Name: easy manipulation of architectures in protein-based hydrogels for cell culture applications
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications at JoVE.com

Los autores desean agradecer a Baden-Württemberg Stiftung por su apoyo financiero en el marco de la "Síntesis de materiales Bioinspirados" (biomantos-14).

1. hidrogel preparación
<ol>
	<li>Mezclar 200 mg de BSA con 1 mL de desionizada de H2O para crear acciones de BSA 20% (p/v) (solución stock A).</li>
	<li>Mezcla 165 μl de solución de THPC (134 mg/mL) con 4,835 mL de agua desionizada para crear THPC stock (solución stock B).</li>
	<li>Pesar 1 mg de KCSSGKSRGDS (1,111.1 g/mol) péptido (o un péptido celular adhesiva equivalente) y diluirlo en 100 μl de estéril de H2O para obtener una solución de 10 mg/mL (solución C). Nota: Este paso es...

<ol>
	<li>Geckil, H., Xu, F., Zhang, X., Moon, S., Demirki, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Engineering+hydrogels+as+extracellular+matrix+mimics.">Engineering hydrogels as extracellular matrix mimics.</a> Nanomedicine. 5 (3), 469-484 (2011).</li><li>Liu, Y., Chan-Park, M. 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S., Mulyasasmita, W., Parisi-Amon, A., Heilshorn, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two-component+protein-engineered+physical+hydrogels+for+cell+encapsulation.">Two-component protein-engineered physical hydrogels for cell encapsulation.</a> Proc Nat Acad Sci USA. 106 (52), 22067-22072 (2009).</li><li>Zhu, J., Marchant, R. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peptide-+and+Protein-Based+Hydrogels.">Peptide- and Protein-Based Hydrogels.</a> Chem Mater. 24 (5), 759-766 (2012).</li><li>Bodenberger, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Beyond+bread+and+beer:+whole+cell+protein+extracts+from+baker's+yeast+as+a+bulk+source+for+3D+cell+culture+matrices.">Beyond bread and beer: whole cell protein extracts from baker's yeast as a bulk source for 3D cell culture matrices.</a> Appl Microbiol Biot. 101 (5), 1-11 (2016).</li><li>Bodenberger, N., Paul, P., Kubiczek, D., Walther, P., Gottschalk, K. E., Rosenau, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+cheap+and+easy+to+handle+protein+hydrogel+for+3D+cell+culture+applications+a+high+stability+matrix+with+tunable+elasticity+and+cell+adhesion+properties.">A novel cheap and easy to handle protein hydrogel for 3D cell culture applications a high stability matrix with tunable elasticity and cell adhesion properties.</a> Chem Sel. 1 (7), 1353-1360 (2016).</li><li>Agarwal, S., Wendorff, J. H., Greiner, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+electrospinning+technique+for+biomedical+applications.">Use of electrospinning technique for biomedical applications.</a> Polymer. 49 (26), 5603-5621 (2008).</li><li>Hong, J., deMello, A. J., Jayasinghe, S. N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bio-electrospraying+and+droplet-based+microfluidics:+control+of+cell+numbers+within+living+residues.">Bio-electrospraying and droplet-based microfluidics: control of cell numbers within living residues.</a> Biome Mater. 5 (2), 21001 (2010).</li><li>Jayasinghe, S. N., Irvine, S., McEwan, J. 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W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+the+porosity+and+microarchitecture+of+hydrogels+for+tissue+engineering.">Controlling the porosity and microarchitecture of hydrogels for tissue engineering.</a> Tissue Eng Part B Rev. 16 (4), 371-383 (2010).</li><li>Lee, J., Cuddihy, M. J., Kotov, N. 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B., Gnanamani, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=pH+and+redox+sensitive+albumin+hydrogel:+A+self-derived+biomaterial.">pH and redox sensitive albumin hydrogel: A self-derived biomaterial.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 15977 (2015).</li><li>Hennink, W. E., van Nostrum, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+crosslinking+methods+to+design+hydrogels.">Novel crosslinking methods to design hydrogels.</a> Adv Drug Deliver Rev. 64, 223-236 (2012).</li><li>Chung, C., Lampe, K. J., Heilshorn, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)+phosphonium+chloride+as+a+covalent+cross-linking+agent+for+cell+encapsulation+within+protein-based+hydrogels.">Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride as a covalent cross-linking agent for cell encapsulation within protein-based hydrogels.</a> Biomacromolecules. 13 (12), 3912-3916 (2008).</li><li>Cal&#243;, E., Khutoryanskiy, V. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biomedical+applications+of+hydrogels:+A+review+of+patents+and+commercial+products.">Biomedical applications of hydrogels: A review of patents and commercial products.</a> Eur Polym J. 65, 252-267 (2015).</li><li>Huang, H., Herrera, A. I., Luo, Z., Prakash, O., Sun, X. 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The production of macroporous matrices can be beneficial to many different fields. It has high technical and economic potential due to the defined structure of the hydrogel and the ability to control and tune specific material properties. However, the introduction of supramolecular structural elements, such as pores or channels, to a 3D template might influence the overall properties of a material, such as the swelling ratio or the stiffness. This can result in the undesired decomposition, degradation, or breakdown of th...

