Name: effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Uploaded: 2017-09-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Deze studie werd ondersteund door Russische Science Foundation verlenen (contractnummer: 17-11-01273). Speciale dank aan Andrey Afanasov en collega's van multifunctionele innovatiecentrum voor televisie Technics (National Research University, hogere School of Economics, Moskou, Russische Federatie) voor video-opname en videobewerking.

alle procedures door de Commissie van de lokale onderzoek-ethiek van de hogere School of Economics (HSE), Moskou, met toestemming van alle deelnemers waren goedgekeurd.
 Opmerking: deelnemers moeten melden geen geschiedenis van de geïmplanteerde metalen apparaten, neurologische of psychiatrische ziekte, drugsmisbruik of alcoholisme. TMS wordt gebruikt volgens de meest recente veiligheid richtsnoeren 20. Onderwerpen moeten volledig worden geïnformeerd over de aard va...

<ol>
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Deze aanpak vormt een unieke gelegenheid om direct online effecten van de TAC's voor de primaire motorische cortex testen door het meten van corticospinal output door EP-leden opnemen. Echter, de plaatsing van de spoel TMS over de TAC's elektrode vertegenwoordigt een kritieke stap die nauwkeurig moet worden uitgevoerd. Daarom raden we ten eerste onderzoekers vinden een doelpunt door één puls TMS, vervolgens markeren op de hoofdhuid en pas daarna, plaats de elektrode van de TAC's over de hotspot. Bovendien ondersteunt d...

