to be transferred to the new culture container, and announce manual disposal of the feeder cells, which repress human IPS cell differentiation. Return the human IPS cells to the cell culture incubator.After two days, tilt the dish to let the embryoid bodies settle, and carefully replace three milliliters of the embryoid body formation medium with four milliliters of fresh basal culture medium. After 10 days, embryoid bodies will have formed. Coat a new 100 millimeter dish with four milliliters of 0.1 percent gelatin for 30 minutes at 37 degrees Celsius.Transfer the embryoid bodies with the supernatant into a 15 milliliter conical tube, and let the bodies settle for four to five minutes. Aspirate all but the last 0.5 milliliters of medium, and resuspend the embryoid bodies in 10 milliliters of fresh basal culture medium. When the gelatin has solidified, discard the gelatin.Then seed the cells onto the gelatin-coated dish, and place the dish in the cell culture incubator. After 10 days in culture, the embryoid bodies will have differentiated into fibroblastic cell outgrowths. To induce chondrocyte differentiation, wash the culture with DPBS and detach the cells with three milliliters of 0.25 percent trypsin EDTA at 37 degrees Celsius for five minutes.When the cells have lifted from the bottom of the plate, neutralize the reaction with four milliliters of fresh basal culture medium, and gently titrate the culture five to 10 times. Filter the cell suspension through a 70-micron nylon mesh strainer, and collect the cells by centrifugation. Then seed the cells onto a new gelatin-coated, 100 millimeter plate in 10 milliliters of fresh basal culture medium.When the culture reaches 90 to 100 percent confluency, harvest the cells with three milliliters of 0.25 percent trypsin EDTA as just demonstrated for counting. Transfer a three times 10 to the fifth aliquot of cells into a 15 milliliter polypropylene tube for centrifugation. And resuspend the pellet in one milliliter of chondrogenic differentiation medium.Then, centrifuge the cells again, and place the tube in the cell culture incubator for 21 days without disturbing the pellet. Chondrogenic cells may assemble in vitro, producing characteristic extracellular metrics when under high density culture conditions. After 21 days in culture, a human IPS cell chondrogenic pellet will have formed.After 21 days of culture, the human IPSC chondrogenic cells are positive for alcian blue and toluidine in blue staining, indicating a successful chondrogenic differentiation of the HIPSC pellet. Immunohistochemical analysis for collagen two and collagen 10 further confirms their chondrocyte-like phenotype. Sulfated glycosaminoglycan analysis reveals that the sulfated glycosaminoglycan contents of the cells are significantly upregulated in human IPSC chondrogenic pellets, compared to human IPSC fibroblastic-like cells, embryoid bodies, and undifferentiated human IPS cells.Further, human IPSC chondrogenic cells demonstrate a high gene expression level of chondroprogenitor lineage and fully differentiated chondrocyte markers, suggesting the achievement of a successful chondrogenic differentiation. A multistep culture method used to differentiate human IPSCs into chondrocytes, including spontaneous differentiation via EB formation, cell outgrowth from EBs, monolayer cell culture after cell culture, and 3D pellet culture. The chondrocyte phenotype is assessed by histological analysis, biochemical analysis, and chondrogenic gene expression.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to use a multistep culture method for inducing human IPS cell differentiation into chondrocytes. This technique could be more patient specific and cost effective.

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Three-dimensional Quantification of Dendritic Spines from Pyramidal Neurons Derived from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 파생 된 피라미드 뉴런에서 돌기 쪽의 3 차원 정량화

Dendritic spines are small protrusions that correspond to the post-synaptic compartments of excitatory synapses in the central nervous system. They are ...

연구

발생학

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral T Cells Using Sendai Virus in Feeder-free Conditions

피더가없는 조건에 센다이 바이러스를 사용하여 인간 말초 T 세포로부터 유도 된 다 능성 줄기 세포의 생성

Recently, iPSCs have attracted attention as a new source of cells for regenerative therapies. Although the initial method for generating iPSCs relied on ...

Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Melanoma Tumor-infiltrating Lymphocytes

인간의 흑색 종 종양 침윤 림프구에서 유도 만능 줄기 세포의 생성

Adoptive transfer of ex vivo expanded autologous tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) can mediate durable and complete responses in significant subsets ...

Generation of Integration-free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Using Episomal Vectors

에피 솜 벡터를 이용하여 인간 말초 혈액 단핵 세포로부터의 통합없이 유도 다 능성 줄기 세포의 생성

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) hold great promise for disease modeling and regenerative therapies. We previously reported the use of Episomal ...

Chondrogenic Pellet Formation from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

제대혈 유래 다 능성 줄기 세포로부터 연골 형성 펠렛 형성

Human articular cartilage lacks the ability to repair itself. Cartilage degeneration is thus treated not by curative but by conservative treatments. ...

Rapid, Directed Differentiation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Human Embryonic or Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간의 배아 또는 유도 만능 줄기 세포에서 망막 안료 상피 세포의 급속 한, 감독 차별화

We describe a robust method to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPE). The purpose of providing ...

Generation of Standardized and Reproducible Forebrain-type Cerebral Organoids from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간에서 표준화 되 고 재현 가능한 개 타입 대뇌 Organoids의 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포

The human cortex is highly expanded and exhibits a complex structure with specific functional areas, providing higher brain function, such as cognition. ...

Generation of 3D Skin Organoid from Cord Blood-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

코드 혈액 파생에서 3D 피부 Organoid의 생성 유도 만능 줄기 세포

The skin is the body&#8217;s largest organ and has many functions. The skin acts as a physical barrier and protector of the body and regulates bodily ...

In Vitro Generation of Somite Derivatives from Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

인간 유도에서 Somite 파생 상품의 체 외 발생에서 만능 줄기 세포

In response to signals such as WNTs, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), and sonic hedgehog (SHH) secreted from surrounding tissues, somites (SMs) give ...