Los hidrogeles son materiales que forman redes 3D insolubles capaces de atar grandes cantidades de agua. Este tipo de materiales puede proporcionar excelentes condiciones ambientales para las células vivas. Actualmente, existe un creciente interés en la generación de estructuras tridimensionales de hidrogel y en el desarrollo de los procesos para adaptar sus propiedades químicas y físicas. Una vez que esto se logra, una plantilla para el crecimiento de las células y la manipulación del comportamiento celular puede ser generado1,2,3,4. Estas estructuras 3D no sólo crean un ambiente más natural y realista que los enfoques convencionales de dos dimensiones, pero también revelan nuevas posibilidades para el crecimiento de las células madre o tumor modelos5. Diferentes materiales poseen una serie de características que dependen principalmente del tamaño del poro del gel6. Los poros juegan un papel crucial en aplicaciones de cultivo celular, ingeniería de tejidos y el crecimiento dirigido de células madre. Por ejemplo, el oxígeno y los nutrientes difunden a través de la matriz, y cantidades adecuadas deben ser capaces de llegar a las células7. Por otro lado, metabolitos nocivos deben eliminarse lo antes posible, y espacio suficiente para el crecimiento de la célula debe estar disponible7. En consecuencia, las propiedades del material y por lo tanto el tamaño del poro, influyen severamente las posibles beneficio y posibles aplicaciones de la matriz. Dependiendo de las propiedades de los materiales, procesos de crecimiento de la célula diferentes pueden ocurrir en cultura celular 3D, incluyendo la formación de estructuras neuronales; el crecimiento y la diferenciación de las células de la piel o el hueso; y el crecimiento dirigido de líneas celulares especiales, como los hepatocitos o fibroblastos2,3,8,9,10,11. Otro de los puntos crucial que influyen en la posible aplicación de un material es su estabilidad hacia estímulos externos12. Por ejemplo, el hidrogel debe mantener su integridad mecánica en medios de cultivo celular o en el cuerpo humano.
En los últimos años de investigación en 3D de la célula cultura hidrogeles se intensificó, y se llevaron a cabo muchos estudios para resolver la arquitectura 3D de los sistemas13. Hidrogeles compuestos de componentes químicamente sintetizados comúnmente son investigados porque pueden ser sintetizados fácilmente y modificar químicamente y exhiben alta estabilidad (véase Zhu et al., 2011 una revisión)5. Sin embargo, las proteínas tienen muchas propiedades beneficiosas: como supuesto "polímeros de precisión", son biocompatibles; tienen una longitud definida; son relativamente fáciles de modificar; y tienen un gran número de sitios de destino14,15. En este sentido, se pueden generar estructuras altamente específicas, innovadoras para su aplicación en muchos campos. En este estudio, un hidrogel basado en proteína16 fue utilizado para demostrar la capacidad de métodos bien establecidos para influir en la arquitectura 3D del material. Además, también se investigó la capacidad de y la aplicabilidad a la generación de poro.
Existen muchas técnicas diferentes modificar estructuras 3D, incluyendo métodos sencillos y técnicas sofisticadas y altamente especializadas de diversos campos de la ciencia de los materiales. Una técnica generalizada es el uso de electrospinning para generar estructuras bien definidas17. Cargada fibras se tiran de una solución por un campo eléctrico y luego solidifican con la exposición al oxígeno. De esta manera, se pueden producir las fibras en la gama de varios nanómetros hasta varias micras. Técnicas adicionales para ajustar el tamaño, estructura y distribución de los poros dentro de la matriz son la litografía blanda, Fotolitografía, enfoque hidrodinámico, electro-rociado y bio-impresión18,19,20. Un inconveniente importante de estas técnicas es su dependencia de equipos específicos, caros y productos químicos especiales o materiales. Además, experiencia con estas técnicas a menudo no es directamente transferible a los materiales basados en proteína, y muchos de los productos químicos y métodos no son compatibles la célula.
Por otra parte, muchas de las técnicas no se apoyan en equipos especiales, haciéndolos más fácil y más barato aplicar y reproducir. Un método generalizado para la manipulación de la estructura es de fundición solvente21,22,23. Las partículas se agregan antes de la reacción de polimerización y se distribuyen de forma homogénea para saturar la solución. Después de la polimerización, un cambio de condiciones, como una disolución o un cambio de pH, conduce a la solvatación de las partículas, mientras que los poros permanecen dentro del material. Los productos químicos utilizados en estas técnicas, tales como sal, azúcar, parafina, gelatina y tiza, son baratos y fácilmente disponibles. En la liofilización, son congelados hidrogeles hinchados. La sublimación posterior de las fases líquidas bajo un vacío es entonces realizado23,24,25. La sublimación del agua de la red es lo suficientemente suave para mantener las estructuras 3D específicas del material. En el gas que hace espuma, una solución es transmitida con un gas mientras que la polimerización ocurre, dejando poros en el gel de21. El tamaño y la distribución de los poros pueden ajustarse dependiendo de la corriente del gas.