Elektrische stimulatie transcranial (tES) is een neuromodulatory techniek die het mogelijk maakt van de wijziging van neuronale Staten door middel van verschillende huidige golfvormen1. Onder verschillende soorten tES, Transcraniële wisselstroom stimulatie (TAC's) in staat stelt de levering van sinusvormige externe oscillerende potentieel in een specifieke frequentiebereik en de modulatie van fysiologische, neurale activiteit onderliggende perceptuele, motorische en cognitieve processen2. Met behulp van TAC's, is het mogelijk om te onderzoeken op mogelijke oorzakelijke verbanden tussen endogene oscillerende activiteit en hersenen processen.
In vivo, is gebleken dat bij verschillende drijvende frequenties, suggereren dat neuronale afvuren entrained kan worden door de elektrisch toegepaste velden3stekelige neurale activiteit wordt gesynchroniseerd. In diermodellen entrains zwakke sinusvormige TAC de ontladen frequentie van de wijdverbreide corticale neuronale zwembad4. Bij de mens kan TAC's gecombineerd met online elektro-encefalografie (EEG) de inductie van de zogenaamde "Entrainment" effect op de endogene oscillerende activiteit door interactie met hersenen oscillaties in een frequentie-specifieke wijze5. TAC's combineren met neuroimaging methoden voor een beter begrip van de online mechanismen is echter nog steeds twijfelachtig vanwege AC-geïnduceerde artefacten6. Daarnaast is het niet mogelijk om direct opnemen van het EEG signaal over de gestimuleerde doelgebied zonder gebruik te maken van een ring-achtige elektrode die een twijfelachtige oplossing7 is. Dus, is er een gebrek aan systematische studies over dit onderwerp.
Tot nu toe is er geen duidelijk bewijs over de blijvende gevolgen van de TAC's na stopzetting van de stimulatie. Slechts een paar studies hebben aangetoond zwak en onduidelijk nawerkingen van TAC's op het locomotorisch stelsel8. Bovendien is de EEG bewijs nog niet duidelijk over de nawerkingen van TAC's9. Aan de andere kant, de meeste TAC's studies toonden prominente online effecten10,11,12,13,14,15,16 , 17 , 18, die moeilijk te meten op een fysiologische niveau omwille van technische beperkingen. Dus, het hoofddoel van onze methode is bedoeld als een alternatieve benadering om te testen online en frequentie-afhankelijke effecten van TAC's op de motorschors (M1) door het leveren van één puls Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie (TMS). TMS kan onderzoekers naar de fysiologische toestand van de mens motorische cortex19"probe". Bovendien, door het opnemen van Motor Evoked Potentials (MEP) op de certificaathouder contralaterale hand, we kunnen onderzoeken de gevolgen van de lopende TAC's11. Deze aanpak laat ons nauwkeurig monitor wijzigingen in corticospinal prikkelbaarheid door het meten van de MEP amplitude tijdens online elektrische stimulatie op verschillende frequenties in een artefact-vrije mode geleverd. Daarnaast kan deze benadering ook online effecten van elke andere golfvorm van tES testen.
Om aan te tonen van de effecten van de gecombineerde TAC's-TMS, zullen we laten zien het protocol door het toepassen van 20 Hz AC stimulatie over de primaire motorische cortex (M1) terwijl online neuronavigated één puls TMS wordt geleverd afgewisseld door willekeurige tussenpozen van 3 tot en met 5 s om te testen M1 corticale prikkelbaarheid.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainStim, high-resolution transcranial stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-BRAINSTIM</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Pair of 1,5m cables for connection of conductive silicone electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-CVBS15</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable conductive silicone electrodes 50x50mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG970/2</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable spontex sponge for electrode 50x100mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG916S</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Rubber belts &#8211; 75 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Plastic non traumatic button</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG905/99</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Brainstim</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
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			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">MagPro X100 MagOption - transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0731</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">8-shaped coil MC-B65-HO-2</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0462</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Chair with neckrest</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016B0081</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - Navigation platform, Premium edition</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - MR-based software, import data for morphological MRI (DICOM, NifTi)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
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			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:213px;">MagVenture 24.8 coil tracker, Geom 1</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5221</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Electrode wires for surface EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Surface Electrodes for EEG/EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainAmp ExG amplifier - bipolar amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">&#160;BrainVision Recorder 1.21.0004&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Nuprep Skin Prep Gel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Weaver and Company, USA</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Syringes</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Sticky tape</td>
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			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">NaCl solution</td>
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effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transcraniële wisselstroom stimulatie (TAC's) is een neuromodulatory techniek kunnen handelen via sinusvormige elektrische golfvormen in een specifieke frequentie en op zijn beurt moduleren lopende corticale oscillerende activiteit. Deze neurotool kan de oprichting van een causaal verband tussen endogene oscillerende activiteit en gedrag. De meeste van de TAC's studies gebleken online effecten van de TAC's. Nochtans, is weinig bekend over de mechanismen van de actie van deze techniek vanwege de AC-geïnduceerde artefacten op elektro-encefalografie (EEG) signalen. Hier laten we een unieke benadering van online fysiologische frequentie-specifieke effecten van de TAC's voor de primaire motorische cortex (M1) onderzoeken met behulp van één puls Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie (TMS) sonde corticale prikkelbaarheid wijzigingen. In onze opstelling, wordt de TMS spoel geplaatst over de TAC's elektrode terwijl Motor Evoked Potentials (Europarlementariërs) worden verzameld om te testen van de gevolgen van de lopende M1-TAC's. Deze aanpak is tot nu toe voornamelijk gebruikt om te studeren van de visuele en motorische systemen. Echter, de huidige TAC's-TMS setup kan de weg vrijmaken voor toekomstige onderzoeken van cognitieve functies. Wij bieden daarom een stapsgewijze handleiding en video richtsnoeren voor de procedure.

