Name: time-lapse confocal imaging of migrating neurons in organotypic slice culture of embryonic mouse brain using in utero electroporation
Uploaded: 2017-07-25T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation at JoVE.com

Agradecemos Jacqueline Andratschke, Elena Werle, Sachi Takenaka e Matthias Toberer por uma excelente assistência técnica, bem como por Victor Tarabykin para discussões úteis. Este trabalho foi apoiado por uma concessão da Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft à SB (BR-2215).

Todos os procedimentos experimentais foram aprovados pelo Comité de Assistência Ambiental Animal (Regierungspräsidium Tübingen) e executados de acordo com a Lei alemã de bem-estar animal e a Diretiva da UE 2010/63 / UE. 1. Em Utero Electroporation <ol><li> Agulhas de microinjecção <ol><li> Puxe os capilares de vidro de borosilicato (diâmetro externo: 1,0 mm, diâmetro interno: 0,58 mm, comprimento: 100 mm) em agulhas de microinjeção usando um extrator de...

<ol>
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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+co-regulation+of+neuronal+migration+and+laminar+identity+in+the+neocortex.">Transcriptional co-regulation of neuronal migration and laminar identity in the neocortex.</a> Development. 139 (9), 1535-1546 (2012).</li><li>Saito, T., Nakatsuji, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+gene+transfer+into+the+embryonic+mouse+brain+using+in+vivo+electroporation.">Efficient gene transfer into the embryonic mouse brain using in vivo electroporation.</a> Dev Biol. 240 (1), 237-246 (2001).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+in+utero+gene+transfer+system+to+the+developing+mouse+brain+using+electroporation:+visualization+of+neuronal+migration+in+the+developing+cortex.">Efficient in utero gene transfer system to the developing mouse brain using electroporation: visualization of neuronal migration in the developing cortex.</a> Neuroscience. 103 (4), 865-872 (2001).</li><li>LoTurco, J. J., Bai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+multipolar+stage+and+disruptions+in+neuronal+migration.">The multipolar stage and disruptions in neuronal migration.</a> Trends Neurosci. 29 (7), 407-413 (2006).</li><li>Noctor, S. C., Martinez-Cerdeno, V., Ivic, L., Kriegstein, A. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cortical+neurons+arise+in+symmetric+and+asymmetric+division+zones+and+migrate+through+specific+phases.">Cortical neurons arise in symmetric and asymmetric division zones and migrate through specific phases.</a> Nat Neurosci. 7 (2), 136-144 (2004).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nakajima, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multipolar+migration:+the+third+mode+of+radial+neuronal+migration+in+the+developing+cerebral+cortex.">Multipolar migration: the third mode of radial neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex.</a> J Neurosci. 23 (31), 9996-10001 (2003).</li><li>Pacary, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proneural+transcription+factors+regulate+different+steps+of+cortical+neuron+migration+through+Rnd-mediated+inhibition+of+RhoA+signaling.">Proneural transcription factors regulate different steps of cortical neuron migration through Rnd-mediated inhibition of RhoA signaling.</a> Neuron. 69 (6), 1069-1084 (2011).</li><li>Tabata, H., Nagata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Decoding+the+molecular+mechanisms+of+neuronal+migration+using+in+utero+electroporation.">Decoding the molecular mechanisms of neuronal migration using in utero electroporation.</a> Medical Molecular Morphology. 49 (2), 63-75 (2016).</li><li>Wiegreffe, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl11a+(Ctip1)+Controls+Migration+of+Cortical+Projection+Neurons+through+Regulation+of+Sema3c.">Bcl11a (Ctip1) Controls Migration of Cortical Projection Neurons through Regulation of Sema3c.</a> Neuron. 87 (2), 311-325 (2015).</li><li>John, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl11a+is+required+for+neuronal+morphogenesis+and+sensory+circuit+formation+in+dorsal+spinal+cord+development.">Bcl11a is required for neuronal morphogenesis and sensory circuit formation in dorsal spinal cord development.</a> Development. 139 (10), 1831-1841 (2012).</li><li>Polleux, F., Ghosh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+slice+overlay+assay:+a+versatile+tool+to+study+the+influence+of+extracellular+signals+on+neuronal+development.">The slice overlay assay: a versatile tool to study the influence of extracellular signals on neuronal development.</a> Sci STKE. 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A migração radial é um processo chave no desenvolvimento do neocórtex. As mutações em genes que afetam diferentes etapas deste processo podem causar malformações corticais graves, incluindo hepatite lissencefálica e heterotopia de matéria branca 1 , 2 . Recentemente, mostramos que Bcl11a, que é expressa em jovens neurônios de projeção cortical migratória, desempenha um papel na migração radial. Utilizamos imagens confocais de lapso de tempo de n...

