Name: quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice
Uploaded: 2017-08-02T14:00:00
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私たちは、この原稿の執筆と慎重な読書への貢献について、すべてのラボメンバーに感謝します。外科手術プロトコールに関する有益なコメントをいただいたGisèleFerrand博士と騒音暴露のためのオリジナルのLabview実行ファイルを提供してくださったJean-Yves Chatton氏に感謝の意を表します。資金は、スイス国立科学財団（Grants 31003A_146244および31003A_166318）とEtat de Vaudによって提供されました。

全ての実験手順は、ローザンヌ動物飼育委員会と、ヴォー洞のケルン・デ・ヴォーのサービス・デ・ラ・コンソーメーション・デ・エデイ・アフェアレ・ヴェテイネリエールに従って実施した。 1. EEG / EMG-ECGレコーディングのための手術<ol><li> 動物の住宅と選択。 <ol><li> 12：12時間の暗/明サイクルで、単独で飼育し、標準状態（湿度40％、22℃）で、食物と?...

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ここでは、EEG、EMG、およびECG変数を統合する非レム睡眠の連続時間プロファイルを確立する方法を示します。これは、ノイズに対して高及び低反発非REM睡眠1中編成され、その上、以前に認識されていないタイムスケールを識別するのに役立つことができ、マウスの睡眠の統合的記述を、開発に向けた最初のステップです。同様の時間的構造も、類似の分析1を</...

哺乳動物の睡眠は、環境刺激に対する休息と回復力の行動状態である。このような見かけ上の一様性にもかかわらず、睡眠ポリグラフおよび自律神経パラメータは、様々な時間的および空間的スケールで質的および量的に異なる神経および体性状態間で睡眠が移動することを示している1 。数分から数十分にわたり、非REMとレム睡眠との間の切り替えが起こる。非レム睡眠は、脳波の大振幅、低周波活動を伴い、〜0.5〜4Hz付近のスペクトルピークを伴い、レム睡眠はシータバンド（6〜10Hz）において規則的なEEG活動を示し、筋肉atonia 2 。非レム睡眠では、人間は光（S2）と深いスローウェーブスリープ（SWS）を繰り返します。そのネーミングが示すように、これら2つの段階が低く示し、より高い覚醒は、それぞれ、4、3閾値、及びそれらが低frequの密度に主に異なりますスロー波活動（SWA; 0.75〜4Hz）と呼ばれる大脳皮質の脳波のパワー。不均一性は、として広く試合5,6にわたってだけでなく、EEGによってSWAの可変存在によって文書化電位リズムをフィールド、サブセカンドタイムスケールにminute-上S2及びSWSの個々の発作を通して持続しますシグマバンド（10-15 Hz）で、ガンマリズムにスピンドル波を含む高い周波数（80から120ヘルツ）（レビューのために、7、8、9、10を参照されたいです）。 微妙ではなく、これらのバリエーションは人間の睡眠中の皮質状態をスペクトルの極端にシフトさせます。ノンレム睡眠のために、SWAの優位性から、その近似覚醒様活性状態へのこれらの範囲、それらが高周波成分11の実質的な割合が含まれているため<sup&gt;、 12 。ノンレム睡眠は段階に細分化されていないが、げっ歯類や猫では、中間睡眠（IS）と呼ばれる短い期間は、REM睡眠開始13前に出てきます。このようなスピンドル波とSWA非REM睡眠の署名が、依然として存在している間IS中に、そのような海馬のシータ活性としてレム睡眠機能と先斗-geniculo-後頭部波は15、14 2つのスリープ状態のミックスを示す、開始します。それにもかかわらず、ISは、それが抗うつ薬16によって変調され、前の覚醒17の間に新規の物体提示によって変調され、覚醒閾値18の設定に寄与するので、機能的に異なる可能性がある。さらに、自由に動くラットのEEGおよびEMGパラメータの状態空間プロットは、非REM睡眠、REM睡眠および覚醒状態の間で連続する点14のクラスタを示す。 SWAにおける散発的減少は、連結非REM睡眠期間14、19、20の間に低および高周波数成分の相対的な存在下で実質的な変動につながる覚醒またはREM睡眠を入力せずに、またあります。最後に、非レム睡眠時のSWAと高周波数リズムの変化率は、時間的にのみならず、大脳皮質領域間の振幅と同期の地域差も示している19 。 哺乳類の非レム睡眠は一様ではありません。しかし、そのような不均一性が、機能および行動の属性が異なる状態につながるかどうかは不明である。いくつかのタイプの睡眠障害において、連続的な睡眠は、自発的な覚醒および不適切な運動行動によって中断される。また、スペクトルは、EEG 21に高い周波数の相対的な存在でshow変化を解析します呼吸数や心拍数などの自律的なパラメータが含まれます22 。したがって、安定した睡眠状態の秩序のあるシーケンスは撹乱され、皮質および/または自律神経覚醒の要素は制御されない方法で侵入する。したがって、睡眠状態の連続性を理解することは、疾患に関連する可能性がある。さらに、都市環境における環境騒音による睡眠の混乱は、一般的な健康リスクと関連しており、睡眠時の脆弱性が増す瞬間を特定することが重要です23 。 ヒトの睡眠における行動覚醒実験は光非REM睡眠（段階S2）とREM睡眠ショー同等と下覚醒に対し4閾値、SWA-支配非REM睡眠（段階S3）からウェイクアップするために最も困難なことがあることを示しています。短い音刺激の皮質処理は、REM睡眠、S2、およびS3 24の間で実質的に変化し、25、状態固有の皮質活動パターンが感覚処理の最初の段階を調節することを示します。ヒトにおけるノンレム睡眠のために、ノイズに応答してウェイクアップする傾向がEEG 26、27、28にスピンドル波とアルファリズムの存在によって変化します。スピンドルの視床皮質の律動性は、視床および皮質の両方のレベルでシナプスの抑制が増強され、これが知覚処理の減弱に寄与すると考えられている7 。 どのように騒音に耐えられ、脆弱な睡眠期間が時間内に整理され、その決定要因は何ですか？マウスおよびヒトの両方において、我々は最近、神経リズムにおける低速、0.02Hzの振動を同定した。この0.02Hzの振動の位相に依存して、マウスは、覚醒または睡眠のいずれかの外部刺激に対して可変反応性を示した雑音gh。興味深いことに、この振動は心拍数と相関し、自律神経系が睡眠の外部刺激に対する脆弱性の調節に関与することを示している1 。記憶関連の海馬リズムもこのリズムの中で組織されており、その強さは人間の記憶強化の質と相関していた。したがって、0.02Hzの振動は、環境に対する感受性と内部記憶処理の両方を調節するげっ歯類およびヒト非REM睡眠の組織原理であるようである。これは、睡眠状態のマルチパラメトリックかつ継続的な評価の必要性を再度強調し、その機能を認識し、潜在的な脆弱性の部位を特定する。 ここでは、これらの動態の波形を抽出する手順を提示します。これには、EEG / ECoGとEMG-ECG測定、感覚刺激への曝露、分析ルーチン。この手順は、異なる基本的な睡眠機能が連続的に実行される間、絶えず変化するが高度に組織化された警戒状態として睡眠を見るための基礎を提供する。より一般的には、この手順は、健康状態および疾患状態の両方において睡眠中の行動転帰に先行するスペクトルおよび自律神経の特徴を抽出することを目的とするアプローチに適用可能である。