Het eerste bewijs van een gecombineerde aanpak van TAC's / TMS bleek door Kanai et al. in 2010. In deze studie, de auteurs toegepast TAC's over de primaire visuele cortex (V1) en een specifieke frequentie-modulering van de visuele corticale prikkelbaarheid gemeten door online TMS-geïnduceerde fosfeen perceptie15aangetoond. Een meer verfijnde versie van het protocol goedgekeurd om te onderzoeken een fysiologische modulatie van de prikkelbaarheid van de mot...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transcraniële wisselstroom stimulatie (TAC's) kunnen de modulering van de corticale prikkelbaarheid in een frequentie-specifieke mode. Hier laten we een unieke aanpak die online TAC's met één puls Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie (TMS) combineert om corticale prikkelbaarheid "probe" door middel van Motor Evoked Potentials.

Effecten van Transcraniële wisselstroom stimulatie op de primaire motorische Cortex door Online-gecombineerde aanpak met Transcraniële magnetische stimulatie

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assess modulation of ongoing effects of transcranial alternated current stimulation by means of single path transcranial magnetic path stimulation in a novel online combined approach. Transcranial electrical stimulation is a neuromodulatory technique that affects neuronal states through different current waveform. It is commonly used in neuroscience to investigate brain motor and cognitive functions.The most used approaches are based on direct current stimulation, random noise, and alternating current stimulation, which are able to induce changes in neuron activity. Both inside and outside the neurons, causing alteration of resting membrane potential and consequently modifying neuronal synaptic efficiency. TACS allow us to deliver sinusoidal external oscillatory potential in a specific frequency range.By inducing the so-called entrainment effect on the endogenous oscillatory activity. Here we are introducing a novel method which combine TACS and single path CMS during ongoing stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The method allow us to test online alternating current stimulation effects on primary motor cortex by means of single pulse TMS induced motor evoked potential.We are going to show an entire set of equipment needed to run an online combined TACS-TMS protocol by stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The list of equipment includes an electrical stimulation device which can generate electrical alternated current, for example BrainStim. Connected by two-surface saline soaked sponge electrodes size five to seven centimeters.In order to minimize skin sensation, the electrodes are completely saturated with the saline solution to keep impedance below 10 kiloOhm throughout the whole stimulation session. The target electrode is placed over the scalp corresponding to the primary motor cortex hotspot by using specific elastic straps while the reference electrode is placed over the ipsilateral shoulder by using sticky tape in a so-called monopole montage. In humans, oscillations in different frequencies reflect different behavior and cognitive processes that underlie different states of neural network activity.As typically measured by encephalography or by magneto-encephalography. Oscillations in the human brain are ranging from ultra-slow to ultra-fast oscillations. There are usually simultaneously present and can modulate and interact with each other.However, the link between oscillatory activity and brain processes has always been established by correlational methods. Therefore the issue of whether brain oscillations directly reflect fundamental mechanism in cortical information processing, or just an epiphenomenon is still unresolved. By using TACS we can causally modulate brain oscillations in a frequency-specific fashion, and in turn influence physiological neuronal activity linked to resting state, perceptual and cognitive processes.To set up TCS protocol using the BrainStim device, first check the battery status. Then stimulation parameters are manipulated by our special software. Frequency, duration, shape of the current.And transferred to the device by Bluetooth connection. By using the software, open a new session and manage a new protocol or stimulation. For example, the protocol will be named as Beta.Set the frequency of stimulation in our case it will be 20Hz, tune the waveform as sinusoidal, and set the total duration of the stimulation protocol, for example 600 seconds. Finally set the intensity of stimulation at 1 milliAmp while offset, fade in, fade out, and fade is set at zero. Then when the Bluetooth function is activated on the device, upload the protocol from the software to the stimulator.Then proceed by checking whether the protocol has been successfully transferred to the device. Now move to the TMS part. First place electrodes for a surface EMG to measure motor lock potentials by single pulse TMS.Clean the skin using a cleaning scrub under all the electrodes to achieve a low skin impedance, below 10 kiloOhm. Here we took a first dorsal interressus muscle and used and used a bipolar belly tendon