Name: experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia
Uploaded: 2017-07-31T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Ce travail a été financé par la National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573406, 81373393, 81273506, 81221003, 81473186 et 81402907), la Fondation provinciale des sciences naturelles de Zhejiang (LR15H310001) et le Programme pour l&#39;équipe de premier plan Zhejiang de l&#39;équipe d&#39;innovation S &amp; T (2011R50014).

Toutes les expériences ont été approuvées et conduites conformément aux directives éthiques du Comité d&#39;expérimentation animale de l&#39;Université du Zhejiang et étaient en totale conformité avec le Guide National des Instituts de Santé pour le soin et l&#39;utilisation des animaux de laboratoire. Des efforts ont été faits pour minimiser toute douleur ou inconfort, et le nombre minimal d&#39;animaux a été utilisé. 1. OGD des tranches Corticostriatales <ol><li> <strong...

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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+neuroprotective+strategy+for+ischemic+stroke:+transient+mild+acidosis+treatment+by+CO2+inhalation+at+reperfusion.">A novel neuroprotective strategy for ischemic stroke: transient mild acidosis treatment by CO2 inhalation at reperfusion.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (2), 275-283 (2014).</li><li>Shen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PARK2-dependent+mitophagy+induced+by+acidic+postconditioning+protects+against+focal+cerebral+ischemia+and+extends+the+reperfusion+window.">PARK2-dependent mitophagy induced by acidic postconditioning protects against focal cerebral ischemia and extends the reperfusion window.</a> Autophagy. , (2017).</li><li>Skolnik, J., Takacs, L., Szende, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+oxygen+consumption+of+slices+from+kidney,+brain,+cortex+and+liver+in+hypoxia.">In vitro oxygen consumption of slices from kidney, brain, cortex and liver in hypoxia.</a> Nature. 209 (5020), 305 (1966).</li><li>Lynch, G., Schubert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+in+vitro.+brain+slices+for+multidisciplinary+studies+of+synaptic+function.">The use of in vitro. brain slices for multidisciplinary studies of synaptic function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 3, 1-22 (1980).</li><li>Zheng, S., Zuo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+preconditioning+reduces+purkinje+cell+death+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+rat+cerebellar+ischemia.">Isoflurane preconditioning reduces purkinje cell death in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar ischemia.</a> Neuroscience. 118 (1), 99-106 (2003).</li><li>Yin, B., Barrionuevo, G., Weber, S. 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Nous présentons ici deux modèles expérimentaux pour étudier la neuroprotection de l&#39;APC contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale. Dans les tranches de cerveau, l&#39;APC est réalisée en incubant des tranches corticostriatales de souris dans un tampon acide bouillonnant avec 20% de CO 2 après l&#39;apparition de reperfusion, tandis que dans le modèle MCAO, l&#39;APC est obtenue par inhalation de 20% de CO 2 chez la souris après reperfusion. Les deux modèles reflètent la neuroprotection de l...