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:316px;">2-components epoxy glue</td>
			<td style="width:128px;">Henkel</td>
			<td style="width:177px;">Loctite EA 3450</td>
			<td style="width:605px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Absorbable Suturing Fiber (Prolene)</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>5-0 FS-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Adson Forceps</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>11006-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Antiseptic swab</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>149-0332</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Attane Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>Isoflurane 250mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Connectors 3x2-channels</td>
			<td>ENA AG</td>
			<td>2.316</td>
			<td>Raster 2.00 x 2.00 mm; size 5x8x9 mm; pin size 5mm; http://www.ena.ch/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dragonfly commutator</td>
			<td>Dragonfly</td>
			<td>Model #SL-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EMBLA amplifier</td>
			<td>EMBLA</td>
			<td>A10 amplifier</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>FST</td>
			<td>14108-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Flat Head Gold-plated steel screw</td>
			<td>J.I. Morris</td>
			<td>FF00CE125</td>
			<td>https://jimorrisco.com/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Gold wire</td>
			<td>CMSA</td>
			<td>T.69 5gr</td>
			<td>http://www.cmsa.ch/en/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Hemostatic sponge</td>
			<td>Pfizer</td>
			<td>Gelfoam</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">iodine-based disinfectant (Betadine)</td>
			<td>Mundipharma</td>
			<td>standart solution 60mL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Komet drill steel 1/005PM104</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>22310</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matlab Analysis Software</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>R2016b</td>
			<td>https://ch.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Microdrill</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>96758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mouse Gas Anesthesia Head Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 923-B</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-923-b-mouse-gas-anesthesia-head-holder/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ophtalmic ointment</td>
			<td>Pharmamedica</td>
			<td>VITA-POS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Paladur (liquid)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>2260215</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Palavit (powder)</td>
			<td>UNOR AG</td>
			<td>5410929</td>
			<td>for dental cement</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Small Animal Stereotaxic Frame</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 930</td>
			<td>http://kopfinstruments.com/product/model-930-small-animal-stereotaxic-frame-assembly/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Soldering wire</td>
			<td>Stannol</td>
			<td>593072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller - Mini rectal probe</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090502</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Temperature controller- heating pad</td>
			<td>Phymep</td>
			<td>4090205</td>
			<td>http://www.phymep.com/produit/dc-temperature-controller/</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying infra-slow dynamics of spectral power and heart rate in sleeping mice

