Name: bidirectional retroviral integration site pcr methodology and quantitative data analysis workflow
Uploaded: 2017-06-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bidirectional Retroviral Integration Site PCR Methodology and Quantitative Data Analysis Workflow at JoVE.com

资助由美国国家卫生研究院R00-HL116234，U19 AI117941和R56 HL126544提供;国家科学基金会授予DMS-1516675;韩国国家研究基金会（NRF-2011-0030049，NRF-2014M3C9A3064552）;和KRIBB倡议计划。

1.生成上游（左） - 和下游（右） - 连接序列库<ol><li> DNA接头制备： <ol><li>通过加入2μL100μM的LINKER_A寡核苷酸（最终的20μM），2μL的100μM的LINKER_B寡核苷酸（最终的20μM），2μL的5M的NaCl（最终的1M），加入2μL的10μL的接头DNA溶液PCR管中4μL无核酸酶的水。接头序列见表1 。 </li><li>在PCR仪器中将接头DNA溶液在95℃孵育5分钟，停止运行程序，并关闭PCR仪器电源。将接头溶液留?...

<ol>
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双向测定能够同时分析上游（左）和下游（右）载体 - 宿主DNA连接序列，并且可用于许多基因治疗，干细胞和癌症研究应用。与以前的基于TCGA基序的酶（ TaqαI ）为基础的检测2,15和其他方法相比，使用GTAC基序酶（RsaI和CviQI）和双向PCR方法显着提高了检测内含子（或克隆群体）的机会单向LM-PCR方法5 。双向测定改善了IS的分析，特别是在临床或小动物模型研究中经常?...

