Name: effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation
Uploaded: 2017-09-23T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Denne studien ble støttet av russisk Science Foundation gir (kontraktnummeret: 17-11-01273). Spesiell takk til Andrey Afanasov og kolleger fra multifunksjonelle InnovationsCenter for TV Technics (National Research University, høyere School of Economics, Moscow, Russland) for videoopptak og videoredigering.

alle prosedyrer ble godkjent av lokale forskning etikk av de høyere Handelshøyskole (HMS), Moskva, med samtykke fra alle deltakerne.
 Merk: deltakere må rapportere ingen historie implantert metall enheter, nevrologiske eller psykiatriske sykdom, narkotikamisbruk eller alkoholisme. TMS brukes i henhold til de nyeste sikkerhet retningslinjer 20. Emnene må være fullt informert av natur forskning og signere et samtykke skjema før du starter eksperimentet. Vi viser e...

<ol>
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F., Rossi, A., Rossi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Frequency-specific+insight+into+short-term+memory+capacity.">Frequency-specific insight into short-term memory capacity.</a> J. Neurophysiol. 116 (1), 153-158 (2016).</li><li>Kanai, R., Paulus, W., Walsh, V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcranial+alternating+current+stimulation+(tACS)+modulates+cortical+excitability+as+assessed+by+TMS-induced+phosphene+thresholds.">Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) modulates cortical excitability as assessed by TMS-induced phosphene thresholds.</a> Clin. Neurophysiol. 121 (9), 1551-1554 (2010).</li><li>Polania, R., Moisa, M., Opitz, A., Grueschow, M., Ruff, C. 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Dette representerer en unik mulighet til å teste direkte online effekter av tACS av primære motorisk cortex ved å måle corticospinal utgang via MEPs opptak. Imidlertid representerer plasseringen av TMS spolen over tACS elektroden et viktig skritt som skal utføres nøyaktig. Derfor at vi først forskere Finn et målpunkt av enkelt puls TMS og merket det på hodebunnen og, bare etter at plasser tACS elektroden over aktiveringspunktet. Videre støtter tilgjengeligheten av et neuronavigation system avgjørende lokaliser...