O neocórtex é o principal site de funções cognitivas, emocionais e sensório-motoras. É composto de seis camadas horizontais orientadas em paralelo à superfície do cérebro. Durante o desenvolvimento, as células progenitoras na parede lateral do telencefalo dorsal dão origem a neurônios de projeção que migram radialmente para a superfície do pial e adquirem uma identidade neuronal específica do tipo de camada. Depois de serem geradas nas zonas ventriculares / subventriculares (VZ / SVZ), esses neurônios se tornam transitoriamente multipolar e diminuem sua migração. Após uma curta permanência na zona intermediária (IZ), eles mudam para uma morfologia bipolar, se prende ao andaime radial e continuam a migração orientada radialmente para a placa cortical (CP). Ao atingir o objetivo final, os neurônios de projeção se separam dos processos de glial radiais e adquirem identidade específica da camada. Mutações em genes que afetam diferentes etapas da migração neuronal podem causar malformação cortical grave, como lissencHematopia de IFF ou de matéria branca 1 , 2 . A eletroporação in utero é uma técnica rápida e poderosa para transfectar células progenitoras neurais no cérebro em desenvolvimento de embriões de roedores 3 , 4 . Com esta técnica, é possível derrubar e / ou sobre-expressar genes de interesse para estudar suas funções no desenvolvimento de neurônios. Este método ajudou especificamente a descrever os detalhes morfológicos e a caracterizar os mecanismos moleculares do processo de migração radial 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 . Os neurônios de migração radial sofrem alterações dinâmicas na forma celular, velocidade de migração, bem como direção migratória, que requerem observação direta e contínua ao longo do tempo. Cultivo de fatias organotípicasA imagem confocal re e time-lapse de cérebros eletroporados permite observar diretamente os neurônios migratórios ao longo do tempo. Usando essa abordagem combinada, é possível analisar características distintas de neurônios migratórios que não podem ser investigados em seções de tecido fixo de cérebros eletroporados. Recentemente, aplicamos imagens confocais de lapso de tempo de neurônios migratórios em culturas de fatia de cérebros eletroporados para estudar o papel do fator de transcrição CLL / linfoma 11a (Bcl11a) durante o desenvolvimento cortical 10 . Bcl11a é expressa em jovens neurônios corticais migratórios e utilizamos um alelo Bcl11a condicional condicional ( Bcl11a flox ) 11 para estudar suas funções. A eletroporação da recombinase Cre juntamente com a proteína fluorescente verde (GFP) em progenitores corticais dos cérebros BCL11a flox / flox nos permitiu criar uma situação de mutante de mosaico, na qual apenas algumas células são mutadas em umaDe outra forma, tipo selvagem. Desta forma, foi possível estudar as funções autônomas celulares de Bcl11a no nível de célula única. Descobrimos que os neurônios mutantes Bcl11a exibem velocidade reduzida, mudanças em seus perfis de velocidade, bem como mudanças de orientação aleatórias durante a migração 10 . No protocolo delineado, descrevemos um fluxo de trabalho para a eletroporação bem sucedida e preparação de cultura de fatia 12 de cérebros de mouse, bem como imagens confocais de lapso de tempo de culturas de fatia cortical.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="771">
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Abbott Laboratories&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">506949</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Forene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">6-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">351146</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">12-well plate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">351143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">non-absorbable surgical suture</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">K890H</td>
			<td>3/8 circle, 13 mm, taper point</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Micro Adson Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11018-12</td>
			<td>serrated, length: 12 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">fine scissors</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14063-09</td>
			<td>angled to side, length: 9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Mathieu Needle Holder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">12510-14</td>
			<td>tungsten carbide, length: 14 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">fine tipped forceps</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11370-40</td>
			<td>straight, 11 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Vannas T&#252;bingen Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15005-08</td>
			<td>angled up, 9.5 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">ring forceps</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11103-09</td>
			<td>OD: 3mm, ID, 2.2 mm, length: 9 cm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">HBSS (10X)</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">14180046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">L-Glutamine</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">25030081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">Penicillin/Streptomycin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">15140122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">horse serum</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">26050088</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">BME</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">41010026</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">borosilicate glass capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">30-0016</td>
			<td>1.0 OD x 0.58 ID x 100 L mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">anesthsesia system</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Harvard Apparaus</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">72-6471</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">anesthetizing chamber</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Harvard Apparaus</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34-0460</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">fluosorber filter canister</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Harvard Apparaus</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">34-0415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">low melting point agarose</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">16520100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">vibrating blade microtome</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">VT1200 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">fluorescence stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M205 FA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">stereo microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M125</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">inverted fluorescence tissue culture microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">DM IL LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">confocal laser scanning microscope</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">TCS SP5II</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">hybrid detector</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">HyD</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">objective, 40x/0.60 NA</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">11506201</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">microscope temperature control system</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Life Imaging Services</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">Cube, Brick &#38; Box</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">cell culture insert</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">PICM0RG50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">microgrinder</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Narishige</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">EG-45</td>
			<td>use 38&#176; angle for beveling</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">microinjector</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Parker Hannifin&#160;</td>
			<td>052-0500-900</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Picospritzer III</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">carprofen</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Pfizer Animal Health</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">NDC 61106-8507</td>
			<td>Rimadyl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">emdedding mold</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Polysciences</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">18986-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">endotoxin-free plasmid maxi kit</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Qiagen</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">12362</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">fast green</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">F7252</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">laminin</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">L2020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">poly-L-lysine</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P5899</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">H4034</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">D-glucose</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">G6152</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">C7902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">magensium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">M2643</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">S6297</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">square wave electroporator</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sonidel</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CUY21EDIT</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">tweezers with 5 mm platinum disk electrodes</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sonidel</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">CUY650P5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">micropipette puller</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">P-97</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">box filament</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">Sutter Instrument</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">FB255B</td>
			<td>2.5 mm x 2.5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:281px;">micro-spoon spatula</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">231-0191</td>
			<td>185 mm x 5 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:281px;">glass bottom dish, 50 mm</td>
			<td style="width:171px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:111px;">FD5040-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