逆转录病毒将其基因组DNA插入各个位点的宿主基因组。这种独特的性质可能有助于癌症和其他形式的病毒发病机制的发展，具有使这些病毒高度适应细胞工程用于基因治疗和基础生物学研究的讽刺意义。病毒整合位点（IS） - 整合了外来DNA（病毒）的宿主基因组上的位置 - 对整合的病毒和宿主细胞的命运具有重要意义。 IS测定已经用于各种生物和临床研究环境，以研究逆转录病毒整合位点选择和发病机理，癌症发展，干细胞生物学和发育生物学1,2,3,4 。检测灵敏度低，数据重现性差，交叉污染频繁将IS测定应用限制在当前和计划研究中的关键因素。 已经开发了许多IS分析技术。包括连接介导的（LM）聚合酶链反应（PCR） 5 ，逆PCR 6和线性扩增介导（LAM）PCR 7的限制性酶基整合位点测定法是最广泛使用的。然而，使用位点特异性限制性酶在IS的检索期间产生偏倚，仅允许在限制性位点附近恢复4个整合到宿主基因组内的整合子（集成到宿主基因组中的外来DNA） 4 。最近几年也引入了更综合评估载体IS的分析技术。这些测定采用各种策略，包括Mu转座子介导的PCR 8 ，非限制性（nr）-LAM PCR 9 ，II型限制性内切酶缓冲消化10 ，机械剪切11和随机六聚体基因PCR（Re-free PCR） 12 ，以克隆基因组DNA并扩增IS。目前的技术具有不同程度的检测灵敏度，基因组覆盖率，靶特异性，高通量能力，测定程序的复杂性以及检测目标位点相对频率的偏差。鉴于现有测定的不同质量和可以使用的各种目的，应仔细选择最佳测定方法。 该工作提供了详细的实验程序和双向测定的计算数据分析工作流程，通过同时分析整合的靶DNA的上游和下游IS，显着提高检测率和序列定量准确度（参见图1的测定程序示意图）。这种方法也提供了是表征逆转录病毒整合过程的手段（例如，靶位点重复的保真度和上游和下游插入的基因组序列的变化）。其他双向方法主要用于克隆和测序目标DNA 11,13,14的两端。使用公认的LM-PCR方法和计算分析映射以及用于量化上游和下游连接点，广泛优化用于载体标记克隆的高通量和可重复定量的测定。已经证明使用TaqαI酶的双向分析对于干细胞基因治疗临床前研究中的高通量克隆定量是有用的。本文介绍了一种使用更频繁的切割器（RsaI / CviQI-主题：GTAC）的修改方法，使两倍与基于TaqαI的测定相比，他检测到整合素的机会。描述了使用GTAC基序酶用于慢病毒（NL4.3及其衍生物）和γ-逆转录病毒（pMX载体）载体IS分析的详细实验和数据分析程序。测定中使用的寡核苷酸列于表1中 。用于IS序列分析的内部编程脚本在补充文档中提供。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1004">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Thermostable DNA polymerase</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Agilent</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">600424</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">PicoMaxx Polymerase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Thermostable DNA polymerase buffer</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Agilent</td>
			<td>600424</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">PicoMaxx Polymerase buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="26">
			<td height="26" style="height:27px;">Deoxynucleotide (dNTP) solution mix</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>N0447L</td>
			<td>dNTP solution mix (10mM each)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PCR tubes</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">VWR International</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">53509-304</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">PCR Strip Tubes With Individual Attached Caps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">2ml microcentrifuge tube</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Molecular Bioproducts</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">3453</td>
			<td>microcentrifuge tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">PCR purification kit</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>28106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">RsaI&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0167L</td>
			<td>restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">CviQI</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0639L</td>
			<td>restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Buffer A</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B7204S</td>
			<td>NEB CutSmart buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DNA Polymerase I large (klenow) fragment&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0210L</td>
			<td>Blunting</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">streptavidin beads solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>60101</td>
			<td>Dynabeads kilobaseBINDER kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Binding Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>60101</td>
			<td>Dynabeads kilobaseBINDER kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Washing Solution</td>
			<td>Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>60101</td>
			<td>Dynabeads kilobaseBINDER kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">magnetic stand</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>12321D</td>
			<td>DynaMag&#8482;-2 Magnet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">T4 DNA ligase</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0202L</td>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">10X T4 DNA ligase buffer</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B0202S</td>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase reaction buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">5X T4 DNA ligase buffer</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Invitrogen&#160;</td>
			<td>46300-018</td>
			<td>T4 DNA ligase buffer with polyethylene glycol-8000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">UV-Vis spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>S06497</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">Nanodrop 2000</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">pvuII</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">new England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0151L</td>
			<td>restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">sfoI</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">new England Biolabs</td>
			<td>R0606L</td>
			<td>restriction enzyme</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Buffer B</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">new England Biolabs</td>
			<td>B7203S</td>
			<td>NEB buffer 3.1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Nuclease free water</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>11-05-01-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Capillary electrophoresis</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>9001941</td>
			<td style="width:347px;">QIAxcel capillary electrophoresis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Veriti 96-well Fast Thermal Cycler</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>4375305</td>
			<td>PCR Instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">Rotating wheel (or Roller)</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td>M10534004</td>
			<td>Cell Culture Roller Drums</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">DNA size marker</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>929559</td>
			<td>QX size marker (100-2,500 bp)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">DNA size marker</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>929554</td>
			<td>QX size marker (50-1,500 bp)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">DNA alignment markers</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td>929524</td>
			<td>QX DNA Alignment Marker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:331px;">genomc DNA</td>
			<td style="width:208px;">Not Available</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">Not Available</td>
			<td>Sample genomc DNA from in vivo or in vitro experiments</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

bidirectional retroviral integration site pcr methodology and quantitative data analysis workflow

整合位点（IS）测定是逆转录病毒整合位点研究的关键组成部分及其生物学意义。在最近的逆转录病毒基因治疗研究中，IS测定结合下一代测序已被用作细胞跟踪工具来表征共享相同IS的克隆干细胞群体。为了准确比较不同样品内和跨越不同样品的干细胞克隆，检测灵敏度，数据重现性和高通量能力均为最重要的检测标准之一。这项工作为双向IS分析提供了详细的协议和数据分析工作流程。双向测定可以同时排列上游和下游载体 - 宿主结。与常规单向IS测序方法相比，双向方法显着提高了IS检测率和t两端积分事件的表征他瞄准DNA。这里描述的数据分析流程通过多个比较步骤准确地识别和列举相同的IS序列，将IS序列映射到参考基因组上并确定测序误差。使用优化的测定程序，我们最近在恒河猴猕猴移植后发表了数千个造血干细胞（HSC）克隆的详细重新填充模式，首次证实了HSC重新增殖的精确时间点和HSC在功能异质性中的功能异质性灵长类动物系统。以下协议描述了准确识别和量化相同的IS序列的逐步实验过程和数据分析工作流程。