L&#39;accident vasculaire cérébral est l&#39;une des principales causes de mortalité et d&#39;invalidité dans le monde entier. De grands efforts ont été déployés pour trouver des traitements efficaces pour les accidents vasculaires cérébraux au cours des dernières décennies, mais la réalisation est assez insatisfaisante. Le postconditionnement est un processus manipulé par des contraintes subtoxiques suite à un épisode ischémique. Le postconditionnement, y compris le postconditionnement ischémique, hypoxique, à faible taux de glucose et à distance ischémique, déclenchent des mécanismes adaptatifs endogènes et se sont révélés être des thérapies prometteuses contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Cependant, le postconditionnement ischémique peut entraîner des blessures supplémentaires. Le postconditionnement ischémique à distance des membres nécessite généralement plusieurs cycles d&#39;occlusion et de reperfusion de 5 à 20 min sur les membres postérieurs ipsilatéraux ou bilatéraux 5 , 6 , 7 . ThPar conséquent, ces manipulations de post-conditionnement sont dangereuses ou peu pratiques dans la pratique clinique. Pour surmonter ces inconvénients, nous avons développé APC comme thérapie pour l&#39;ischémie cérébrale focale chez la souris 8 . Induite simplement en inhalant 20% de CO 2 , l&#39;APC réduit considérablement les lésions cérébrales ischémiques d&#39;une manière plus réalisable et plus sûre. Récemment, nous avons prouvé que l&#39;APC étend la fenêtre de reperfusion, soulignant la signification de l&#39;APC pour la thérapie vasculaire 9 . Nous présentons ici deux modèles expérimentaux pour étudier la neuroprotection de l&#39;APC contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale. Le premier est le modèle de perte d&#39;oxygène-glucose (OGD) dans les tranches corticostriatales de souris. La préparation et le transfert rapides des tranches de cerveau dans un environnement artificiel, généralement le fluide céphalo-rachidien artificiel (ASCF), peuvent maintenir la viabilité cellulaire et les circuits neuronaux, ce qui permet d&#39;étudier la fonction cérébrale in vitro 10 &lt;Sup&gt;, 11 . OGD dans ASCF imite l&#39;ischémie cérébrale et induit une lésion ischémique 12 , 13 , 14 . Après OGD, les tranches de cerveau sont rafraîchies dans ASCF régulier (r-ASCF) pour fournir une reperfusion et ensuite traité avec APC en utilisant de l&#39;acide ASCF bouillonné avec 20% de CO 2 . La tranche corticostriatale maintient la caractérisation histologique intacte par rapport aux cellules cultivées primaires. Pour étudier la fonction cérébrale in vivo , on emploie le modèle d&#39;occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne de la souris (MCAO). L&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne est bloquée en insérant un monofilament floué par flamme par l&#39;artère carotide commune. Comme l&#39;un des modèles d&#39;AVC les plus largement utilisés, le modèle MCAO présente une pertinence clinique et l&#39;application d&#39;un monofilament facilite l&#39;obtention de reperfusion. Tout simplement en inhalant des gaz mixtes normoxiques contenant 20% de CO 2 après le début du reperfusioN, l&#39;APC a montré des effets protecteurs significatifs contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale indiquée par des volumes réduits d&#39;infarctus cérébral.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">S5886</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P5405</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P9791</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">M2643</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">S5761</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">C5080</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">G7021</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">VT1000 S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">T8877</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Absolute Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Aladdin Industrial Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">E111993</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">D8418</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Laser Doppler Flowmetry</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Moor Instruments Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Model Moor VMS-LDF2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Diethyl ether anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">80059618</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trichloroacetaldehycle hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">30037517</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10% Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Aladdin Industrial Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">F111936</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">24-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Jet Biofil</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">TCP-010-024</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
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experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia

L&#39;AVC est l&#39;une des principales causes de mortalité et d&#39;invalidité dans le monde, avec des approches thérapeutiques limitées. En tant que stratégie endogène pour la neuroprotection, les traitements de post-conditionnement se sont révélés être des thérapies prometteuses contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale. Cependant, des procédures compliquées et des problèmes potentiels de sécurité limitent leur application clinique. Pour surmonter ces inconvénients, nous avons développé un postconditionnement acide (APC) comme thérapie pour l&#39;ischémie cérébrale focale expérimentale. L&#39;APC se réfère au traitement d&#39;acidose doux par inhalation de CO 2 lors de la reperfusion suite à une ischémie. Nous présentons ici deux modèles pour exécuter APC in vitro et in vivo , respectivement. Le traitement contre la perte de glucose de l&#39;oxygène (OGD) des souris et l&#39;occlusion corticostriatale et l&#39;occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne (MCAO) ont été utilisés pour imiter l&#39;ischémie cérébrale. L&#39;APC peut être simplement réalisée en transférant des tranches de cerveau à un tampon acide tamponné avec 20% de CO 2 , oR par des souris inhalant 20% de CO 2 . L&#39;APC a montré des effets protecteurs importants contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale, comme en témoigne la viabilité tissulaire et le volume d&#39;infarctus du cerveau.

