Name: quadruple immunostaining of the olfactory bulb for visualization of olfactory sensory axon molecular identity codes
Uploaded: 2017-06-05T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes at JoVE.com

Dit werk werd ondersteund door de Mitsubishi Foundation, de Takeda Science Foundation, JST PRESTO en JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number 16H06144.

Alle experimentele procedures werden uitgevoerd met goedkeuring van het ethiekcomité voor dierproeven aan de Universiteit van Tokio en volgens de richtlijnen van de Universiteit van Tokio voor de verzorging en het gebruik van laboratoriumdieren. 1. Bereiding van oplossingen <ol><li> Bereid 0,01 M fosfaatbufferde zoutoplossing (PBS) op: Voeg een PBS-tablet (0,14 M NaCl, 0,0027 M KCl, 0,010 M PO 4 3- , pH 7,4) toe aan 1 liter gedistilleerd water en roer bij kamertemper...

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	<li>Mori, K., Sakano, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+is+the+olfactory+map+formed+and+interpreted+in+the+mammalian+brain?.">How is the olfactory map formed and interpreted in the mammalian brain?.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 34, 467-499 (2011).</li><li>Takeuchi, H., Sakano, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+map+formation+in+the+mouse+olfactory+system.">Neural map formation in the mouse olfactory system.</a> Cell Mol Life Sci. 71, 3049-3057 (2014).</li><li>Mombaerts, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+an+olfactory+sensory+map.">Visualizing an olfactory sensory map.</a> Cell. 87, 675-686 (1996).</li><li>Feinstein, P., Mombaerts, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+contextual+model+for+axonal+sorting+into+glomeruli+in+the+mouse+olfactory+system.">A contextual model for axonal sorting into glomeruli in the mouse olfactory system.</a> Cell. 117, 817-831 (2004).</li><li>Ishii, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monoallelic+expression+of+the+odourant+receptor+gene+and+axonal+projection+of+olfactory+sensory+neurones.">Monoallelic expression of the odourant receptor gene and axonal projection of olfactory sensory neurones.</a> Genes Cell. 6, 71-78 (2001).</li><li>Nakashima, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agonist-independent+GPCR+activity+regulates+anterior-posterior+targeting+of+olfactory+sensory+neurons.">Agonist-independent GPCR activity regulates anterior-posterior targeting of olfactory sensory neurons.</a> Cell. 154, 1314-1325 (2013).</li><li>Serizawa, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+neuronal+identity+code+for+the+odorant+receptor-specific+and+activity-dependent+axon+sorting.">A neuronal identity code for the odorant receptor-specific and activity-dependent axon sorting.</a> Cell. 127, 1057-1069 (2006).</li><li>Kaneko-Goto, T., Yoshihara, S., Miyazaki, H., Yoshihara, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BIG-2+mediates+olfactory+axon+convergence+to+target+glomeruli.">BIG-2 mediates olfactory axon convergence to target glomeruli.</a> Neuron. 57, 834-846 (2008).</li><li>Ihara, N., Nakashima, A., Hoshina, N., Ikegaya, Y., Takeuchi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+axon-sorting+molecules+in+mouse+olfactory+sensory+neurons.">Differential expression of axon-sorting molecules in mouse olfactory sensory neurons.</a> Eur J Neuro. 44, 1998-2003 (2016).</li><li>Williams, E. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delta+Protocadherin+10+is+Regulated+by+Activity+in+the+Mouse+Main+Olfactory+System.">Delta Protocadherin 10 is Regulated by Activity in the Mouse Main Olfactory System.</a> Front Neural Circuits. 5, 9 (2011).</li><li>Brunet, L. J., Gold, G. H., Ngai, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=General+anosmia+caused+by+a+targeted+disruption+of+the+mouse+olfactory+cyclic+nucleotide-gated+cation+channel.">General anosmia caused by a targeted disruption of the mouse olfactory cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channel.</a> Neuron. 17, 681-693 (1996).</li></ol>