Transkraniell elektrisk stimulering (tES) er en neuromodulatory teknikk som tillater endring av neuronal land gjennom ulike gjeldende bølgeformer1. De ulike typene tES gjør Transkraniell vekselstrøm stimulering (tACS) levering av sinusformet eksterne oscillasjon potensialene i et bestemt frekvensområde og modulering av fysiologiske nevrale aktivitet underliggende Perseptuell, motoriske og kognitive prosesser2. Bruke tACS, er det mulig å undersøke mulige årsakssammenhenger mellom endogene oscillasjon aktivitet og hjernen prosesser.
I vivo, har det vært vist at skyter nevrale aktivitet er synkronisert på ulike kjøring frekvenser, noe som tyder på at neuronal avfyring kan være entrained av elektrisk anvendt3. I dyremodeller entrains svake sinusformet tACS utladet frekvensen av utbredt kortikale neuronal bassenget4. Hos mennesker kan tACS kombinert med online Elektroencefalogram (EEG) induksjon av såkalte "Entrainment" effekten på endogene oscillasjon aktivitet av samspill med hjernen svingninger i frekvens-spesifikk måte5. Imidlertid er kombinere tACS neuroimaging metoder for en bedre forståelse av online mekanismer fremdeles tvilsom på grunn av AC-indusert gjenstander6. I tillegg er det ikke mulig å registrere direkte EEG signalet over stimulert målet uten å bruke en ring-lignende elektrode som er en tvilsom løsning7. Dermed er det mangel på systematiske studier på dette emnet.
Så langt, er det ingen klare bevis om varige effekter av tACS etter stimulering opphør. Noen studier har vist svake og uklare ettervirkninger av tACS på systemet8. Videre er EEG bevis ennå ikke klart om resultatene av tACS9. På den annen side, de fleste tACS studier viste fremtredende online effekter10,11,12,13,14,15,16 , 17 , 18, som er vanskelig å måle på et fysiologisk nivå på grunn av tekniske begrensninger. Dermed er er det overordnede målet med vår metode å gi en alternativ tilnærming for å teste online og frekvens-avhengige effekter av tACS på motorisk cortex (M1) ved å levere enkelt puls Transkraniell magnetisk stimulering (TMS). TMS kan forskere å "undersøke" fysiologisk tilstand av menneskelig motorisk cortex19. Videre ved Motor utløste potensialer (MEP) på emnet kontralateral hånd, kan vi undersøke virkningen av de pågående tACS11. Denne tilnærmingen lar oss nøyaktig overvåking av endringer i corticospinal excitability av måler MEP amplituden under online elektrisk stimulering levert på forskjellige frekvenser i en gjenstand problemfri måte. I tillegg kan denne tilnærmingen også teste online effekter av noen andre bølgeform av tES.
For å demonstrere kombinert tACS-TMS effekten, vil vi vise protokollen ved å bruke 20 Hz AC stimulering over primære motorisk cortex (M1) mens online neuronavigated enkelt puls TMS leveres blandet med ujevne mellomrom fra 3 til 5 s for å teste M1 kortikale excitability.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainStim, high-resolution transcranial stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-BRAINSTIM</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Pair of 1,5m cables for connection of conductive silicone electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EMS-CVBS15</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable conductive silicone electrodes 50x50mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG970/2</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Reusable spontex sponge for electrode 50x100mm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG916S</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Rubber belts &#8211; 75 cm</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Plastic non traumatic button</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">FIA-PG905/99</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Brainstim</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E.M.S., Bologna, Italy</td>
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			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">MagPro X100 MagOption - transcranial magnetic stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0731</td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">8-shaped coil MC-B65-HO-2</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016E0462</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Chair with neckrest</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MagVenture, Farum, Denmark</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">9016B0081</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - Navigation platform, Premium edition</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">21223</td>
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			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:213px;">Localite TMS Navigator - MR-based software, import data for morphological MRI (DICOM, NifTi)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">10226</td>
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			<td height="57" style="height:57px;width:213px;">MagVenture 24.8 coil tracker, Geom 1</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Localite, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">5221</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Electrode wires for surface EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Surface Electrodes for EEG/EMG</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">&#160;EBNeuro, Italy&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">6515</td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">BrainAmp ExG amplifier - bipolar amplifier&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">&#160;BrainVision Recorder 1.21.0004&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Brain Products, GmbH, Germany</td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:213px;">Nuprep Skin Prep Gel&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Weaver and Company, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Syringes</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">Sticky tape</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:213px;">NaCl solution</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:123px;"></td>
			<td style="width:157px;"></td>
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effects of transcranial alternating current stimulation on the primary motor cortex by online combined approach with transcranial magnetic stimulation

Transkraniell vekselstrøm stimulering (tACS) er en neuromodulatory teknikk i stand til å handle gjennom sinusformet elektrisk bølgediagrammer på en bestemt frekvens og igjen modulerer pågående kortikale oscillasjon aktivitet. Denne neurotool gjør etablering av en årsakssammenheng mellom endogene oscillasjon aktivitet og atferd. De fleste av tACS studier har vist online effekter av tACS. Men er lite kjent om underliggende handling mekanismer av denne teknikken på grunn av AC-indusert gjenstandene på Elektroencefalogram (EEG) signaler. Her viser vi en unik tilnærming til undersøke online fysiologiske frekvens spesifikke effekter av tACS av primære motorisk cortex (M1) ved hjelp av én puls Transkraniell magnetisk stimulering (TMS) for å undersøke kortikale excitability endringer. I vår oppsett, er TMS spolen plassert over tACS elektroden mens Motor utløste potensialer (parlamentet) er samlet for å teste effekten av pågående M1-tACS. Så langt er denne tilnærmingen hovedsakelig brukt til å studere den visuelle og motor systemer. Imidlertid, det gjeldende oppsettet for tACS-TMS kan bane vei for fremtidige undersøkelser av kognitive funksjoner. Derfor gir vi en trinnvis manual og video retningslinjer for prosedyren.