Para formar el proteína del hidrogel, BSA está reaccionada cloruradas tetrakis (hidroximetil) fosfonio (THPC) en una reacción tipo Mannich para permitir la formación de enlaces covalentes entre aminas primarias y los grupos hidroxilo de la molécula de vinculador de cuatro brazos26. Posibles productos intermedios nocivos se eliminan por lavado excesivo del material después de que la reacción ocurra.
Este estudio demuestra la posibilidad de tratar un material a base de BSA con diversas técnicas para manipular y adaptar el tamaño de los poros. Cada una de las técnicas puede utilizarse en cualquier laboratorio a nivel mundial, ya que ningún equipo especial es necesario. Además, diferentes parámetros, tales como relación de hinchazón, degradabilidad enzimática, estabilidad de pH y sensibilidad de la temperatura, fueron examinados y comparados con otras, especialmente respetan a la influencia de las diferentes técnicas en la generación de arquitecturas de 3D. Por último, los materiales fueron funcionalizados con péptidos de célula-adhesivo para investigar la posible aplicación de los materiales para cultivo celular. Se utilizaron dos líneas celulares de diferentes modelos: A549 y MCF7.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1102">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:479px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td style="width:253px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:143px;">10010023</td>
			<td style="width:228px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium (high glucose)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies / Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>11140-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies / Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>10270-106</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Life Technologies / Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">MEM Nonessential Amino Acid Solution</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M7145-100ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypsin EDTA 0.05 % Phenol Red</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25300062</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol 99.8 %, verg&#228;llt</td>
			<td>&#214;lfabrik Schmidt</td>
			<td>2133</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">NaCl&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>9265.1</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Albumin Fraction V</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>3854.2</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">THPC</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>404861-100ML</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">0.1 % Triton X 100</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>X100-100ML</td>
			<td>Slightly toxic</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Phalloidin-rhodamine&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies / Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>R415</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">3.7 % Formaldehyde&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Technologies / Thermo Fisher&#160;</td>
			<td>F8775-25ML</td>
			<td>Toxic</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Rhodamine B</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>81-88-9</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Filtropur S 0.2,&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarsted Ag und Co.</td>
			<td>2 83.1826.001&#160;&#160;&#160;</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">&#181; slide 8 well</td>
			<td>Ibidi GmbH</td>
			<td>80826</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">KCSSGKSRGDS peptide</td>
			<td>UPEP Ulm</td>
			<td>Custom sysnthesis</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Ethanol 99.8 %, verg&#228;llt</td>
			<td>Carl Roth&#160;</td>
			<td>K928.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Falcon 5 ml Polysterene Round-Bottom Tube&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarsted Ag und Co.</td>
			<td>62.547.254&#160; &#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tubes 50 ml&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarsted Ag und Co.</td>
			<td>62.547.254&#160; &#160;&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tubes 1,5 ml&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarsted Ag und Co.</td>
			<td>72,690,001</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Tubes 2 ml&#160;&#160;</td>
			<td>Sarsted Ag und Co.</td>
			<td>72,691</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">CELL CULTURE MICROPLATE, 96 WELL, PS, F-BOTTOM</td>
			<td>Greiner</td>
			<td>655073</td>
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		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">FreezeDryer Epsilon 1-6D,&#160;</td>
			<td>Christ, Osterode am Harz, Germany</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope&#160;</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
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			<td></td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zen Software Version 2012 Sp1, black edition, 407 version 8,1,0,484</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss AG, Oberkochen, Germany</td>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">GSA Imaga Analyzer Software, GSA Image Analyzer, GSA, Version 419 3.8.7</td>
			<td>GSA GmbH</td>
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easy manipulation of architectures in protein-based hydrogels for cell culture applications