Viervoudige immunostaining van parasagittale OB-secties heeft de visualisatie en kwantificering van de expressieniveaus van maximaal vier axon-sorteermoleculen gelijktijdig mogelijk gemaakt in een groter aantal glomeruli. Door deze multivariabele gegevens te analyseren met PCA kunnen de kenmerken voor de expressie van die moleculen gespeculeerd worden. Voor succesvolle kleuring is het weefselmonsterbereiding kritisch belangrijk. Sommige protocollen suggereren dat weefsels moeten worden vastg...

Tijdens de ontwikkeling zijn neuronen precies verbonden met elkaar om de juiste neurale circuits te vormen, die kritiek is voor de normale hersenfunctie. Aangezien afwijkende neurale circuits in de hersenen vermoedelijk de oorzaak zijn van psychische stoornissen zoals autisme en schizofrenie, is het begrip van de mechanismen van neurale circuitvorming een van de belangrijkste uitdagingen op het gebied van neurowetenschappen. In het olfactorische systeem van de muis vertoont elke Olfactory Sensory Neuron (OSN) in het Olfactory Epithelium (OE) slechts één functioneel Olfactor Receptor (OR) gen en OSN&#39;s die hetzelfde uitdrukken of hun axonen convergeren naar een specifiek paar glomeruli op stereotiepe locaties in de Olfactory Bulb (OB) 1 , 2 . Het muisolfactorische systeem is een uitstekend model systeem voor het bestuderen van de moleculaire mechanismen van neurale circuitvorming omdat onderzoekers de OR-expressie kunnen gebruiken om een ​​specifieke s te identificerenUbtype van OSN&#39;s en visualiseer de projectiesites van OSN axons als duidelijke glomerulaire structuren. Een opvallend kenmerk van OSN-projectie is dat OR&#39;s instructieve rollen spelen bij het projecteren van OSN-axons naar de OB 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 . Meer specifiek, nadat OSN-axonen worden geleid om de doelgebied te benaderen, worden ze gescheiden om glomerulus op een OR-afhankelijke manier te vormen. Vorige onderzoeken hebben aangetoond dat OR moleculen de expressie van axon-sorterende moleculen regelen, die glomerulaire segregatie 7 , 8 regelen. Bovendien suggereert accumulerende bewijs dat OR moleculen de neuronale identiteitscode genereren door een unieke combinatie van axon-sorterende moleculen 9 . Om het mechanisme van OR-afhankelijke glomerulaire segregatie te begrijpen, is het daarom nodig om de expressieprofielen van axon-sorterende moleculen te karakteriserenEcules in OSN&#39;s. Fluorescerende immunostaining is een gebruikelijke methode om de expressie van specifieke genen te visualiseren. Aangezien eiwitten van axon-sorterende moleculen overwegend gelokaliseerd zijn aan OSN-axonen, moeten onderzoekers OB-afdelingen gebruiken om hun expressiepatronen in OSN&#39;s te karakteriseren. Coronale doorsnede van de OB is routinematig gebruikt voor immunostaining. Deze voorbereiding verliest echter de topografische informatie langs de voor- en achterste as in dezelfde OB-sectie. We ontwikkelden daarom een ​​parasagittale voorbereiding van de mediale zijde van de OB, die zo veel mogelijk glomeruli op de zelfde OB-sectie kan monteren. Gecombineerd met immunostaining met behulp van meerdere antilichamen, maakt dit preparaat de vergelijking en analyse van de expressiepatronen van axon-sorterende moleculen zonder kleursvariatie tussen OB-secties mogelijk. Verder is een immunohistochemische kleuring methode gepresenteerd zonder postfixatie met PFA aEn sucrose behandeling. Met deze methode kunnen onderzoekers voldoende kwalitatief goede kleurdata verkrijgen voor multivariabele data-analyse. De hier beschreven protocollen geven details van krachtige methoden voor onderzoekers die de olfactieve neurale kringvorming bestuderen.