双向IS测定为上游（左）和下游（右）载体宿主结（ 图2 ）产生不同大小的PCR扩增子。 PCR扩增子的大小取决于最后的GTAC基序上游和下游的位置。该测定还产生内部DNA PCR扩增子：分别在左侧和右侧连接PCR期间在多巴胺附近的逆转录病毒序列和引物结合位点同时扩增。通过毛细管或琼脂糖（2％）电泳可以显示PCR扩增子条带。 <p class="jove_content" fo:keep-...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Bidirectional Retroviral Integration Site PCR Methodology and Quantitative Data Analysis Workflow at JoVE.com

Bidirectional Retroviral Integration Site PCR Methodology and Quantitative Data Analysis Workflow

该手稿描述了可以同时分析上游和下游载体 - 宿主连接DNA的双向整合位点测定的实验程序和软件分析。双向PCR产品可用于任何下游测序平台。所得数据对于综合DNA靶标的高通量，定量比较是有用的。

双向逆转录病毒整合位点PCR方法和定量数据分析工作流程

Integration Site (IS) assays are a critical component of the study of retroviral integration sites and their biological significance. In recent retroviral ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to identify retroviral vector integration sites in the host genome and quantify the relative frequencies of clonal cell populations each sharing the same integration site. This method can help answer key questions in retroviral gene therapy, such as which part of the host genome vector has integrated, how a genetically engineered cell will repopulate after the transplant, and how they are functionally different. The main advantage of this technique is that retro-integration site sequences can be analyzed with higher accuracy and sensitivity by sequencing both upstream and downstream vector host DNA junctions simultaneously.Though this method can provide insight into the safety of vectors and gene engineered cell in gene therapy studies, it can also be applied to other basic biology studies to investigate individual cell behavior in vivo. The first step in this procedure is to determine the DNA concentration and the ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers of the genomic DNA to be analyzed. After this, dilute one to two micrograms of the sample genomic DNA to a final volume of 170 microliters of genomic DNA solution using nuclease free water.Prepare a 200 microliter PCR reaction by mixing the following in a microcentrifuge tube. 2.5 microliters each of HIV-1 specific biotin primers, or a total of 10 microliters for four lentivirus-specific primers, 20 microliters of 10X thermostable DNA polymerase buffer, four microliters of 10 millimolar dNTPs, three microliters of thermostable DNA polymerase, and 163 microliters of genomic DNA. Divide the solution equally into four PCR tubes and carry out a single extension cycle under the following condition.94 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes, 56 degrees Celsius for 3 minutes, 72 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes, and 4 degrees C for storage. Pool all four PCR reactions into a two milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Follow the manufacturer's procedure of a PCR purification kit, and elute with 50 microliters of elution buffer.Prepare for a 100 microliter digestion by adding the following to a microcentrifuge tube. 50 microliters of DNA, 10 microliters of 10X buffer A, two microliters of RSAI enzyme, and 38 microliters of nuclease-free water. Incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a thermal cycler for one hour.Next, add one microliter of CviQI enzyme to the reaction and incubate at 25 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. When the RSAI and CviQI digestion is complete, proceed immediately with blunt ending. Prepare a 4.5 microliter mixture containing 2.5 microliters of DNA polymerase I, Large Fragment, and 2 microliters of 10 millimolar dNTPs.Transfer 1 microliter of the mixture to the DNA sample. The total volume will be 102 microliters. Mix well by vortexing and incubate at 25 degrees Celsius for one hour.Immediately proceed with streptavidin bead binding when the incubation is complete. Prepare the streptavidin beads by briefly vortexing the bead solution and transferring 50 microliters to a new two milliliter microcentrifuge tube. Remove the supernatant using a magnetic stand and wash the beans with 200 microliters of binding solution.Resuspend the beads in 100 microliters of binding solution and place the tube away from the magnetic stand. Transfer 100 microliters of the sample DNA to the 100 microliters of resuspended bead solution and mix carefully by pipetting to avoid any foaming of the solution. Incubate the tube at room temperature for 3 hours on a rotating wheel.Use the magnetic stand to capture the beads and discard the supernatant. Wash the beads twice in 400 microliters of washing solution and twice in 400 microliters of 1X T4 DNA ligase buffer. Resuspend the beads in 200 microliters of 1X T4 DNA ligase buffer and place it away from the magnetic stand.Linker ligation should be performed immediately after the streptavidin bead binding. Prepare a 400 microliter ligation reaction solution by mixing the following in a two milliliter microcentrifuge tube. 0.5 microliters of the DNA linker, 10 microliters of 10X T4 DNA ligase buffer, 20 microliters of 5X T4 DNA ligase buffer, 5 microliters of T4 DNA ligase, 164.5 microliters of nuclease free water, and 200 microliters of the resuspended beads.Place the reaction tube on a rotating wheel at room temperature for 3 hours. Wash the beads twice with the washing solution, and twice with 1X thermostable DNA polymerase buffer. Resuspend the beads in 50 microliters of 1X thermostable DNA polymerase PCR buffer, and place it away from the magnetic stand.To begin this procedure prepare a 200 microliter PCR reaction by adding the following to the resuspended beads. 