time-lapse confocal imaging of migrating neurons in organotypic slice culture of embryonic mouse brain using in utero electroporation

A eletroporação in utero é uma abordagem rápida e poderosa para estudar o processo de migração radial no córtex cerebral do desenvolvimento de embriões de ratos. Ele ajudou a descrever os diferentes passos da migração radial e caracterizar os mecanismos moleculares que controlam esse processo. Para analisar de forma direta e dinâmica os neurônios migratórios, eles devem ser rastreados ao longo do tempo. Este protocolo descreve um fluxo de trabalho que combina in utero eletroporação com cultura de fatias organotípicas e imagens confocais temporizadas, o que permite um exame direto e análise dinâmica de neurônios corticais de migração radial. Além disso, é possível caracterizar detalhadamente neurônios migratórios, como velocidade de migração, perfis de velocidade, bem como mudanças de orientação radial. O método pode ser facilmente adaptado para realizar análises funcionais de genes de interesse em neurônios corticais de migração radial por perda e ganho de função, bem como experiências de resgate. Espaço de tempoA imagem dos neurônios migratórios é uma técnica de última geração que, uma vez estabelecida, é uma ferramenta potente para estudar o desenvolvimento do córtex cerebral em modelos de ratos de transtornos de migração neuronal.

Anteriormente, mostrámos que a eliminação genética de BCL11A por electroporação em útero prejudica a migração radial da camada superior de neurónios de projecção final-nascido 10. A eletroporação de um vector de plasmídeo de DNA contendo Cre-IRES-GFP eliminou eficientemente Bcl11a em cérebros Bcl11a flox / flox condicionais 11 . Quando analisamos os céreos eletroporado...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation at JoVE.com

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

Este protocolo fornece instruções para a observação direta de neurônios corticais que migram radialmente. A eletroporação in utero , a cultura de fatia organotípica e a imagem confocal de lapso de tempo são combinadas para estudar de forma direta e dinâmica os efeitos da sobre-expressão ou downregulation de genes de interesse em neurônios migratórios e analisar sua diferenciação durante o desenvolvimento.

Imaginação confocal de lapso de tempo de neurônios migratórios na cultura de fatias organotípicas do cérebro de mouse embrionário Usando<em&gt; Em Utero</em&gt; Electroporação