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) Tablets, pH7.4</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">TAKARA BIO</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">T9181</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">Skim Milk</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">nacalai tesque</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">31149-75</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">goat anti-Sema7A antibody</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF2068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">rat anti-OLPC antibody</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MABT20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">mouse anti-VGLUT2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Merck Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAB5504</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">goat anti-BIG-2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">R&#38;D Systems</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">AF2205</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="168">
			<td height="168" style="height:168px;width:277px;">gunea pig anti-Kirrel2 antibody</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Operon Biotechnologies</td>
			<td style="width:119px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Anti-Kirrel2 antibodies were generated by immunizing guinea pigs with KLH-conjugated synthetic peptides (644-673aa): CRLYRARAGYLTTPHPRAFTSYMKPTSFGP</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">donkey anti-mouse Alexa Fluor 405</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Abcam</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">ab175658</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">donkey anti-goat Alexa Fluor 488&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">705-545-003</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">donkey anti-guinea pig Alexa Fluor 555</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">A21432</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">donkey anti-rat Alexa Fluor 647</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Jackson ImmunoResearch</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">712-605-153</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Wako</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">162-16065</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">MAS coated slide glasses</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">MATSUNAMI</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">MAS-01</td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">forceps</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">11253-27</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">Vannas Spring Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">15000-00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:277px;">dissecting scissors</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">14090-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">BZ-X700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">DAPI filter cube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OP-87762</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">GFP filter cube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OP-87763</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">TRITC filter cube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OP-87764</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:277px;">Cy5 filter cube</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">KEYENCE</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">OP-87766</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">ADVANTEC</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">00011185</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:277px;">O.C.T compound</td>
			<td style="width:151px;">Sakura Finetek</td>
			<td style="width:119px;">M71484</td>
			<td></td>
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quadruple immunostaining of the olfactory bulb for visualization of olfactory sensory axon molecular identity codes

Het muisolfactorische systeem wordt vaak gebruikt om mechanismen van neurale circuitvorming te bestuderen door zijn eenvoudige anatomische structuur. Een Olfactory Sensory Neuron (OSN) is een bipolaire cel met een enkel dendriet en een enkele onbewerkte axon. Een OSN expresseert slechts één Olfactor Receptor (OR) gen, OSN&#39;s die een bepaald type OR uitdrukken, convergeren hun axonen naar een paar sets van invariant glomeruli in de Olfactory Bulb (OB). Een opvallend kenmerk van OSN-projectie is dat de uitgedrukte OR&#39;s instructieve rollen spelen in axonale projectie. OR&#39;s regelen de expressie van meerdere axon-sorteermoleculen en genereren de combinatorische moleculaire code van axon-sorteermoleculen bij de OSN axon termini. Om de moleculaire mechanismen van OR-specifieke axonbegeleidingsmechanismen te begrijpen is het daarom van vitaal belang om hun expressieprofielen op de OSN axon termini te identificeren binnen dezelfde glomerulus. Het doel van dit artikel was om methoden voor het verzamelen van zoveel glomeruli als mogelijk te introducerenE op een enkele OB-sectie en voor het verrichten van immunostaining met behulp van meerdere antilichamen. Dit zou de vergelijking en analyse van de expressiepatronen van axon-sorterende moleculen mogelijk maken zonder kleurvariatie tussen OB-secties te verklaren.

