Name: quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice
Uploaded: 2017-08-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

我们感谢所有实验室成员对撰写和仔细阅读本手稿的贡献。我们非常感谢保罗·弗兰肯（Paul Franken）刺激讨论，GisèleFerrand博士对手术方案进行了有用的评论，Jean-Yves Chatton博士提供了原始的Labview可执行文件，用于噪音暴露。资助由瑞士国家科学基金会（Grants 31003A_146244和31003A_166318）和Etat de Vaud提供。

所有的实验程序都是根据洛桑大学动物保护委员会和沃尔沃广播电台服务机构进行的。 EEG / EMG-ECG记录手术<ol><li> 动物住房和选择。 <ol><li>在12：12-h黑暗/光照循环中，单独放置动物（C57Bl / 6J，7- 9周，25-30g），并在标准条件（40％湿度，22℃））下用食物和水随意提供 。 </li><li>仅使用男性受试者避免激素周期对睡眠的所有影响。 </li></ol></li><li> 电极...

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在这里，我们展示如何建立整合EEG，EMG和ECG变量的非REM睡眠的连续时间特征。这是开发鼠标睡眠综合描述的第一步，这有助于识别以前无法识别的时间尺度，在非REM睡眠期间组织高和低的抗噪声能力1 。类似的时间结构也通过类似分析1描述在人类非REM睡眠中。 这里提出的程序实现了两个目标。首先，我们引起注意，多导睡眠图技术可以在?...

