Name: effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Uploaded: 2017-09-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Diese Studie wurde von russischen Science Foundation unterstützt gewähren (Vertragsnummer: 17-11-01273). Besonderer Dank geht an Andrey Afanasov und Kollegen von multifunktionalen Innovationszentrum für Fernsehen Technics (National Research University, Higher School of Economics, Moskau, Russische Föderation) für video-Aufnahme und Videobearbeitung.

alle Verfahren wurden von der lokalen Forschungsethikkommission der Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moskau, mit Zustimmung von allen Teilnehmern genehmigt.
 Hinweis: die Teilnehmer müssen keine Geschichte der metallischen Implantaten, neurologischen oder psychiatrischen Krankheit, Drogenmissbrauch oder Alkoholismus melden. TMS ist nach den jüngsten Sicherheit Richtlinien 20 verwendet. Themen müssen umfassend über die Natur des Forschungs- und Zeichen einer Einwi...

<ol>
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Dieser Ansatz stellt eine einzigartige Gelegenheit direkt online-Auswirkungen der TAC der Primärbewegungsrinde durch kortikospinalen Messausgang durch Abgeordnete Aufnahme testen. Die Platzierung der TMS Spule über die TAC-Elektrode stellt jedoch einen entscheidender Schritt, der genau durchgeführt werden sollte. Daher empfehlen wir zunächst Experimentatoren einen Zielpunkt zu finden, von einzelnen Impuls TMS, dann markieren Sie ihn auf der Kopfhaut und erst danach legen Sie die TAC-Elektrode über den Hotspot. Darü...