De olfactieve glomerulaire kaart wordt gevormd door initiële globale targeting en daaropvolgende glomerulaire segregatie van OSN axons 1 , 2 . Glomerulaire segregatie wordt gereguleerd door de adhesieve / afstotende axonale interacties gemedieerd door axon-sorterende moleculen waarvan de expressieniveaus worden bepaald door uitgedrukte OR-moleculen 7 . De axon-sorterende moleculen die betrokken zijn bij g...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes at JoVE.com

Quadruple Immunostaining of the Olfactory Bulb for Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Axon Molecular Identity Codes

Olfactorische zintuiglijke neuronen vormen een grote verscheidenheid aan axon-sorterende moleculen om een ​​goede neurale schakeling te vormen. Dit protocol beschrijft een immunohistochemische kleuring methode om combinatorische expressies van axon-sorterende moleculen te visualiseren bij de axon termini van olfactorische sensorische neuronen.

Viervoudige Immunostaining van de Olfactorische Lamp voor Visualisatie van Olfactorische Sensorische Axon Moleculaire Identiteitscodes

The mouse olfactory system is often used to study mechanisms of neural circuit formation&#12288;because of its simple anatomical structure. An Olfactory ...

The overall goal of this immunohistochemical staining method is to visualize combined expression of axon sorting molecules at the axon termini of olfactory sensory neurons. This method can help characterize key processes in the field of olfactory development, such as axon guidance, synapse formations, and the regeneration of olfactory sensory neurons. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows scientists to compare and analyze the expression patterns of axon sorting molecules in olfactory bulb without sustaining variation between sections.Visual demonstration of this method is critical as the embedding step is difficult to learn, because the position and angle of the olfactory tissues sample in the mold are hard to describe in words. Start with heads from mice of one to two weeks of age that have been fixed by intracardiac perfusion of 4%paraformaldehyde. Insert a scissor blade into the space between the upper and lower teeth, and cut horizontally to remove the lower jawbone.Then trim away excess tissue with forceps and scissors, to leave the olfactory tissue, including the olfactory bulb and the olfactory epithelium. Immerse the olfactory tissue in PBS to remove air in the nasal cavity, then ake a vertical cut to remove the posterior part of the brain, and place the olfactory tissue on the bottom of an embedding mold with the cut end face down. Fill the mold with optimal cutting temperature compound, and then immerse in liquid nitrogen.After the tissue and OCT is completely frozen, equilibrate the tissue in the cryostat at 20 degrees celsius for one hour. Now make serial parasaggital sections of the olfactory bulb with the cryostat, and collect them by sticking to MAS coated glass slides. After sticking, dry the slides immediately with a blow dryer.Begin immunostaining by washing the dried slides with PBS for five minutes at room temperature. Block nonspecific binding sites by incubating the slides for one hour with 5%blocking solution at room temperature. Then add 400 microliters of a cocktail of primary antibodies diluted in 1%blocking solution to each slide.Incubate the slides overnight at room temperature. The next day, discard the primary antibody solution and wash the slides with PBST three times for five minutes each at room temperature. Then add 400 microliters of a cocktail of secondary antibodies and PBS to each slide.Protect from light and incubate for one hour at room temperature. Following the incubation, discard the solution and again wash the slides three times for five minutes each with PBS at room temperature. Finally, mount cover slips on the slides by applying two drops of mounting medium to each slide, placing the cover slip, and removing air bubbles.Obtain fluorescent images with the fluorescence microscope using the appropriate filter for each fluorophor. Adjust the exposure time to obtain fluorescent signals of the image without saturation. Define the glomerular structure by immunofluorescent signals of GLUT2.Use image J to measure staining intensities of axon sorting molecules within glomeruli. This image shows a parasaggital olfactory bulb section from a two week old mouse immunostained with antibodies against VGLUT2, Kirrel2 shown in red, Semaphorin 7A shown in green, and OLPC in blue. The merged image demonstrates that the axon sorting molecules involved in glomerular segregation are expressed in a position-independent mosaic pattern.Each glomerulus is defined by fluorescent signals of the presynaptic marker VGLUT2. The glomerular structures are surrounded by dashed lines. Signal intensities of axon-sorting molecules were measured in each glomerulus.As seen here, axon sorting molecules are differentially expressed in each glomerulus. For example, glomerulus 3 has high levels of OLPC, intermediate levels of Semaphorin 7A, and lower levels of Kirrel2, and this difference can be quantified by measuring the staining intensity. Whereas glomerulus 4 has high levels of OLPC, and lower levels of Kirrel2 and Semaphorin 7A.Again, this difference can be quantified by measuring the staining intensity. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to omit post-fixation with PFA, and treatment with sucrose solution, which are normally recommended. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to place more glomeruli on the single olfactory bulb section, and how to perform high quality immunostaining with multiple antibodies, which can be applied to other brain areas.Don't forget to hope, this method will help you succeed in your future experiments.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Analyzing Responses of Mouse Olfactory Sensory Neurons Using the Air-phase Electroolfactogram Recording