In utero electroporation is a rapid and powerful approach to study the process of radial migration in the cerebral cortex of developing mouse embryos. It ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to directly observe radially migrating neurons in organotypic slice culture prepared from electroporated embryonic brain by time-lapse confocal microscopy. This method can help study key aspects of neocortex development. It allows investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in neuron polarization and the radial migration of neurons to their final position within the brain.The main advantage of this technique is the dynamic properties of migrating neurons can be analyzed including speed profiles, average migration speed as well changes of migratory direction. Begin by placing a properly anesthetized pregnant mouse in the supine position on a warming plate. Check for the absence of the pedal reflex.And then, carefully cover the eyes with petroleum jelly to prevent them from drying. Next, gently spread out the limbs and fix them to the warming plate with surgical tape. Sterilize the abdomen by swabbing with 70%ethanol followed by iodine solution, then place sterile gauze, in which a cut has been made for the abdominal incision, over the abdomen.Moisten the gauze with bacteriostatic sodium chloride solution. After reassessing the development of surgical anesthesia, by loss of the pedal reflex, use serrated micro Adson forceps and angled fine scissors to cut the skin approximately 1.5 centimeters along the midline of the abdomen. Then, cut the underlying muscle along the linea alba.Grasp the uterine horn between embryos with ring forceps and gently place it onto the moistened gauze without perturbing the placentas or supply vessels. Then, carefully position an embryo to give a clear view of the lateral ventricle which presents as a crescent-shaped shadow parallel to the sagittal sinus. The injection site lies in the middle of a line between the pigmented eye and the confluence of sinuses where the sagittal sinus branches to two transfer sinuses.Once identified, push the microinjection needle through the uterine wall and into the lateral ventricle. Next, use a microinjector operated with a foot pedal to inject one to two microliters of DNA solution with five to 10 pulses. Successful injection can be monitored by the colored DNA solution which should fill the ventricular system.Then, place tweezers-type electrodes so that the positive terminal is on the same side as the injected ventricle and the negative terminal is on the opposite side of the injected ventricle below the ear of the embryo's head. Moisten the electroporation site with a few drops of bacteriostatic sodium chloride solution and apply five electrical current pulses of 50-millisecond duration with 950-millisecond intervals. Bubbles at the negative electrode indicate electrical current.60 to 90 milliamperes are usually sufficient for successful electroporation. Lower currents will not efficiently transfect neurons whereas higher currents may lead to embryonic death. After repeating the procedure for every embryo of the first uterine horn, gently place it back into the abdominal cavity.After suturing the muscle layer and skin, carefully disinfect with iodine solution and gently remove the petroleum jelly from the eyes using cellulose swabs. Place the mouse under an infrared lamp until it wakes up. After euthanizing the pregnant female using an approved method, remove the uterus containing the embryos and place it into a 10-centimeter Petri dish with ice-cold complete HBSS.From this point onward, keep all solutions, embryos and brains on ice. While working under a stereomicroscope, use fine-tipped forceps and a pair of Vannas Tubingen spring scissors to separate each embryo from the uterus. Transfer the embryos to another Petri dish containing ice-cold complete HBSS.Make an incision at the level of the brainstem and cut along the sagittal midline. Peel away the skin and cartilage covering the brain. Then, cut off the brainstem right behind the hemispheres and remove the brain from the skull.Transfer the brain with a micro spoon spatula to a 12-well plate containing ice-cold complete HBSS. Collect all brains from the litter in the 12-well plate. Then, use a fluorescent stereomicroscope to screen the brains in the 12-well plate for brightness of florescence as well as the size of the electroporated region.Select two to four brains with bright fluorescent signals and the presumptive somatosensory cortex for further processing. Then, pour molten 3%low-melting-point agarose solution into a peel-away disposable embedding mold. Use a micro spoon spatula to remove the brain from the 12-well plate and carefully drain excess complete HBSS from around the brain using fine tissue paper.Place the brain gently into the agarose solution. Then, use a 20-gauge needle to push it to the bottom of the mold and carefully adjust its position. For coronal sections, orient the brain with the olfactory bulbs pointing upwards.Keep the mold on ice until the agarose solution is solidified