哺乳动物睡眠是一种行为休息状态，对环境的刺激有弹性。尽管这种明显的均匀性，多导睡眠图和自主神经参数表明睡眠在不同的时间和空间尺度上在定性和定量不同的神经和体细胞状态之间移动1 。超过几分钟到几十分钟，就会发生非REM和REM睡眠之间的切换。非REM睡眠伴随着EEG中的大振幅，低频活动，频谱峰值约为0.5-4Hz，而REM睡眠在θ波段（6-10Hz）中显示出常规的EEG活性，连同肌肉atonia 2 。在非REM睡眠中，人类通过光（S2）和深度慢波睡眠（SWS）循环。作为它们的命名表明，这两个阶段显示较低和较高分别觉醒阈值3， 图4，以及它们在低frequ的密度主要区别en皮质脑电图，称为慢波活动（SWA; 0.75-4Hz）。非均匀性仍然存在整个上minute-子第二时间表S2和SWS的个别发作，如广泛地SWA超过一个回合5,6的过程中可变存在的记载，但也通过EEG和场电位的节奏在更高的频率，包括在所述Σ带（10-15赫兹）和γ节律主轴波（80 - 120赫兹）（对于综述，参见图7，8，9，10）。 这些变化并不是微妙的，而是将人类的睡眠皮质状态转移到光谱的极端。对于非REM睡眠，这些范围从SWA的优势到类似于唤醒状态的状态，因为它们包含相当大比例的高频分量11 <sup&gt;， 12 。在啮齿动物和猫中，虽然非REM睡眠不再分为阶段，但在REM睡眠发作之前出现称为中间睡眠（IS）的简短时期13 。期间，REM睡眠功能，如海马THETA活性和脑桥geniculo枕波发起，而非REM睡眠签名，如主轴波和SWA，仍然存在，这表明在两个睡眠之间的混合状态14,15。然而，IS可以在功能上是不同的，因为它由抗抑郁药16调节并且通过在之前的醒来期间17中的新颖的对象呈现，并且它有助于设定觉醒阈值18 。此外，自由移动的大鼠的EEG和EMG参数的状态空间图显示了在非REM睡眠，REM睡眠和觉醒之间连续的点14的簇。也有在SWA零星下降，没有一个统一的非REM睡眠周期14，19，20期间进入清醒状态或REM睡眠，这导致在低和高频率成分的相对存在的大幅度波动。最后，非REM睡眠期间SWA和更高频率节律的可变比例不仅发生在时间上，而且还显示皮质区域之间的振幅和同步区域的区域19 。 哺乳动物非REM睡眠远远不统一。然而，这种不均匀性是否导致功能和行为属性不同的状态不清楚。在几种类型的睡眠障碍中，连续睡眠被自发觉醒和不适当的运动行为所破坏。此外，频谱分析显示EEG 21中较高频率的相对存在的变化以及自主神经参数，如呼吸频率和心脏跳动22 。因此，稳定睡眠状态的有序序列受到干扰，皮质和/或自主神经元的元素以不受控制的方式侵入。因此，了解睡眠状态的连续性与疾病有关。此外，城市环境中的环境噪声引起的睡眠扰动与一般健康风险有关，使得识别睡眠中脆弱性增加的时刻至关重要23 。 睡眠人群中的行为觉醒实验表明，从SWA主导的非REM睡眠（S3期）醒来是最难的，而轻度非REM睡眠（S2期）和REM睡眠显示可比较和较低的唤醒阈值4 。短声刺激的皮层处理在REM睡眠S2和S3 24之间变化很大，25 ，表明状态特异性皮质活动模式调节感觉处理的第一阶段。用于人类非REM睡眠，倾向唤醒响应于噪声与主轴波和α节奏在EEG 26，27，28的存在而变化。心轴中的皮质心律失常伴随着丘脑和皮质水平的增强的突触抑制，这被认为有助于感觉加工的衰减7 。 时间上如何组织抗噪声和易受伤害的时期，它们的决定因素是什么？在小鼠和人类中，我们最近在神经节律中确定了一个低速，0.02Hz的振荡。根据这种0.02Hz振荡的相位，小鼠对外部刺激显示出可变的反应性，可以唤醒或睡眠gh的噪音。有趣的是，这种振荡与心跳的速度相关，表明自主神经系统参与调节睡眠对外部刺激的脆弱性1 。记忆相关的海马节律也被组织在这个节奏之内，最令人惊奇的是，其力量与人类记忆巩固的质量相关。因此，0.02Hz振荡似乎是啮齿动物和人类非REM睡眠的组织原理，其调节对环境的敏感性和内部记忆处理。这再次强调需要多参数和持续评估睡眠状态以识别其功能并识别潜在漏洞的位置。 在这里，我们提出一个提取这些动态波形的程序，包括用于组合EEG / ECoG和EMG-ECG测量的小鼠的手术植入，暴露于感觉刺激，and分析程序。该过程提供了将睡眠视为连续变化但高度组织的警惕状态的基础，在此期间依次执行不同的基本睡眠功能。更一般来说，该程序适用于旨在在睡眠期间在健康和疾病状态下提取行为结果之前的光谱和自主特征的方法。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">2-components epoxy glue</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Henkel</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Loctite EA 3450</td>
			<td style="width:605px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbable Suturing Fiber (Prolene)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>5-0 FS-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiseptic swab</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>149-0332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Attane Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>Isoflurane 250mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Connectors 3x2-channels</td>
			<td>ENA AG</td>
			<td>2.316</td>
			<td>Raster 2.00 x 2.00 mm; size 5x8x9 mm; pin size 5mm; http://www.ena.ch/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dragonfly commutator</td>
			<td>Dragonfly</td>
			<td>Model #SL-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EMBLA amplifier</td>
			<td>EMBLA</td>
			<td>A10 amplifier</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14108-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flat Head Gold-plated steel screw</td>
			<td>J.I. Morris</td>
			<td>FF00CE125</td>
			<td>https://jimorrisco.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gold wire</td>
			<td>CMSA</td>
			<td>T.69 5gr</td>
			<td>http://www.cmsa.ch/en/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemostatic sponge</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>Gelfoam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">iodine-based disinfectant (Betadine)</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td>standart solution 60mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Komet drill steel 1/005PM104</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>22310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matlab Analysis Software</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2016b</td>
			<td>https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microdrill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>96758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 923-B</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-923-b-mouse-gas-anesthesia-head-holder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ophtalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Pharmamedica</td>
			<td>VITA-POS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paladur (liquid)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>2260215</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Palavit (powder)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>5410929</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Frame</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-930-small-animal-stereotaxic-frame-assembly/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soldering wire</td>
			<td>Stannol</td>
			<td>593072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller - Mini rectal probe</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090502</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller- heating pad</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090205</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice

三个警戒状态主导哺乳动物生命：觉醒，非快速眼动（非REM）睡眠和REM睡眠。随着更多的神经行为相关性在自由移动的动物中被识别，这种三重细分变得太简单了。在觉醒期间，全球和局部皮质活动的整体以及外周参数，如瞳孔直径和交感神经平衡，定义了不同程度的唤醒。睡眠还形成大脑状态的连续体的程度尚不清楚，其中对感觉刺激和兴奋性的恢复力以及可能的其他睡眠功能的程度逐渐变化，以及外周生理状态如何共同变化。研究推进睡眠中监测多个参数的方法以及归因于这些功能属性的星座，是将我们对睡眠理解作为一个多功能过程的核心，在此过程中许多有益效果必须由executed。识别表征睡眠状态的新颖参数将为睡眠障碍中的新型诊断途径开辟机会。 我们提出了一种通过使用标准多导睡眠记录技术组合监测和分析脑电图（EEG）/电皮质图（ECoG），肌电图（EMG）和心电图（ECG））信号来描述小鼠非REM睡眠状态的动态变化的过程。使用这种方法，我们发现小鼠非REM睡眠被组织成协调的神经和心脏振荡的周期，其产生对外部刺激的高和低脆性的连续的25-s间隔。因此，中枢神经系统和自主神经系统被协调以在整合的非REM睡眠期间形成行为上独特的睡眠状态。我们提供多导睡眠图（ 即 EEG / EMG结合ECG）监测的手术操作，以便在自由睡觉的小鼠中跟踪这些周期，对量化分析他们的动力学和声学刺激方案来评估他们在醒来的可能性中的作用。我们的方法已经扩展到人类的睡眠，并承诺解除哺乳动物非REM睡眠状态的共同组织原则。