Het analyseren Reacties van Mouse Olfactorische sensorische neuronen Met behulp van de Air-fase Electroolfactogram opnemen

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Lentivirus-mediated Genetic Manipulation and Visualization of Olfactory Sensory Neurons in vivo

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Lentivirus-gemedieerde genetische manipulatie en visualisatie van olfactorische sensorische neuronen In vivo</em

Development of a precise olfactory circuit relies on accurate projection of olfactory sensory neuron (OSN) axons to their synaptic 
targets in the ...

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

Targeting Olfactory Bulb Neurons Using Combined In Vivo Electroporation and Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap Zebrafish Lines

Targeting bulbus olfactorius Neuronen gebruik van Gecombineerd In Vivo Elektroporatie en Gal4-Based Enhancer Trap zebravis Lines

In vivo electroporation is a powerful method for delivering DNA expression plasmids, RNAi reagents, and morpholino anti-sense oligonucleotides to specific ...

Flash Photolysis of Caged Compounds in the Cilia of Olfactory Sensory  Neurons

Flash fotolyse van Gekooide verbindingen in de Cilia van olfactorische sensorische neuronen

Photolysis of caged compounds allows the production of rapid and localized increases in the concentration of various physiologically active compounds1. ...

Imaging Odor-Evoked Activities in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb using Optical Reflectance and Autofluorescence Signals

Imaging Geur-Opgeroepen activiteiten in de muis bulbus olfactorius met behulp van optische reflectie en autofluorescentie Signalen

In the brain, sensory stimulation activates distributed populations of neurons among functional modules which participate to the coding of the stimulus. ...

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

A Molecular Readout of Long-term Olfactory Adaptation in C. elegans

Een Moleculaire Uitlezen van lange termijn Olfactorische aanpassing in<em&gt; C. elegans</em

During sustained stimulation most sensory neurons will adapt their response by decreasing their sensitivity to the signal. The adaptation response helps ...

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Whole Mount Immunolabeling of Olfactory Receptor Neurons in the Drosophila Antenna

Hele Mount immunolabeling van olfactorische receptor neuronen in de<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Antenne

Odorant molecules bind to their target receptors in a precise and coordinated manner. Each receptor recognizes a specific signal and relays this ...

Olfactory Assays for Mouse Models of Neurodegenerative Disease

Olfactorische Testen voor muismodellen van neurodegeneratieve ziekte

In many neurodegenerative diseases and particularly in Parkinson&#8217;s disease, deficits in olfaction are reported to occur early in the disease process ...

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intact Vomeronasal Organ and Accessory Olfactory Bulb

Ex Vivo Bereidingen van de Intact Vomeronasal en accessoires bulbus olfactorius

The mouse accessory olfactory system (AOS) is a specialized sensory pathway for detecting nonvolatile social odors, pheromones, and kairomones. The first ...

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

The Olfactory System as a Model to Study Axonal Growth Patterns and Morphology In Vivo

Het olfactorisch systeem als model om axonale groeipatronen en morfologie Bestudeer<em&gt; In Vivo</em

The olfactory system has the unusual capacity to generate new neurons throughout the lifetime of an organism. Olfactory stem cells in the basal portion of ...