覚醒、非眼球運動（非REM）睡眠、およびレム睡眠の3つの警戒状態が哺乳動物の生活を支配する。行動の神経相関が自由に動く動物で同定されるにつれて、この3つの細分はあまりにも単純化する。覚醒時には、瞳孔径や交感神経のバランスなどの周辺パラメータとともに、大域的および局所的な皮質活動のアンサンブルが様々な程度の覚醒を定義する。感覚刺激および覚醒、およびおそらく他の睡眠機能に対する回復の程度が徐々に変化し、末梢の生理状態がどのように変化するかという点で、睡眠が脳状態の連続体を形成する程度は不明のままである。睡眠中の複数のパラメータをモニターする方法を進歩させ、これらの機能的属性の配置に帰属する研究は、睡眠の理解を、多くの有益な効果が存在しなければならない多機能プロセス生きる睡眠状態を特徴づける新規パラメータを特定することは、睡眠障害における新規な診断手段の機会を開くであろう。 我々は、標準的な睡眠ポリグラフ記録技術を用いて脳波（EEG）/電気コルチコグラム（ECoG）、筋電図（EMG）、および心電図（ECG）信号の組み合わせ監視および分析を介してマウス非REM睡眠状態の動的変化を記述する手順を提示する。このアプローチを使用して、我々は、マウス非REM睡眠が、外部刺激に対する高低の脆弱性の連続的な25秒の間隔を生成する調整された神経振動および心臓振動の周期に組織化されることを見出した。したがって、統合された非レム睡眠中に、中枢および自律神経系が協調して行動的に異なる睡眠状態を形成する。我々は、自由に眠っているマウスのこれらのサイクルを追跡するために、睡眠ポリグラフ（ すなわち、 EEG / EMGとECGとの組み合わせ）モニタリングのための手術操作を提示し、それらのダイナミクス、および覚醒の可能性におけるそれらの役割を評価するための音響刺激プロトコルを含む。私たちのアプローチはすでに人間の睡眠にまで拡張されており、哺乳動物の非レム睡眠状態の共通の組織原理を解明することを約束しています。

図 2A （上のパネル）は、説明したように埋め込まれた睡眠ポリグラフ電極を介して記録された自発睡眠 - 覚醒行動の100分のストレッチを示す（ 図1参照）。非レム睡眠発症時のEEGおよびEMG振幅の増減ははっきりとわかる。断続的なレム睡眠は、EEG振幅の減少と、この圧縮された時間スケールでは見えないEMGト?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice at JoVE.com

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

ここでは、聴覚刺激に対する睡眠応答性を調節するマウスにおける非レム睡眠の神経および心臓変数の時間的ダイナミクスを記述するための実験的および分析的手順を提示する。

睡眠中のマウスにおけるスペクトルパワーおよび心拍数の低速ダイナミクスの定量化

Three vigilance states dominate mammalian life: wakefulness, non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep, and REM sleep. As more neural correlates of behavior ...