Transkraniellen Elektrostimulation (tES) ist eine neuromodulatorische-Technik ermöglicht die Änderung der neuronale Zustände durch verschiedene aktuelle Wellenformen1. Zwischen verschiedenen Arten von tES ermöglicht transkranielle Stimulation Wechselstrom (TAC) die Lieferung von sinusförmigen externen oszillierenden Potenziale in einem bestimmten Frequenzbereich und die Modulation der physiologische neuronale Aktivität zugrunde liegenden Wahrnehmungs-, motorischen und kognitiven Prozesse2. Mit TAC, ist es möglich, mögliche kausale Zusammenhänge zwischen endogenen oszillatorische Aktivität und Vorgänge im Gehirn zu untersuchen.
In Vivo, hat sich gezeigt, dass neuronalen Aktivität Spick synchronisiert ist, bei verschiedenen Frequenzen, was darauf hindeutet, dass neuronale feuern durch elektrisch angewandten Bereichen3mitgerissen werden kann. In Tiermodellen koppelt schwache sinusförmige TAC die entladene Frequenz des weit verbreiteten kortikale neuronale Pool4. Beim Menschen kann TAC kombiniert mit Online-Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) die Induktion von den sogenannten "Entrainment" Effekt auf die endogene oszillatorische Aktivität durch die Interaktion mit Gehirn Schwingungen in einem Frequenz-spezifisch5. Kombination von TAC mit Neuroimaging Methoden für ein besseres Verständnis für die Online-Mechanismen ist jedoch wegen AC-induzierte Artefakte6noch fraglich. Darüber hinaus ist es nicht möglich das EEG-Signal über die stimulierte Zielgebiet direkt zu erfassen, ohne eine ringförmige Elektrode, die eine fragwürdige Lösung7ist. So gibt es einen Mangel an systematischer Studien zu diesem Thema.
Bisher gibt es keine eindeutigen Beweise über die nachhaltige Wirkung der TAC nach Stimulation aufhören. Nur wenige Studien haben schwache und unklare Nachwirkungen der TAC auf das motorische System8gezeigt. Darüber hinaus zeugt EEG noch nicht klar über die Nachwirkungen der TAC-9. Auf der anderen Seite zeigten die meisten TAC Studien prominenter Online-Effekte10,11,12,13,14,15,16 , 17 , 18, die schwierig, aufgrund technischer Einschränkungen auf einer physiologischen Ebene zu messen sind. Somit ist das übergeordnete Ziel unserer Methode einen alternativen Ansatz um Online- und frequenzabhängige Auswirkungen der TAC auf den motorischen Kortex (M1) zu testen, durch die Bereitstellung von Einzelimpuls Transcranial magnetische Anregung (TMS) bieten. TMS erlaubt Forschern, den physiologischen Zustand des menschlichen Bewegungsrinde19"Sonde". Darüber hinaus können wir durch die Aufnahme motorische evozierte Potentiale (MEP) auf der kontralateralen Seite des Subjekts, die Auswirkungen der anhaltenden TAC11untersuchen. Dieser Ansatz ermöglicht uns genau Monitor Änderungen in kortikospinalen Erregbarkeit durch Messung MEP Amplitude während Online-Elektrostimulation bei verschiedenen Frequenzen in einem artefaktfrei Wohnort geliefert. Darüber hinaus kann dieser Ansatz auch Online-Auswirkungen der andere Wellenform des tES testen.
Um die kombinierte TAC-TMS Effekte zu demonstrieren, zeigen wir das Protokoll durch die Anwendung von 20 Hz AC Stimulation über den primären motorischen Kortex (M1) während der Online-Neuronavigated Einzelimpuls TMS geliefert ist durchsetzt von zufälligen Intervallen von 3 bis 5 s um zu testen, M1 kortikale Erregbarkeit.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainStim, high-resolution transcranial stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-BRAINSTIM</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Pair of 1,5m cables for connection of conductive silicone electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-CVBS15</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable conductive silicone electrodes 50x50mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG970/2</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable spontex sponge for electrode 50x100mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG916S</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Rubber belts &#8211; 75 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Plastic non traumatic button</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG905/99</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Brainstim</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">MagPro X100 MagOption - transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0731</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">8-shaped coil MC-B65-HO-2</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0462</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Chair with neckrest</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016B0081</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - Navigation platform, Premium edition</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">21223</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - MR-based software, import data for morphological MRI (DICOM, NifTi)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10226</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:213px;">MagVenture 24.8 coil tracker, Geom 1</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5221</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Electrode wires for surface EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Surface Electrodes for EEG/EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainAmp ExG amplifier - bipolar amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">&#160;BrainVision Recorder 1.21.0004&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Nuprep Skin Prep Gel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Weaver and Company, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Sticky tape</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">NaCl solution</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transkranielle Wechselstrom Stimulation (TAC) ist eine neuromodulatorische Technik agieren durch sinusförmigen elektrischen Wellenformen in einer bestimmten Frequenz und laufende kortikale oszillatorische Aktivität wiederum modulieren. Diese Neurotool ermöglicht die Einrichtung eines Kausalzusammenhangs zwischen endogenen oszillatorische Aktivität und Verhalten. Die meisten der TAC-Studien haben Online-Effekte der TAC gezeigt. Jedoch ist wenig bekannt über die zugrunde liegenden Wirkungsmechanismen dieser Technik wegen der AC-induzierte Artefakte auf Elektroenzephalographie (EEG) Signale. Hier zeigen wir einen einzigartigen Ansatz zur Online-physiologische Frequenz-spezifischen Wirkungen der TAC der primären motorischen Kortex (M1) untersuchen mittels Einzelimpuls Transcranial magnetische Anregung (TMS), um kortikale Erregbarkeit Veränderungen zu erforschen. In unserem Setup wird die TMS Spule über die TAC-Elektrode platziert, während Motor evozierten Potentialen (MEP) erhoben werden, um die Auswirkungen der anhaltenden M1-TAC zu testen. Bisher wurde dieser Ansatz vor allem verwendet, die visuelle und motorische Systeme zu studieren. Jedoch kann das aktuelle Setup der TAC-TMS ebnen den Weg für zukünftige Untersuchungen der kognitiven Funktionen. Daher bieten wir eine Schritt für Schritt Anleitung und video Leitlinien für das Verfahren.

Der erste Beweis für einen TAC/TMS kombinierten Ansatz zeigte Kanai Et Al. im Jahr 2010. In dieser Studie die Autoren angewendet TAC in der primären Sehrinde (V1) und demonstriert eine Frequenzspezifische Modulation von der visuellen kortikale Erregbarkeit durch Online-TMS-induzierte Besp Wahrnehmung15gemessen. Eine verfeinerte Version des Protokolls wurde angenommen, um eine physiologische Modulation des motorischen Kortex Erregbarkeit untersuchen von F...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transkranielle Wechselstrom Stimulation (TAC) ermöglicht die Modulation der kortikale Erregbarkeit in eine Frequenz-spezifische Art und Weise. Hier zeigen wir einen einzigartigen Ansatz verbindet Online-TAC mit Einzelimpuls Transcranial magnetische Anregung (TMS), um "kortikale Erregbarkeit durch Motor evozierten Potentialen Sonde".