图 2A （上图 ）显示了通过如所述植入的多导睡眠记录电极（ 见图1 ）记录的100分钟自发睡眠 - 醒觉行为。非REM睡眠发作时EEG和EMG振幅的增减是清晰可见的。间歇性REM睡眠被标记为EEG振幅的降低，并且EMG音调的进一步降低在该压缩时间刻度上是不可见的。放大一个非REM睡眠回合显示脑电图中?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

在这里，我们提出实验和分析程序来描述小鼠非REM睡眠的神经和心脏变量的时间动力学，其调节对声学刺激的睡眠反应性。

量化睡眠小鼠的光谱功率和心率的慢速动力学

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

The overall goal of this procedure, is to describe how neural and cardiac activities are coordinated during mouse non REM sleep. Through monitoring and analyzing electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and electrocardiographic signals. This method can help answer key questions in the sleep field.Such as how sleep reconciles two essential and evolutionarily preserved needs. Which are to be both continuous and fragile. The main advantage of this technique is that it uses standard polysomnography to score non REM sleep in a novel way that is based on the variable behavioral responses to external stimuli.We first had the idea for this method when we observed that sleeping mice showed variable responses to noise such as waking up and sleeping through. Generally individuals new to this method will struggle because it combines surgical skill, bare minimal experimentation, and advancing analysis. Visual demonstration of this method is critical as several essential steps are new to the field.In particular concerning the behavioral design and data analysis. The implications of this technique extend towards diagnosis of sleep disorders in humans. Because it identifies the moments of sleep that are highly fragile.To begin the procedure, prepare to EEG ecogeolectrodes using 0.5 centimeter long pieces of gold wire, each soldered on top of a gold plated steel screw. Then clean them in 70%ethanol. Next prepare two EMG-ECG electrodes with three to four centimeter long gold wires.Bend the wires at a 90 degree angle one centimeter from one end and prepare a coil at the other end. Between the two ends bend the wire to create a small curvature that corresponds to the surface profile of the bone between the cerebellum and lambda. After that prepare a six channel female to male head connector by covering the connector of both female and male pins at the base with tape.Then add to the pins at the corners some tin to facilitate the soldering process. In this step, place an anesthetized animal on the stereotaxic apparatus by positioning the mouth. This will fix the mouse head.Then fix the head by positioning the ear bars at the skull with their blunt reverse ends. Subsequently lift the skin at the center of the skull and gently cut the lifted portion of the skin along the mid line from the top of the neck to the level of the eyes. Then remove the scalp.Ensure that the window is large enough to clearly see the bregma and the lambda fissures of the skull. Fix the skin on both sides with bulldog serafines to ensure access to the bone. Next carefully remove the conjunctive tissue with a scalpel.Clean the area with iodine based disinfectant and dry the skull with an antiseptic swab. Then using a sharp scalpel blade, scratch the skull to obtain a cleaned and mattified bone surface. Using only the scalpel tip, scratch a grid like meshwork of groves with a distance of one to two millimeters between the grooves.Afterward, perform four craniotomies in the skull at specific locations with a microdrill. While drilling, blow away the bone dust using a pasteur pipette and clean any bleeding with antiseptic swabs. If bleeding occurs, ensure that it is stopped completely before resuming the process.Use a hemostatic sponge to accelerate hemostasis. Fix the screw in a hemostatic clamp. On the left hemisphere, screw two gold plated screws through the craniotomies.Hold the clamp vertically above the craniotomy and rotate the screw while not deviating from the vertical position. Gently open the hemostatic clamp to release the screw. On the right hemisphere screw the previously prepared electrodes through the craniotomies.Add a drop of glue on the middle part of the skull to ensure tight adhesion of the left EMG-ECG. Carefully lift the border of the skin from the neck muscles with forceps and insert the EMG-ECG wires with the coiled ends in the muscles. To detect the heart ECG signals during sleep, ensure that the EMG-ECG wire is inserted into the muscle to a depth of about 0.8 to one centimeter.Position the left EMG-ECG next to the posterior left anchoring screw. Repeat the procedure to insert the right EMG-ECG. Position the right EMG-ECG next to the anterior left anchoring screw.Ensure that the loop ends are placed as far as possible from each other. It is important that the EMG-ECG wires are inserted deeply enough into the muscle in order for the heart rate to be detected reliably. Using a spatula apply the two component epoxy glue to the skull between and around the screws.Let it dry in the light but protect the eyes of the animal from excessive lighting. Try to place the connector pins as