Dans le modèle de la tranche corticostriatale décrite ci-dessus, la viabilité corticostriatale des tranches a été quantifiée par dosage TTC à 1 heure après la reperfusion. La conversion TTC a été calculée en normalisant l&#39;absorption à 490 nm à la tranche de contrôle. Selon la conversion TTC, APC a été protégé contre les lésions de reperfusion induites par l&#39;OGD en fonction de la durée et de la durée. En détail, les 1 et 3 minutes de traitement par acidose on...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

Le postconditionnement acide protège contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale. Nous présentons ici deux modèles pour exécuter APC. Ils sont obtenus respectivement en transférant des tranches corticostriatales à un tampon acide après une privation d&#39;oxygène-glucose in vitro et en inhalant 20% de CO 2 après l&#39;occlusion de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne in vivo .

Modèles expérimentaux pour étudier la neuroprotection du postconditionnement acide contre l&#39;ischémie cérébrale

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

The overall goal of acidosis treatment in a cortico striatal slice model in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model is to study the neuroprotective effect of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia. This method can help answer key questions of how acidosis postconditioning may protect ischemic brain injury, and to develop new strategy for stroke therapy. The main advantage of this technique is being able to use widely available experiment models to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning.Demonstrating the procedure will be Yarong Zheng a graduate student from my lab. Begin by removing the brain from the skull of a decapitated mouse with a thin spatula and dropping it carefully into a beaker containing ice cold regular ACSF equilibrated with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. Apply cryoprecipitate glue to the vibratone plate in two strips.Put a piece of three percent agarose on the glue strip furthest from the blade to support the brain. Then use forceps to transfer the brain to filter paper. Cut off the frontal pole and the cerebellum with a blade.Place the brain tissue vertically on the free strip of glue with the brain leaning against the agarose. Add ice cold ACSF to the cutting reservoir to submerge the brain and add ice to the ice holder area. Keep the ACSF in the reservoir bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen.After setting the vibratone to cut 400 micron sections, and correctly positioning the brain relative to the cutting blade, press the start-stop button to start automatic cutting. Use a Pasteur pipette with a cut tip to transfer five brain slices one by one and place them into the tissue holder in ice cold regular ACSF bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. After 30 minutes at room temperature place the brain slices in a water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for ten minutes to recover synaptic function.Place glucose free ACSF and acidic ACSF into the 37 degree Celsius water bath and bubble the solutions with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%nitrogen and 20 percent carbon dioxide and 80%oxygen respectively for 30 minutes. Carefully transfer four of the five brain slices into a preheated 37 degree Celsius, glucose free ACSF and incubate for 15 minutes. To study the time window for acidic preconditioning transfer one slice directly from glucose free ACSF to acidic ACSF and transfer the other three slices to regular ACSF for reperfusion.After three minutes transfer the slice in acidic ACSF to regular ACSF. Then after five minutes in regular ACSF transfer one of the slices from regular ACSF to the tissue holder in acidic ACSF for three minutes. Transfer another slice in the same manner 15 minutes after reperfusion.The remaining slice that was placed in glucose free ACSF but not acidic ACSF is set as the oxygen glucose deprivation group. Transfer the slices from the ACSF into the wells of a 24 well plate containing TTC solution. Stretch out the slice in the solution.And then incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a shallow water bath for 30 minutes. Next transfer the slices into clean, weighed, 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes covered in foil and measure the dry weight of the slices. After weighing, extract Formazan by adding a one to one solution of ethanol and dimethyl sulphoxide to the tubes at a volume to weight ratio of 10 to one.Incubate away from light for 24 hours. The next day transfer the ethanol dimethyl sulphoxide solution from the tubes to a 96 well plate and measure the absorbance at 490 nanometers using a plate reader. First confirm proper anesthesia by the absence of a toe pinch reflex.Then place the anesthetized mouse with LDF probe attached to its skull in a supine position and fix using sterile cotton threads. Disinfect the shaved skin of the neck with 75%ethyl alcohol. Then after making a peri median skin incision in the neck blunt dissect the soft tissues with forceps to expose the blood vessels.Add one drop of saline to the exposed tissues to keep them hydrated. Next, use ophthalmic forceps to dissect the common carotid artery from surrounding tissue and the vagus nerve. Be careful not to damage the vagus nerve.Place a micro vessel clamp at the distal end of the common carotid artery. And tie a dead knot with 6-0 silk sutures at the proximal end. Then tie a loose knot proximal to the clamp as a temporary suture.Next, use micro ophthalmic scissors to make a small longitudinal incision between the two knots as close to the dead knot as possible. Now insert a 12 millimeter, tip blunted monofilament through the incision into the artery lumen and advance it a few millimeters. Tighten the loose knot around the tip of the monofilament and then remove the clamp.Then use ophthalmic forceps to advance the filament into the internal carotid artery until the LDF software shows a sharp decline in blood flow. Record the start time of occlusion. Then cut off the LDF probe, and put the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius incubator for the one hour duration of occlusion.55 minutes after the start of occlusion reanesthetize the animal with isoflurane and position the animal as before. Then open the neck incision, and reexpose the common carotid artery. After the occlusion period, use ophthalmic forceps to gently pull out the filament to achieve reperfusion.Then turn the temporary suture into a permanent one by tightening the knot. For acidosis treatment change the gas inhaled by the nose cone to 20%carbon dioxide 20%oxygen, and 60%nitrogen for five minutes. After closing the incision with an interrupted surgical suture place the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius heated cage until the mouse regains consciousness.This histogram shows the results from the TTC assay performed on cortical slices after oxygen glucose deprivation and acidic postconditioning as demonstrated in this video. Three minutes of acidosis treatment was neuroprotective if treatment was initiated immediately or five minutes after oxygen glucose deprivation, but not if the slices were reperfused for 15 minutes. Mice were subjected to 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated by inhaling 20%carbon dioxide for five minutes at five, 50, or 100 minutes after reperfusion.Infarct volume was quantified by two, three, five triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride staining 24 hours after reperfusion as indicated by the black dotted lines. This histogram shows the percent infarct volume for each condition. The neuroprotection from acidic postconditioning was robust even when the onset time was delayed to 50 minutes after reperfusion.However, acidosis treatment initiated at 100 minutes did not block the ischemic injury. After watching the video you should have a good understanding of how to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning on OGD model of brain slices, and on MSO model of mice. While attempting the procedures it is important to remember that the extension and the duration of acidosis is very important to reproduce the protective effects.