Los hidrogeles son reconocidos como prometedores materiales para aplicaciones en cultura celular debido a su capacidad para proporcionar entornos celulares altamente hidratada. El campo de plantillas 3D está aumentando debido a la semejanza potencial de esos materiales a la matriz extracelular natural. Hidrogeles basados en proteína son particularmente prometedoras porque fácilmente puede ser funcionalizados y puede alcanzar estructuras definidas con propiedades fisicoquímicas ajustables. Sin embargo, la producción de plantillas 3D macroporoso para los usos de la cultura de célula utilizando materiales naturales a menudo está limitada por sus propiedades mecánicas más débiles comparados con los de materiales sintéticos. Aquí, se evaluaron diferentes métodos para producir macroporoso albúmina de suero bovino (BSA)-basado en sistemas de hidrogel, con tamaños de poro ajustable en el rango de 10 a 70 μm de radio. Además, se estableció un método para generar canales de este material basado en proteína que son varias cien micras de largo. Se analizaron los diferentes métodos para producir los poros, así como la influencia del tamaño de poro en material propiedades tales como relación, pH, estabilidad de la temperatura y el comportamiento de la degradación enzimática, la hinchazón. Tamaños de poro se investigaron en el estado nativo, hinchado de los hidrogeles mediante microscopía de láser confocal. La factibilidad de usos de la cultura de célula fue evaluada usando una pegamento celular RGD péptido modificación del sistema de proteína y dos líneas de celular modelo: células de cáncer de mama humano (A549) y adenocarcinomic alveolares basals epitelial las células humanas (MCF7).