10 microliters of one 1L-primer, 10 microliters of 1R-primer, 20 microliters of primer Link1, 10 microliters of 10X thermostable DNA polymerase buffer, four microliters of 10 milimolar dNTPs, eight microliters of thermostable DNA polymerase, and 88 microliters of nuclease-free water. Aliquot the reaction mixture into four PCR tubes and carry out PCR with the following condition.94 degrees Celsius for 2 minutes, 25 cycles of 94 degrees Celsius for 20 seconds, 56 degrees Celsius for 25 seconds, and 72 degrees Celsius for two minutes, and a final extension at 72 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes. Pool all four PCR reactions into a 2 ml microcentrifuge tube. Follow the procedure of the PCR purification kit and elute with 50 microliters of elution buffer.Determine the DNA concentration and the ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers using a UV visible spectrophotometer. The DNA can now be stored at minus 20 degrees Celsius until ready for the next step. Since the procedures for the left junction and right junction specific amplifications are identical except for the primers used in the PCR, only the left junction amplification will be demonstrated.Prepare a 50 microliter PCR reaction by mixing the following in a PCR tube. Five microliters of DNA, five microliters of 10 micromolar 2L-primer, five microliters of 10 micromolar primer Link2, 5 microliters of 10X thermostable DNA polymerase buffer, one microliter of 10 milimolar dNTPs, two microliters of thermostable DNA polymerase, and 27 microliters of nuclease-free water. Carry out PCR with the following condition.94 degrees Celsius for 3 minutes, 8 to 15 cycles of 94 degrees Celsius for 20 seconds, 56 degrees Celsius for 25 seconds, and 72 degrees Celsius for two minutes, and a final extension at 72 degrees Celsius for 5 minutes. Use the PCR purification kit to purify the DNA and elute with 50 microliters of elution buffer. Determine the DNA concentration and ratio of absorbance at 260 and 280 nanometers.The last step in generating left and right junction sequence libraries is to analyze the PCR Amplicon length variations by performing capillary electrophoresis. This representative result shows varying lengths of PCR Amplicons in lentiviral vector integrations sites for both the upstream and downstream vector host junctions. The DNA size marker is in the M lane.After sequencing the PCR Amplicons, computational integration site sequence analysis is performed using an in-house programming script. The bi-directional integration site assay generates different sizes of PCR Amplicons for both the upstream and downstream vector host junctions visualized by capillary electrophoresis. A comparison of percent integration in genes Alu and L1 repeats of lentiviral vectors in humanized mouse repopulating cells within silico generated random integration events revealed that integration sites are significantly enriched in genes.The relative detection frequencies of vector integromes were calculated using only the sequence counts of integration site junctions generating smaller than 500bp PCR Amplicons. Approximately 77%of the vectors could be quantitatively analyzed by the bi-directional approach. In the strategy for clonal quantification we presume that each individual clone shares the same vector integrome.The relative frequencies of the left and right junctions are combined to represent the relative quantities of the clonal populations, or QVI. This color scheme shows the relative frequencies of 44 QVI clones in humanized mouse repopulating cells. Based on in silico 10, 000 random integration analysis, a 1.25 fold overestimation of clonal frequencies is expected when using GTAC motif enzymes, and a 2.56 overestimation is expected when using a TCGA motif enzyme.Once mastered, this technique can be divided in parts and completed in two days, if performed properly. While attempting this procedure it is important to remember that PCR steps are extremely sensitive, and precautions should be take to avoid any contamination. This technique has paved the way to examining the safety of therapeutic retroviral vectors, and to explore long-term repopulation patterns of hemotopoietic stem cell clones following transplant in rhesus macaques.