Effekte der transkraniellen Wechselstrom Stimulation auf Primärbewegungsrinde durch Online-kombinierter Ansatz mit Transcranial magnetische Anregung

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assess modulation of ongoing effects of transcranial alternated current stimulation by means of single path transcranial magnetic path stimulation in a novel online combined approach. Transcranial electrical stimulation is a neuromodulatory technique that affects neuronal states through different current waveform. It is commonly used in neuroscience to investigate brain motor and cognitive functions.The most used approaches are based on direct current stimulation, random noise, and alternating current stimulation, which are able to induce changes in neuron activity. Both inside and outside the neurons, causing alteration of resting membrane potential and consequently modifying neuronal synaptic efficiency. TACS allow us to deliver sinusoidal external oscillatory potential in a specific frequency range.By inducing the so-called entrainment effect on the endogenous oscillatory activity. Here we are introducing a novel method which combine TACS and single path CMS during ongoing stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The method allow us to test online alternating current stimulation effects on primary motor cortex by means of single pulse TMS induced motor evoked potential.We are going to show an entire set of equipment needed to run an online combined TACS-TMS protocol by stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The list of equipment includes an electrical stimulation device which can generate electrical alternated current, for example BrainStim. Connected by two-surface saline soaked sponge electrodes size five to seven centimeters.In order to minimize skin sensation, the electrodes are completely saturated with the saline solution to keep impedance below 10 kiloOhm throughout the whole stimulation session. The target electrode is placed over the scalp corresponding to the primary motor cortex hotspot by using specific elastic straps while the reference electrode is placed over the ipsilateral shoulder by using sticky tape in a so-called monopole montage. In humans, oscillations in different frequencies reflect different behavior and cognitive processes that underlie different states of neural network activity.As typically measured by encephalography or by magneto-encephalography. Oscillations in the human brain are ranging from ultra-slow to ultra-fast oscillations. There are usually simultaneously present and can modulate and interact with each other.However, the link between oscillatory activity and brain processes has always been established by correlational methods. Therefore the issue of whether brain oscillations directly reflect fundamental mechanism in cortical information processing, or just an epiphenomenon is still unresolved. By using TACS we can causally modulate brain oscillations in a frequency-specific fashion, and in turn influence physiological neuronal activity linked to resting state, perceptual and cognitive processes.To set up TCS protocol using the BrainStim device, first check the battery status. Then stimulation parameters are manipulated by our special software. Frequency, duration, shape of the current.And transferred to the device by Bluetooth connection. By using the software, open a new session and manage a new protocol or stimulation. For example, the protocol will be named as Beta.Set the frequency of stimulation in our case it will be 20Hz, tune the waveform as sinusoidal, and set the total duration of the stimulation protocol, for example 600 seconds. Finally set the intensity of stimulation at 1 milliAmp while offset, fade in, fade out, and fade is set at zero. Then when the Bluetooth function is activated on the device, upload the protocol from the software to the stimulator.Then proceed by checking whether the protocol has been successfully transferred to the device. Now move to the TMS part. First place electrodes for a surface EMG to measure motor lock potentials by single pulse TMS.Clean the skin using a cleaning scrub under all the electrodes to achieve a low skin impedance, below 10 kiloOhm. Here we took a first dorsal interressus muscle and used and used a bipolar belly tendon montage. Put active electrode on the muscle, reference electrode on the bone, two centimeters distally and ground electrode more proximally on the arm.Motor lock potentials are measured by argentum, argentum chloride electrodes connected to the BrainAmp DC amplifier by a connector box. We are using frameless TMS navigation system LocalEye TMS navigator to achieve proper positioning of the TMS coil. First we place the tracking sensors on the front of the participant.For TMS stimulation we are using magnetic stimulator in a bi-phasic regime and an H-shaped 75 millimeter swing red stimulation coil. Then using the video of participant's structural T-one MRI, and perform a current illustration of the participant's head in the 3-D MRI head model by navigation system. After that, accurately position the coil over the primary motor area of the head, the so-called motor knob region.Then start to test single pass TMS motor lock potentials. Once an optimal hotspot for the studied hand model cortical representation is found, this location is marked for the subsequent TCS target electrode placement. Adjust carefully the first elastic strap on the head with respect to the head center's position.Then take the target electrode position with the second stripe. Once TCS electrodes are placed both on the skull and on the ipsilateral shoulder, proceed to connect them to the stimulator. Before starting the stimulation session, ensure that position of the target electrode is centered over the marked hotspot by visual inspection.Then place the TMS coil over the TCS electrodes by readjusting intensity and orientation using neuro-navigation in order to find the hotspot again. At this stage, method of the resting model threshold for this new combined TCS-TMS montage by taking into account the thickness of the target electrode. Set the intensity of stimulation along the experiment at 110%of their resting motor threshold.Most of the TCS studies showed prominent online effects, at the same time, there is still no clear evidence about long-lasting effects of TCS after stimulation cessation. Only few studies in the literature showed weak and unclear after-effects with respect to those ones who used online TCS. EG evidence is not clear about TCS after-effects either.In vivo it was shown that spike in activity is synchronized with different driving frequencies suggesting that neuronal firing can be entrained by electrically applied fields. Thus in animal models weak sinusoidal TCS entrains the discharged frequency of the widespread cortical-neuronal pulse. In humans recent evidence showed that online TCS can induce entrainment effect on the EG signature.However, the TCS EG approach is still questionable, firstly because of the AC-induced artifacts and secondly because it's not practically possible to directly capture the EG signal of the stimulated area. Such combined TCS-TMS montage allows to observe especially for the sensorimotor system the online frequency specific TCS effects on the cortical spinal output by using as a probe single pass TMS of the primary motor cortex. Thus, start the 20Hz electrical stimulation protocol while delivering online TMS single pulses interspersed by random intervals, from three to five seconds.For instance, we can show the increase of motor lock potential amplitudes during online 20Hz TCS with respect to 10Hz or sham stimulation. On this picture you can see an example of the experimental design where TMS coil is placed over the target TCS electrode. This experiment target red electrodes are placed on the left motor cortex and the right parietal cortex.The blue reference electrode is placed on the midline corresponding to PZ position of the 1020 international EG system. The coil is held on the sponge electrode placed over the left motor cortex. The human motor cortex addressed has an activity at about 20Hz.Frequent collaborators provided the crucial evidence of 20Hz activity at rest in humans by showing the online increase of the cortico-spinal excitability while stimulation was applied at 20Hz. On the graph the Y-axis represents the mean MEP amplitude as measured by TMS single pulse while the TCS stimulation was ongoing. The X-axis represents different stimulation frequencies.Only TCS delivered at 20Hz on the motor cortex increased the corticospinal output. Whereas there was no effect of the stimulation on other frequencies or other stimulation of the parietal cortex. This was the first evidence of an online frequency-specific effect of TCS on the motor cortex measured by TACS, TMS combined approach.The rationale of combining the use of TMS and TACS lies on different information that they convey. By recording motor evoked potentials on the contralateral hand to the primary motor cortex we can check the artifact-free effects of ongoing TCS. This allow us to accurately monitor changes in cortical excitability by motor evoked potentials during electrical stimulation delivered at different frequencies in an artifact-free fashion.This new approach can be used to test online effect of any other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation.