montage. Put active electrode on the muscle, reference electrode on the bone, two centimeters distally and ground electrode more proximally on the arm.Motor lock potentials are measured by argentum, argentum chloride electrodes connected to the BrainAmp DC amplifier by a connector box. We are using frameless TMS navigation system LocalEye TMS navigator to achieve proper positioning of the TMS coil. First we place the tracking sensors on the front of the participant.For TMS stimulation we are using magnetic stimulator in a bi-phasic regime and an H-shaped 75 millimeter swing red stimulation coil. Then using the video of participant's structural T-one MRI, and perform a current illustration of the participant's head in the 3-D MRI head model by navigation system. After that, accurately position the coil over the primary motor area of the head, the so-called motor knob region.Then start to test single pass TMS motor lock potentials. Once an optimal hotspot for the studied hand model cortical representation is found, this location is marked for the subsequent TCS target electrode placement. Adjust carefully the first elastic strap on the head with respect to the head center's position.Then take the target electrode position with the second stripe. Once TCS electrodes are placed both on the skull and on the ipsilateral shoulder, proceed to connect them to the stimulator. Before starting the stimulation session, ensure that position of the target electrode is centered over the marked hotspot by visual inspection.Then place the TMS coil over the TCS electrodes by readjusting intensity and orientation using neuro-navigation in order to find the hotspot again. At this stage, method of the resting model threshold for this new combined TCS-TMS montage by taking into account the thickness of the target electrode. Set the intensity of stimulation along the experiment at 110%of their resting motor threshold.Most of the TCS studies showed prominent online effects, at the same time, there is still no clear evidence about long-lasting effects of TCS after stimulation cessation. Only few studies in the literature showed weak and unclear after-effects with respect to those ones who used online TCS. EG evidence is not clear about TCS after-effects either.In vivo it was shown that spike in activity is synchronized with different driving frequencies suggesting that neuronal firing can be entrained by electrically applied fields. Thus in animal models weak sinusoidal TCS entrains the discharged frequency of the widespread cortical-neuronal pulse. In humans recent evidence showed that online TCS can induce entrainment effect on the EG signature.However, the TCS EG approach is still questionable, firstly because of the AC-induced artifacts and secondly because it's not practically possible to directly capture the EG signal of the stimulated area. Such combined TCS-TMS montage allows to observe especially for the sensorimotor system the online frequency specific TCS effects on the cortical spinal output by using as a probe single pass TMS of the primary motor cortex. Thus, start the 20Hz electrical stimulation protocol while delivering online TMS single pulses interspersed by random intervals, from three to five seconds.For instance, we can show the increase of motor lock potential amplitudes during online 20Hz TCS with respect to 10Hz or sham stimulation. On this picture you can see an example of the experimental design where TMS coil is placed over the target TCS electrode. This experiment target red electrodes are placed on the left motor cortex and the right parietal cortex.The blue reference electrode is placed on the midline corresponding to PZ position of the 1020 international EG system. The coil is held on the sponge electrode placed over the left motor cortex. The human motor cortex addressed has an activity at about 20Hz.Frequent collaborators provided the crucial evidence of 20Hz activity at rest in humans by showing the online increase of the cortico-spinal excitability while stimulation was applied at 20Hz. On the graph the Y-axis represents the mean MEP amplitude as measured by TMS single pulse while the TCS stimulation was ongoing. The X-axis represents different stimulation frequencies.Only TCS delivered at 20Hz on the motor cortex increased the corticospinal output. Whereas there was no effect of the stimulation on other frequencies or other stimulation of the parietal cortex. This was the first evidence of an online frequency-specific effect of TCS on the motor cortex measured by TACS, TMS combined approach.The rationale of combining the use of TMS and TACS lies on different information that they convey. By recording motor evoked potentials on the contralateral hand to the primary motor cortex we can check the artifact-free effects of ongoing TCS. This allow us to accurately monitor changes in cortical excitability by motor evoked potentials during electrical stimulation delivered at different frequencies in an artifact-free fashion.This new approach can be used to test online effect of any other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation.

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