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Merging Absolute and Relative Quantitative PCR Data to Quantify STAT3 Splice Variant Transcripts

合并绝对和相对定量PCR数据来量化STAT3剪接变体成绩单

Human signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is one of many genes containing a tandem splicing site. Alternative donor splice sites 3 ...

科研

遗传学

Detection of microRNA Expression in Peritoneal Membrane of Rats Using Quantitative Real-time PCR

使用定量实时PCR检测大鼠腹膜中的微小RNA表达

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that regulate messenger RNA expression post-transcriptionally. The miRNA expression profile has been ...

Retroviral Scanning: Mapping MLV Integration Sites to Define Cell-specific Regulatory Regions

逆转录病毒扫描：映射MLV集成站点以定义细胞特异性监管区域

Moloney murine leukemia (MLV) virus-based retroviral vectors integrate predominantly in acetylated enhancers and promoters. For this reason, mLV ...

Sample Preparation and Analysis of RNASeq-based Gene Expression Data from Zebrafish

斑马鱼 RNASeq-based 基因表达数据的样品制备与分析

The analysis of global gene expression changes is a valuable tool for identifying novel pathways underlying observed phenotypes. The zebrafish is an ...

A Standard Methodology to Examine On-site Mutagenicity As a Function of Point Mutation Repair Catalyzed by CRISPR/Cas9 and SsODN in Human Cells

CRISPR/Cas9 和 SsODN 在人细胞中催化点突变修复功能的标准方法研究

Combinatorial gene editing using CRISPR/Cas9 and single-stranded oligonucleotides is an effective strategy for the correction of single-base point ...

Methodology for Accurate Detection of Mitochondrial DNA Methylation

线粒体 DNA 甲基化的精确检测方法

Quantification of DNA methylation can be achieved using bisulfite sequencing, which takes advantage of the property of sodium bisulfite to convert ...

Informatic Analysis of Sequence Data from Batch Yeast 2-Hybrid Screens

间歇酵母 2-混合筛序列数据的信息化分析

We have adapted the yeast 2-hybrid assay to simultaneously uncover dozens of transient and static protein interactions within a single screen utilizing ...

Multi-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis

Multi-locus Variable-number Tandem-repeat Analysis of the Fish-pathogenic Bacterium Yersinia ruckeri by Multiplex PCR and Capillary Electrophoresis

多点PCR和毛细血管电泳对鱼类致病菌的多点变量数串联重复分析

Yersinia ruckeri is an important pathogen of farmed salmonids worldwide, but simple tools suitable for epizootiological investigations (infection tracing, ...

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

基于数字PCR的沙门氏菌健康高通量分析竞争指数

A competitive index is a common method used to assess bacterial fitness and/or virulence. The utility of this approach is exemplified by its ease to ...

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

High-Throughput Quantitative RT-PCR in Single and Bulk C. elegans Samples Using Nanofluidic Technology

使用纳米流体技术的单体和散装 C. 电子样品 中的高通量定量 RT-PCR

This paper presents a high-throughput reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay for Caenorhabditis elegans that is fast, robust, and highly ...