Hydrogel development has become one of the most prominent fields in material research-related biological studies, with thousands of entries indexed in scientific research archives. Although the behavior of many systems is well studied, the manipulation of 3D networks, especially of sensitive protein-based materials, is often a major issue in material science. Another commonly underestimated challenge is the correct measurement of the native structure of a material using cryo electron micr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications at JoVE.com

Easy Manipulation of Architectures in Protein-based Hydrogels for Cell Culture Applications

Diferentes métodos para manipular arquitectura tridimensional en Hidrogeles basados en proteína se evalúan aquí con respecto a las propiedades del material. Las redes macroporoso son funcionalizadas con un péptido de la célula-adhesivo, y se evalúa su viabilidad en cultivo de células utilizando dos líneas celulares de diferentes modelos.

Fácil manipulación de arquitecturas en Hidrogeles basados en proteínas para aplicaciones de la cultura de célula

Hydrogels are recognized as promising materials for cell culture applications due to their ability to provide highly hydrated cell environments. The field ...

The overall goal of this methodology is to create macroporous hydrogels with varying pore sizes for cell culture applications. This method can help answer key questions in the field of 3D cell culture such as the principle feasibility of a novel hydrogel material for 3D cell culture applications. The main advantage of this methodology is that it offers a range of techniques to optimize and adjust a novel material to the requirements of different types of cells.To begin, dilute one milligram of the RGD peptide or an equivalent cell adhesive peptide in 100 microliters of sterile water to obtain the 10 milligram per milliliter solution. Next, remove the bottom of a 96 well plate and replace it with removal plastic wrap. Mix 100 microliters of BSA stock solution and 100 microliters of THPC stock solution in the 96 well plate to obtain 200 microliters of the hydrogel.Mix the components by pipetting up and down at least five times to guarantee a uniform hydrogel after polymerization. Place the 96 well plate at room temperature for about 10 minutes until all hydrogels are properly polymerized. Following polymerization, carefully and slowly remove the plastic wrap from the bottom of the plate.Press the hydrogels out of the 96 well plate using a small stab and transfer them to 1.5 milliliter tubes with sterile PBS pH 7.4. Store the hydrogels in phosphate buffered saline at four degrees Celsius for up to several months. To freeze-dry the hydrogels, first fill 1.5 milliliter tubes with 500 microliters of sterile deionized water and remove the caps.Transfer the hydrogels to the 1.5 milliliter reaction tubes using forceps. Wrap the 1.5 milliliter tubes tightly with paraffin film using at least three layers for each vial. Use a needle to pierce small holes in the film to enable gas release from the tubes.To guarantee that the water and hydrogel completely freeze, transfer the vial to liquid nitrogen solution for five minutes. Immediately after removal from the liquid nitrogen, transfer the vials to the freeze-dryer to prevent the material from thawing. As an alternative freezing step, keep the vials at minus 20 degrees Celsius overnight to slowly freeze the hydrogels.Immediately after removal from minus 20 degrees Celsius, transfer the vials to the freeze-dryer to prevent the material from thawing. After 24 hours and the complete evaporation of the water in and around the hydrogel, thaw the material by removing it from the freeze-dryer. For particle leaching, mix the components of the hydrogel as before.Following mixing, immediately add sodium chloride until saturation occurs. Add salt until salt crystals can be seen in the solution as a white precipitate. Pore sizes can be altered by grinding the salt crystals prior to use.Transfer the 96 well plate to a shaker and shake until polymerization takes place. After about 10 minutes, remove the hydrogels from the plate as before. Incubate the hydrogels for at least 24 hours at room temperature in sterile water on a rotator to elute all salt from the hydrogel template.Store the hydrogels at four degrees Celsius in PBS for up to several months. For gentle formation, prepare hydrogels as described. Then remove a hydrogel from solution using a pincer.Remove the excess water with highly absorbent paper and place it on top of a block of dry ice. Freeze the hydrogel for 30 seconds and carefully remove it from the block. Do not damage the hydrogel.Carefully use a spatula to scrape it off the block. Transfer the hydrogel to a 1.5 milliliter tube and dry it overnight at 37 degrees Celsius. Prepare a Rhodamine B stock solution as well as serial dilutions as described in the text protocol.Remove the hydrogel from the stored solution and transfer it to a 1.5 milliliter tube with one milliliter of 0.01 milligram per milliliter Rhodamine B solution. Stain the hydrogel overnight in Rhodamine B solution at room temperature. The next day, transfer the hydrogel that is to be visualized to 10 milliliters of PBS and wash for at least three hours.Cut small slices out of the hydrogel using a blade. Then transfer the hydrogel onto an eight well microscopic slide and cover it with PBS. Using a confocal laser scanning microscope, visualize the hydrogel at a wavelength of 514 nanometers.Sterile filter all stock solutions with a 0.45 micron filter. Begin preparation of the hydrogel and include the cell adhesive peptide prior to hydrogel polymerization. After mixing the components, immediately pipette the mixture into an eight well microscopic slide until the bottom is completely covered.Transfer the cells into pre-warmed sterile DMEM cell culture medium supplemented with fetal bovine serum, penicillin streptomycin, and nonessential amino acid solution. After counting the cells with a Neubauer counting chamber, carefully pipette 200 microliters of the desired number of cells onto the hydrogel surface. Cover the eight well microscopic slide with a lid and transfer it to an incubator.After at least four hours of cellular attachment, wash the cells twice with 200 microliters of sterile cell culture PBS. Next, fix the cells with 200 microliters of 3.7%formaldehyde for 10 minutes at room temperature and wash twice with PBS. Permeabilize the cells with 200 microliters of 0.1%Triton X for five minutes before washing twice more with PBS.Stain the cells with Toluidine Rhodamine by mixing five microliters of methanolic stock with 195 microliters of PBS and adding it to the cells at room temperature. Stain the cells for 20 minutes in the dark before washing twice with PBS. Investigate the cell adhesion properties using a confocal microscope at 514 nanometers.Analyze the hydrogel properties as described in the text protocol. As shown here, the polymerized and stained hydrogels have no distinctive architectures. After freeze-drying the hydrogels at different temperatures, the average size of the pores within the hydrogel can be extended up to 60 microns.Salt leaching results in uniform networks with pore sizes of about 10 microns. The size can be further adjusted by grinding salt crystals prior to use. The use of a gradient freezing approach on a block of dry ice leads to the formation of channels with a diameter of about 20 microns and a length of several hundreds of microns.Prior to functionalization with the cell adhesive moiety, cells cannot adhere to the surface of the hydrogel and show a round morphology. Only after providing the material with the cell adhesive peptide, the cells find focal adhesion points which enable a proper adhesion of the cell onto a material. This is crucial for use of novel materials in 3D cell culture applications.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to manipulate a hydrogel's architecture with simple methods. This method can be applied for most novel hydrogel systems to learn about the use in cell culture and to optimize the hydrogel's architecture depending on the intended use.

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