The overall goal of this procedure, is to describe how neural and cardiac activities are coordinated during mouse non REM sleep. Through monitoring and analyzing electroencephalographic, electromyographic, and electrocardiographic signals. This method can help answer key questions in the sleep field.Such as how sleep reconciles two essential and evolutionarily preserved needs. Which are to be both continuous and fragile. The main advantage of this technique is that it uses standard polysomnography to score non REM sleep in a novel way that is based on the variable behavioral responses to external stimuli.We first had the idea for this method when we observed that sleeping mice showed variable responses to noise such as waking up and sleeping through. Generally individuals new to this method will struggle because it combines surgical skill, bare minimal experimentation, and advancing analysis. Visual demonstration of this method is critical as several essential steps are new to the field.In particular concerning the behavioral design and data analysis. The implications of this technique extend towards diagnosis of sleep disorders in humans. Because it identifies the moments of sleep that are highly fragile.To begin the procedure, prepare to EEG ecogeolectrodes using 0.5 centimeter long pieces of gold wire, each soldered on top of a gold plated steel screw. Then clean them in 70%ethanol. Next prepare two EMG-ECG electrodes with three to four centimeter long gold wires.Bend the wires at a 90 degree angle one centimeter from one end and prepare a coil at the other end. Between the two ends bend the wire to create a small curvature that corresponds to the surface profile of the bone between the cerebellum and lambda. After that prepare a six channel female to male head connector by covering the connector of both female and male pins at the base with tape.Then add to the pins at the corners some tin to facilitate the soldering process. In this step, place an anesthetized animal on the stereotaxic apparatus by positioning the mouth. This will fix the mouse head.Then fix the head by positioning the ear bars at the skull with their blunt reverse ends. Subsequently lift the skin at the center of the skull and gently cut the lifted portion of the skin along the mid line from the top of the neck to the level of the eyes. Then remove the scalp.Ensure that the window is large enough to clearly see the bregma and the lambda fissures of the skull. Fix the skin on both sides with bulldog serafines to ensure access to the bone. Next carefully remove the conjunctive tissue with a scalpel.Clean the area with iodine based disinfectant and dry the skull with an antiseptic swab. Then using a sharp scalpel blade, scratch the skull to obtain a cleaned and mattified bone surface. Using only the scalpel tip, scratch a grid like meshwork of groves with a distance of one to two millimeters between the grooves.Afterward, perform four craniotomies in the skull at specific locations with a microdrill. While drilling, blow away the bone dust using a pasteur pipette and clean any bleeding with antiseptic swabs. If bleeding occurs, ensure that it is stopped completely before resuming the process.Use a hemostatic sponge to accelerate hemostasis. Fix the screw in a hemostatic clamp. On the left hemisphere, screw two gold plated screws through the craniotomies.Hold the clamp vertically above the craniotomy and rotate the screw while not deviating from the vertical position. Gently open the hemostatic clamp to release the screw. On the right hemisphere screw the previously prepared electrodes through the craniotomies.Add a drop of glue on the middle part of the skull to ensure tight adhesion of the left EMG-ECG. Carefully lift the border of the skin from the neck muscles with forceps and insert the EMG-ECG wires with the coiled ends in the muscles. To detect the heart ECG signals during sleep, ensure that the EMG-ECG wire is inserted into the muscle to a depth of about 0.8 to one centimeter.Position the left EMG-ECG next to the posterior left anchoring screw. Repeat the procedure to insert the right EMG-ECG. Position the right EMG-ECG next to the anterior left anchoring screw.Ensure that the loop ends are placed as far as possible from each other. It is important that the EMG-ECG wires are inserted deeply enough into the muscle in order for the heart rate to be detected reliably. Using a spatula apply the two component epoxy glue to the skull between and around the screws.Let it dry in the light but protect the eyes of the animal from excessive lighting. Try to place the connector pins as closely as possible to minimize the height of the implant using a small crocodile lamp. Solder the four pins at the corner of the connector to the four wires.Minimize the time in contact with the soldering tip as this rapidly heats the screws. Next, fill the space between the glue and the connector with dental cement and cover the soldered parts. Create smooth surface and avoid sharp edges that could hurt the animal.In addition, avoid touching the skin as this leads to itching. Now remove the bulldog serafines. Disinfect the wound with iodine based disinfectant.If necessary, close the wound with suture points in front and behind the connector. Afterwards, monitor the animal every day for a week and look for weight loss, reduced or abnormal activity, and signs of infection. Five to six days after surgery, connect the recording cable to the head connector on the animal, leaving it in its home cage.Wait an additional four to five days before the start of recording so that the animal is habituated to the condition and sleeps naturally. With a commercial polysomnographic software, record EEG and EMG-ECG data over 48 hours using typical settings such as 2000 x gain, a 2000 hertz sampling rate at acquisition, down sampled to 200 hertz after acquisition. Apply a 0.7 hertz high pass filter for all the EEG traces and a 10 hertz high pass filter for all the EMG-ECG traces.In this demonstration, the mouse has been sleeping for more than 40 seconds. Here are the characteristic low frequency, high amplitude signals in the EEG and the low muscle tone in the EMG traces. It is important that the mouse sleep stably for at least 40 seconds before the noise is played to ensure a long base line for the analysis of sleep, prior to wake up or sleep through.Now an acoustic stimulus, here a white noise, will be delivered. In this case, the mouse wakes up within 10 seconds. Note that the EEG desynchronizes when the mouse wakes up.In another case, the mouse does not wake up, even though the noise has been delivered for more than 20 seconds. Note that the EEG does not desynchronize. Shown here are the raw traces of the EEG in black and the corresponding EMG-ECG signals in gray, for 40 seconds before the noise onset and during the 20 seconds of noise.This is a sleep through event. And this is an example of the wake up event. The corresponding analyzed data for sigma power dynamics in the 40 seconds window before noise onset are shown here for sleep through and wake up.The key result of this analysis is that the sigma power is at its trough before noise onset for a sleep through event and at its peak for a wake up event. In contrast to the wake up and sleep through events presented before, we discarded the events with an early transition into REM sleep. And we also discarded the events with an early wake up before noise onset.While attempting this procedure, it's important to ensure that EMG signal detects the heart rate throughout non REM sleep. Moreover remember that the analysis procedure needs to be understood and implemented in a software script to extract the infra-slow oscillation. Following this procedure, other methods, such as local electrophysiological recordings, or imaging approaches can be performed to follow activity patterns in defined brain areas.After redevelopment, this technique paves the way for researchers in the field of human sleep to explore how neural and cardiac activities are organized in the different sleep stages in healthy sleepers and in sleep disorder patients. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to score and analyze non REM sleep retrospectively based on the behavioral reactivity of the sleeping mouse to an acoustic stimulus.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