Det første beviset på en tACS/TMS kombinert tilnærming ble vist av Kanai et al. i 2010. I denne studien forfatterne anvendt tACS over den primære hjernebarken (V1) og viste en frekvens spesifikke modulering av visuelle kortikale excitability målt ved online TMS-indusert phosphene oppfatning15. En mer raffinert versjon av protokollen ble innført for å undersøke en fysiologisk modulering av motorisk cortex excitability av Feurra et al. i 201...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation at JoVE

Effects of Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation on the Primary Motor Cortex by Online Combined Approach with Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation

Transkraniell vekselstrøm stimulering (tACS) kan modulering av kortikale excitability på en frekvens-spesifikk måte. Her viser vi en unik tilnærming som kombinerer online tACS med enkelt puls Transkraniell magnetisk stimulering (TMS) for å "probe" kortikale excitability med Motor utløste potensialer.

Effekter av Transkraniell vekselstrøm stimulering på primære motorisk Cortex av Online kombinert tilnærming med Transkraniell magnetisk stimulering

Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) is a neuromodulatory technique able to act through sinusoidal electrical waveforms in a specific ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to assess modulation of ongoing effects of transcranial alternated current stimulation by means of single path transcranial magnetic path stimulation in a novel online combined approach. Transcranial electrical stimulation is a neuromodulatory technique that affects neuronal states through different current waveform. It is commonly used in neuroscience to investigate brain motor and cognitive functions.The most used approaches are based on direct current stimulation, random noise, and alternating current stimulation, which are able to induce changes in neuron activity. Both inside and outside the neurons, causing alteration of resting membrane potential and consequently modifying neuronal synaptic efficiency. TACS allow us to deliver sinusoidal external oscillatory potential in a specific frequency range.By inducing the so-called entrainment effect on the endogenous oscillatory activity. Here we are introducing a novel method which combine TACS and single path CMS during ongoing stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The method allow us to test online alternating current stimulation effects on primary motor cortex by means of single pulse TMS induced motor evoked potential.We are going to show an entire set of equipment needed to run an online combined TACS-TMS protocol by stimulation of the primary motor cortex. The list of equipment includes an electrical stimulation device which can generate electrical alternated current, for example BrainStim. Connected by two-surface saline soaked sponge electrodes size five to seven centimeters.In order to minimize skin sensation, the electrodes are completely saturated with the saline solution to keep impedance below 10 kiloOhm throughout the whole stimulation session. The target electrode is placed over the scalp corresponding to the primary motor cortex hotspot by using specific elastic straps while the reference electrode is placed over the ipsilateral shoulder by using sticky tape in a so-called monopole montage. In humans, oscillations in different frequencies reflect different behavior and cognitive processes that underlie different states of neural network activity.As typically measured by encephalography or by magneto-encephalography. Oscillations in the human brain are ranging from ultra-slow to ultra-fast oscillations. There are usually simultaneously present and can modulate and interact with each other.However, the link between oscillatory activity and brain processes has always been established by correlational methods. Therefore the issue of whether brain oscillations directly reflect fundamental mechanism in cortical information processing, or just an epiphenomenon is still unresolved. By using TACS we can causally modulate brain oscillations in a frequency-specific fashion, and in turn influence physiological neuronal activity linked to resting state, perceptual and cognitive processes.To set up TCS protocol using the BrainStim device, first check the battery status. Then stimulation parameters are manipulated by our special software. Frequency, duration, shape of the current.And transferred to the device by Bluetooth connection. By using the software, open a new session and manage a new protocol or stimulation. For example, the protocol will be named as Beta.Set the frequency of stimulation in our case it will be 20Hz, tune the waveform as sinusoidal, and set the total duration of the stimulation protocol, for example 600 seconds. Finally set the intensity of stimulation at 1 milliAmp while offset, fade in, fade out, and fade is set at zero. Then when the Bluetooth function is activated on the device, upload the protocol from the software to the stimulator.Then proceed by checking whether the protocol has been successfully transferred to the device. Now move to the TMS part. First place electrodes for a surface EMG to measure motor lock potentials by single pulse TMS.Clean the skin using a cleaning scrub under all the