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JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

An Experimental Platform to Study the Closed-loop Performance of Brain-machine Interfaces

Une plate-forme expérimentale pour étudier les performances en boucle fermée des interfaces cerveau-machine

The non-stationary nature and variability of neuronal signals is a fundamental problem in brain-machine interfacing. We developed a brain-machine ...

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Neurosciences

Cerebral Blood Oxygenation Measurement Based on Oxygen-dependent Quenching of Phosphorescence

Mesure cérébrale oxygénation sanguine à base d&#39;oxygène-dépendant trempe de phosphorescence

Monitoring of the spatiotemporal characteristics of cerebral blood and tissue oxygenation is crucial for better understanding of the 
...

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Focale modèle d&#39;ischémie cérébrale par occlusion suture endovasculaire de l&#39;artère cérébrale moyenne chez le rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

Modèles expérimentaux pour l&#39;étude de la physiologie épithélium pigmentaire rétinien et physiopathologie

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD

Évaluation de la latéralisation cérébrale chez les enfants en utilisant fonctionnelle échographie Doppler transcrânien (FTCD)

There are many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization.  In particular, it remains unclear which aspects of language and nonverbal ability are ...

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Stratégies pour l&#39;étude de neuroprotection du froid préconditionnement

Neurological injury is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality from general anesthesia and related surgical procedures that could be alleviated by ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Manipulation génétique des neurones du cervelet granules<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Et<em&gt; In Vivo</em&gt; À étudier neuronale Morphologie et migration

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

Évaluation de la Fonction bioénergétique dans les cellules endothéliales vasculaires cérébraux

The integrity of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is critical to prevent brain injury. Cerebral vascular endothelial (CVE) cells are one of the cell types ...

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

Un protocole d’imagerie par résonance magnétique pour l’Estimation de temps AVC apparition dans l’ischémie cérébrale permanente

MRI provides a sensitive and specific imaging tool to detect acute ischemic stroke by means of a reduced diffusion coefficient of brain water. In a rat ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

Hippocampe organotypiques comme modèle d’étude Neuroprotection et son caractère invasif des cellules tumorales

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...