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慢性ニコチン投与によるマウスノックインで蛍光標識ニコチン性受容体のスペクトル共焦点イメージング

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

神経科学

Behavioral Determination of Stimulus Pair Discrimination of Auditory Acoustic and Electrical Stimuli Using a Classical Conditioning and Heart-rate Approach

古典的条件とハートレート·アプローチを用いた聴覚の音響および電気刺激の刺激ペアの差別の行動決定

Acute animal preparations have been used in research prospectively investigating electrode designs and stimulation techniques for integration into neural ...

Applications of EEG Neuroimaging Data: Event-related Potentials, Spectral Power, and Multiscale Entropy

EEGニューロイメージングデータの応用：事象関連電位、スペクトルパワー、およびマルチスケールエントロピー

When considering human neuroimaging data, an appreciation of signal variability represents a fundamental innovation in the way we think about brain ...

A Simple and Inexpensive Method for Determining Cold Sensitivity and Adaptation in Mice

マウスにおける低温感受性と適応を決定するためのシンプルで安価な方法

Cold hypersensitivity is a serious clinical problem, affecting a broad subset of patients and causing significant decreases in quality of life.  The cold ...

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

Determination of Photoreceptor Cell Spectral Sensitivity in an Insect Model from In Vivo Intracellular Recordings

昆虫モデルにおける視細胞分光感度の決意から<em&gt;インビボ</em&gt;細胞内記録

Intracellular recording is a powerful technique used to determine how a single cell may respond to a given stimulus. In vision research, intracellular ...

Electroencephalographic, Heart Rate, and Galvanic Skin Response Assessment for an Advertising Perception Study: Application to Antismoking Public Service Announcements

脳波、心拍数と広告認識のための皮膚電気反応評価研究: 禁煙の公共サービスの発表への応用

The evaluation of advertising, products, and packaging is traditionally performed through methods based on self-reports and focus groups, but these ...

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

Spectral Reflectometric Microscopy on Myelinated Axons In Situ

その場で有髄軸索のスペクトル反射型顕微鏡

In a mammalian nervous system, myelin provides an electrical insulation by enwrapping the axon fibers in a multilayered spiral. Inspired by its ...

The Power of Interstimulus Interval for the Assessment of Temporal Processing in Rodents

刺激間隔の齧歯動物の一時的な処理の評価のための力

Temporal processing deficits have been implicated as a potential elemental dimension of higher-level cognitive processes, commonly observed in ...

Measurement of Oxygen Consumption Rate in Acute Striatal Slices from Adult Mice

成体マウスの急性線条体スライスにおける酸素消費率の測定

Mitochondria play an important role in cellular ATP production, reactive oxygen species regulation, and Ca2+ concentration control. Mitochondrial ...

Simultaneous Imaging of Microglial Dynamics and Neuronal Activity in Awake Mice

覚醒マウスにおけるミクログリア動態と神経活動の同時イメージング

Since brain functions are under the continuous influence of the signals derived from peripheral tissues, it is critical to elucidate how glial cells in ...