then proceed to sectioning the brain. Use a clean razor blade to trim away excess agarose around the brain leaving approximately one millimeter of agarose on all sides except for the olfactory bulbs where two to three millimeters of agarose should be left. After applying a small amount of cyanoacrylate glue to a specimen, fix the trimmed agarose block with the olfactory bulbs pointing downwards.Transfer the specimen stage to the slicing chamber of a vibrating blade microtome containing ice-cold complete HBSS and position the brain with its dorsal side towards the blade. Cut 250 micron-thick brain slices containing the electroporated region with a low to moderate amplitude and a very slow sectioning speed. Usually four to six slices with bright fluorescent signal are obtained from each successfully electroporated brain.Grasp the agarose rim of one section with fine-tipped forceps and pull the slice onto a bent micro spoon spatula. In this manner, carefully transfer the brain slices to a six-well plate containing ice-cold complete HBSS. Moisten laminin-coated membrane inserts with 100 microliters of complete HBSS.Then, carefully transfer the slices onto the membranes using the bent micro spoon spatula and forceps. Gently push the slice from the spatula onto the membrane, then position using forceps. Continue to transfer the remaining slices.Up to five slices can be placed on one membrane insert. Remove excess complete HBSS with a pipette. Then, with the help of forceps, carefully place the membrane inserts with the slices into a six-well plate containing 1.8 milliliters of sliced culture medium.Select a brain slice for imaging by viewing the slices through an inverted microscope. Choose a slice with bright single neurons in the upper SVZ migrating radially towards the pile surface of the slice. The presence of fine fluorescent processes of radial glial cells that span the entire conjugate plate indicates an intact radial glial scaffold which is used by migrating conjugate neurons.Transfer the membrane insert with a selected slice into a 50-millimeter-diameter glass-bottomed dish containing two milliliters of slice culture medium. Place the dish into the climate chamber of the confocal microscope. Set the resolution to 512 by 512 pixels.Increase the scan speed from 400 hertz to 700 hertz to increase the frame rate from about 1.4 to about 2.5 frames per second. Use no more than two times averaging. Define a Z-stack through the electroporated region with the step size of 1.5 microns.Start the time-lapse series by taking a Z-stack every 30 minutes. The settings described allow for sufficient resolution and brightness of the image while keeping photo damage low during acquisition. This movie shows E16.5 cortical neurons migrating from the ventricular subventrical zones to the cortical plate.In the Bcl11a floxed conditional transgenic after electroporation of the IRES-GFP control plasmid on embryonic day 14.5. The movie is comprised of 108 frames at the rate of five frames per second. The scale bar represents 100 microns.Electroporation of a DNA plasmid vector containing Cre-IRES-GFP affected cortical neuron migration in conditional Bcl11a floxed brains. As seen here, very few neurons move past the intermediate zone to reach the cortical plate. This movie shows the polarization of cortical neurons from a GFP-labeled control on the left compared to neurons from a Bcl11a mutant on the right.These animated traces of representative control in Bcl11a mutant neurons were obtained from time-lapse series of E16.5 slice cultures with one-hour-interval resolution. Again, data from the control brain is shown on the left and data from the Cre-IRES-GFP electroporated brain is shown on the right. As seen from this collection of representative traces from control and Bcl11a mutant slice cultures, the Bcl11a mutant neurons frequently undergo repetitive phases of reduced migration speed and randomly changed orientation as marked by the red arrowheads.Speed profiles can be calculated from traces of migrating neurons. As seen here, a greater proportion of Bcl11a mutant neurons have slower migration speeds compared to controls. The deviation angle may be calculated from the trace data.As seen from this histogram, the Bcl11a mutant neurons represented by the black bars exhibit greater angles of deviation compared to controls. Once mastered, this technique can be done in less than two hours each for the in utero electroporation and the preparation of organotypic brain slice culture. This procedure can easily be adapted to perform fractional analysis of genes of interest in radially migrating cortical neurons by gain and loss of function as well as vascular experiments.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to directly observe radially migrating neurons in organotypic slice culture prepared from electroporated embryonic brains by time-lapse confocal microscopy.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Time-lapse Confocal Imaging of Migrating Neurons in Organotypic Slice Culture of Embryonic Mouse Brain Using In Utero Electroporation