closely as possible to minimize the height of the implant using a small crocodile lamp. Solder the four pins at the corner of the connector to the four wires.Minimize the time in contact with the soldering tip as this rapidly heats the screws. Next, fill the space between the glue and the connector with dental cement and cover the soldered parts. Create smooth surface and avoid sharp edges that could hurt the animal.In addition, avoid touching the skin as this leads to itching. Now remove the bulldog serafines. Disinfect the wound with iodine based disinfectant.If necessary, close the wound with suture points in front and behind the connector. Afterwards, monitor the animal every day for a week and look for weight loss, reduced or abnormal activity, and signs of infection. Five to six days after surgery, connect the recording cable to the head connector on the animal, leaving it in its home cage.Wait an additional four to five days before the start of recording so that the animal is habituated to the condition and sleeps naturally. With a commercial polysomnographic software, record EEG and EMG-ECG data over 48 hours using typical settings such as 2000 x gain, a 2000 hertz sampling rate at acquisition, down sampled to 200 hertz after acquisition. Apply a 0.7 hertz high pass filter for all the EEG traces and a 10 hertz high pass filter for all the EMG-ECG traces.In this demonstration, the mouse has been sleeping for more than 40 seconds. Here are the characteristic low frequency, high amplitude signals in the EEG and the low muscle tone in the EMG traces. It is important that the mouse sleep stably for at least 40 seconds before the noise is played to ensure a long base line for the analysis of sleep, prior to wake up or sleep through.Now an acoustic stimulus, here a white noise, will be delivered. In this case, the mouse wakes up within 10 seconds. Note that the EEG desynchronizes when the mouse wakes up.In another case, the mouse does not wake up, even though the noise has been delivered for more than 20 seconds. Note that the EEG does not desynchronize. Shown here are the raw traces of the EEG in black and the corresponding EMG-ECG signals in gray, for 40 seconds before the noise onset and during the 20 seconds of noise.This is a sleep through event. And this is an example of the wake up event. The corresponding analyzed data for sigma power dynamics in the 40 seconds window before noise onset are shown here for sleep through and wake up.The key result of this analysis is that the sigma power is at its trough before noise onset for a sleep through event and at its peak for a wake up event. In contrast to the wake up and sleep through events presented before, we discarded the events with an early transition into REM sleep. And we also discarded the events with an early wake up before noise onset.While attempting this procedure, it's important to ensure that EMG signal detects the heart rate throughout non REM sleep. Moreover remember that the analysis procedure needs to be understood and implemented in a software script to extract the infra-slow oscillation. Following this procedure, other methods, such as local electrophysiological recordings, or imaging approaches can be performed to follow activity patterns in defined brain areas.After redevelopment, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of human sleep to explore how neural and cardiac activities are organized in the different sleep stages in healthy sleepers and in sleep disorder patients. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to score and analyze non REM sleep retrospectively based on the behavioral reactivity of the sleeping mouse to an acoustic stimulus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

光谱共焦成像的荧光标记的尼古丁受体敲在慢性尼古丁政府小鼠

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

科研

神经科学

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

使用传统的空调和心率的方法刺激听觉声学和电刺激对歧视行为的测定

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

脑电图神经影像数据：事件相关电位，光谱功率，和多尺度熵的应用

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

测定冷灵敏度和适应小鼠一种简单廉价的方法

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

光感受器细胞光谱灵敏度在从昆虫模型决定<em&gt;在体内</em&gt;细胞内记录

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

脑电图, 心率和电皮肤反应评估为广告知觉研究: 应用到禁烟公共服务公告

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

髓轴突原位光谱 Reflectometric 显微术

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

间刺激间隔对啮齿类动物时间处理评估的力量

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rate in Acute Striatal Slices from Adult Mice

测量成年小鼠急性纹状体切片中的耗氧率

Mitochondria play an important role in cellular ATP production, reactive oxygen species regulation, and Ca2+ concentration control. Mitochondrial ...

Simultaneous Imaging of Microglial Dynamics and Neuronal Activity in Awake Mice

清醒小鼠小胶质细胞动力学和神经元活动的同时成像

Since brain functions are under the continuous influence of the signals derived from peripheral tissues, it is critical to elucidate how glial cells in ...