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A Novel Approach for Documenting Phosphenes Induced by Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Ein neuer Ansatz zur Dokumentation Phosphenes durch TMS induzierte

Stimulation of the human visual cortex produces a transient perception of light, known as a phosphene. Phosphenes are induced by invasive electrical ...

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Combining Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and fMRI to Examine the Default Mode Network

Die Kombination TMS und fMRT dem Standard-Modus Netzwerk Untersuchen

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Electrode Positioning and Montage in Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

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Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a technique that has been intensively investigated in the past decade as this method offers a ...

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Die Verwendung von magnetischen Resonanzspektroskopie als Werkzeug für die Messung der Bi-hemisphärische transkranielle elektrische Stimulation Auswirkungen auf primären motorischen Kortex Metabolism

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Remotely Supervised Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation: An Update on Safety and Tolerability

Aus der Ferne überwacht Transcranial Direct aktuelle Stimulation: Ein Update auf Sicherheit und Verträglichkeit

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Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

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We describe the development of a reproducible, child-friendly motor response inhibition task suitable for online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) ...

Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Electroencephalography of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex

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Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is a non-invasive method that produces neural excitation in the cortex by means of brief, time-varying magnetic ...

The Combined Use of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Robotic Therapy for the Upper Limb

Der kombinierte Einsatz von Transcranial Direct aktuelle Stimulation und Roboter-Therapie für die obere Extremität

Neurologic disorders such as stroke and cerebral palsy are leading causes of long-term disability and can lead to severe incapacity and restriction of ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) in Mice

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS in Mice

Transkranielle Gleichstrom Stimulation (tDCS) bei Mäusen

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive neuromodulation technique proposed as an alternative or complementary treatment for ...

Stimulation Location Determination using a 3D Digitizer with High-Definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation

Stimulationspositionsbestimmung mit einem 3D-Digitizer mit high-Definition Transkranialer Gleichstromstimulation

The abundance of neuroimaging data and rapid development of machine learning has made it possible to investigate brain activation patterns. However, ...