Dissection and Culture of Commissural Neurons from Embryonic Spinal Cord

Dissecção e Cultura de Neurônios da Medula Espinhal comissural embrionárias

Commissural neurons have been widely used to investigate the mechanisms underlying axon guidance during embryonic spinal cord development. The cell bodies ...

Neurociência

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

In utero Electroporation followed by Primary Neuronal Culture for Studying Gene Function in Subset of Cortical Neurons

No útero Eletroporação seguido por Cultura Neuronal primário para estudar a função do gene no subconjunto dos neurônios corticais

In vitro study of primary neuronal cultures allows for quantitative analyses of neurite outgrowth. In order to study how genetic alterations affect ...

An Organotypic Slice Assay for High-Resolution Time-Lapse Imaging of Neuronal Migration in the Postnatal Brain

Um Ensaio Slice organotípicas para High-Resolution Imaging Time Lapse de migração neuronal no cérebro pós-natal

Neurogenesis in the postnatal brain depends on maintenance of three biological events: proliferation of progenitor cells, migration of neuroblasts, as ...

Time-lapse Live Imaging of Clonally Related Neural Progenitor Cells in the Developing Zebrafish Forebrain

Lapso de tempo de imagens ao vivo de relação clonal células progenitoras neurais no desenvolvimento Zebrafish Encéfalo anterior

Precise patterns of division, migration and differentiation of neural progenitor cells are crucial for proper brain development and function1,2. To ...

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Efficient Gene Delivery into Multiple CNS Territories Using In Utero Electroporation

Entrega Gene eficiente em múltiplos territórios CNS Usando In Utero Eletroporação

The ability to manipulate gene expression is the cornerstone of modern day experimental embryology, leading to the elucidation of multiple developmental ...

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

Mouse No Utero Eletroporação: Transfecção Gênica Controlled Spatiotemporal

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

Visualization and Genetic Manipulation of Dendrites and Spines in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex and Hippocampus using In utero Electroporation

Visualização e manipulação genética de dendritos e espinhas no córtex cerebral e hipocampo do rato usando<em&gt; In utero</em&gt; Eletroporação

In utero electroporation (IUE) has become a powerful technique to study the development of different regions of the embryonic nervous system 1-5. To date ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Eletroporação pós-natal e tempo-lapso de neuroblasto Migração na aguda fatias do cérebro do rato

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Ex Utero Electroporation and Organotypic Slice Cultures of Embryonic Mouse Brains for Live-Imaging of Migrating GABAergic Interneurons

Ex Utero Eletroporação e culturas Organotypic fatia do cérebro embrionário Mouse para imagens ao vivo de migração gabaérgica interneurônios

GABAergic interneurons (INs) are critical components of neuronal networks that drive cognition and behavior. INs destined to populate the cortex migrate ...