electrodes to achieve a low skin impedance, below 10 kiloOhm. Here we took a first dorsal interressus muscle and used and used a bipolar belly tendon montage. Put active electrode on the muscle, reference electrode on the bone, two centimeters distally and ground electrode more proximally on the arm.Motor lock potentials are measured by argentum, argentum chloride electrodes connected to the BrainAmp DC amplifier by a connector box. We are using frameless TMS navigation system LocalEye TMS navigator to achieve proper positioning of the TMS coil. First we place the tracking sensors on the front of the participant.For TMS stimulation we are using magnetic stimulator in a bi-phasic regime and an H-shaped 75 millimeter swing red stimulation coil. Then using the video of participant's structural T-one MRI, and perform a current illustration of the participant's head in the 3-D MRI head model by navigation system. After that, accurately position the coil over the primary motor area of the head, the so-called motor knob region.Then start to test single pass TMS motor lock potentials. Once an optimal hotspot for the studied hand model cortical representation is found, this location is marked for the subsequent TCS target electrode placement. Adjust carefully the first elastic strap on the head with respect to the head center's position.Then take the target electrode position with the second stripe. Once TCS electrodes are placed both on the skull and on the ipsilateral shoulder, proceed to connect them to the stimulator. Before starting the stimulation session, ensure that position of the target electrode is centered over the marked hotspot by visual inspection.Then place the TMS coil over the TCS electrodes by readjusting intensity and orientation using neuro-navigation in order to find the hotspot again. At this stage, method of the resting model threshold for this new combined TCS-TMS montage by taking into account the thickness of the target electrode. Set the intensity of stimulation along the experiment at 110%of their resting motor threshold.Most of the TCS studies showed prominent online effects, at the same time, there is still no clear evidence about long-lasting effects of TCS after stimulation cessation. Only few studies in the literature showed weak and unclear after-effects with respect to those ones who used online TCS. EG evidence is not clear about TCS after-effects either.In vivo it was shown that spike in activity is synchronized with different driving frequencies suggesting that neuronal firing can be entrained by electrically applied fields. Thus in animal models weak sinusoidal TCS entrains the discharged frequency of the widespread cortical-neuronal pulse. In humans recent evidence showed that online TCS can induce entrainment effect on the EG signature.However, the TCS EG approach is still questionable, firstly because of the AC-induced artifacts and secondly because it's not practically possible to directly capture the EG signal of the stimulated area. Such combined TCS-TMS montage allows to observe especially for the sensorimotor system the online frequency specific TCS effects on the cortical spinal output by using as a probe single pass TMS of the primary motor cortex. Thus, start the 20Hz electrical stimulation protocol while delivering online TMS single pulses interspersed by random intervals, from three to five seconds.For instance, we can show the increase of motor lock potential amplitudes during online 20Hz TCS with respect to 10Hz or sham stimulation. On this picture you can see an example of the experimental design where TMS coil is placed over the target TCS electrode. This experiment target red electrodes are placed on the left motor cortex and the right parietal cortex.The blue reference electrode is placed on the midline corresponding to PZ position of the 1020 international EG system. The coil is held on the sponge electrode placed over the left motor cortex. The human motor cortex addressed has an activity at about 20Hz.Frequent collaborators provided the crucial evidence of 20Hz activity at rest in humans by showing the online increase of the cortico-spinal excitability while stimulation was applied at 20Hz. On the graph the Y-axis represents the mean MEP amplitude as measured by TMS single pulse while the TCS stimulation was ongoing. The X-axis represents different stimulation frequencies.Only TCS delivered at 20Hz on the motor cortex increased the corticospinal output. Whereas there was no effect of the stimulation on other frequencies or other stimulation of the parietal cortex. This was the first evidence of an online frequency-specific effect of TCS on the motor cortex measured by TACS, TMS combined approach.The rationale of combining the use of TMS and TACS lies on different information that they convey. By recording motor evoked potentials on the contralateral hand to the primary motor cortex we can check the artifact-free effects of ongoing TCS. This allow us to accurately monitor changes in cortical excitability by motor evoked potentials during electrical stimulation delivered at different frequencies in an artifact-free fashion.This new approach can be used to test online effect of any other forms of transcranial electrical stimulation.

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