Name: experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia
Uploaded: 2017-07-31T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

이 작품은 중국 자연 과학 재단 (81573406, 81373393, 81273506, 81221003, 81473186 및 81402907), 절강 성 자연 과학 재단 (LR15H310001) 및 S &amp; T 혁신 팀 (2011R50014)의 Zhejiang Leading Team을위한 프로그램에 의해 지원되었습니다.

모든 실험은 Zhejiang 대학 동물 실험위원회의 윤리 지침에 따라 승인되고 시행되었으며 실험실 동물의 관리 및 사용을위한 보건 연구소의 지침을 완벽하게 준수했습니다. 고통이나 불편 함을 최소화하기위한 노력이 이루어졌으며 최소한의 동물 수가 사용되었습니다. 1. Corticostriatal 조각의 OGD <ol><li> 솔루션 준비 : <ol><li> 1000 mL의 R-ACSF (124 밀리몰 / L, 염화나트륨?...

<ol>
	<li>Zhao, H., Sapolsky, R. M., Steinberg, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrupting+reperfusion+as+a+stroke+therapy:+ischemic+postconditioning+reduces+infarct+size+after+focal+ischemia+in+rats.">Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26 (9), 1114-1121 (2006).</li><li>Leconte, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+hypoxic+postconditioning+protects+against+cerebral+ischemia+in+the+mouse.">Delayed hypoxic postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia in the mouse.</a> Stroke. 40 (10), 3349-3355 (2009).</li><li>Fan, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transient+lack+of+glucose+but+not+O2+is+involved+in+ischemic+postconditioning-induced+neuroprotection.">Transient lack of glucose but not O2 is involved in ischemic postconditioning-induced neuroprotection.</a> CNS Neurosci Ther. 19 (1), 30-37 (2013).</li><li>Hess, D. C., Hoda, M. N., Bhatia, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+limb+perconditioning+[corrected]+and+postconditioning:+will+it+translate+into+a+promising+treatment+for+acute+stroke.">Remote limb perconditioning [corrected] and postconditioning: will it translate into a promising treatment for acute stroke.</a> Stroke. 44 (4), 1191-1197 (2013).</li><li>Ren, C., Yan, Z., Wei, D., Gao, X., Chen, X., Zhao, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limb+remote+ischemic+postconditioning+protects+against+focal+ischemia+in+rats.">Limb remote ischemic postconditioning protects against focal ischemia in rats.</a> Brain Res. 1288, 88-94 (2009).</li><li>Sun, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effect+of+delayed+remote+limb+ischemic+postconditioning:+role+of+mitochondrial+K(ATP)+channels+in+a+rat+model+of+focal+cerebral+ischemic+reperfusion+injury.">Protective effect of delayed remote limb ischemic postconditioning: role of mitochondrial K(ATP) channels in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemic reperfusion injury.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 32 (5), 851-859 (2012).</li><li>Li, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Remote+limb+ischemic+postconditioning+protects+mouse+brain+against+cerebral+ischemia/reperfusion+injury+via+upregulating+expression+of+Nrf2,+HO-1+and+NQO-1+in+mice.">Remote limb ischemic postconditioning protects mouse brain against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury via upregulating expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO-1 in mice.</a> Int J Neurosci. , 1-8 (2015).</li><li>Fan, Y. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+neuroprotective+strategy+for+ischemic+stroke:+transient+mild+acidosis+treatment+by+CO2+inhalation+at+reperfusion.">A novel neuroprotective strategy for ischemic stroke: transient mild acidosis treatment by CO2 inhalation at reperfusion.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (2), 275-283 (2014).</li><li>Shen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PARK2-dependent+mitophagy+induced+by+acidic+postconditioning+protects+against+focal+cerebral+ischemia+and+extends+the+reperfusion+window.">PARK2-dependent mitophagy induced by acidic postconditioning protects against focal cerebral ischemia and extends the reperfusion window.</a> Autophagy. , (2017).</li><li>Skolnik, J., Takacs, L., Szende, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+oxygen+consumption+of+slices+from+kidney,+brain,+cortex+and+liver+in+hypoxia.">In vitro oxygen consumption of slices from kidney, brain, cortex and liver in hypoxia.</a> Nature. 209 (5020), 305 (1966).</li><li>Lynch, G., Schubert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+in+vitro.+brain+slices+for+multidisciplinary+studies+of+synaptic+function.">The use of in vitro. brain slices for multidisciplinary studies of synaptic function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 3, 1-22 (1980).</li><li>Zheng, S., Zuo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+preconditioning+reduces+purkinje+cell+death+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+rat+cerebellar+ischemia.">Isoflurane preconditioning reduces purkinje cell death in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar ischemia.</a> Neuroscience. 118 (1), 99-106 (2003).</li><li>Yin, B., Barrionuevo, G., Weber, S. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optimized+real-time+monitoring+of+glutathione+redox+status+in+single+pyramidal+neurons+in+organotypic+hippocampal+slices+during+oxygen-glucose+deprivation+and+reperfusion.">Optimized real-time monitoring of glutathione redox status in single pyramidal neurons in organotypic hippocampal slices during oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion.</a> ACS Chem Neurosci. 6 (11), 1838-1848 (2015).</li><li>Medvedeva, Y. V., Ji, S., Yin, H. Z., Weiss, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+vulnerability+of+CA1+vs+CA3+pyramidal+neurons+after+ischemia:+possible+relationship+to+sources+of+Zn2++accumulation+and+its+entry+into+and+prolonged+effects+on+mitochondria.">Differential vulnerability of CA1 vs CA3 pyramidal neurons after ischemia: possible relationship to sources of Zn2+ accumulation and its entry into and prolonged effects on mitochondria.</a> J Neurosci. , (2016).</li><li>Pignataro, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+and+in+vitro+characterization+of+a+novel+neuroprotective+strategy+for+stroke:+ischemic+postconditioning.">In vivo and in vitro characterization of a novel neuroprotective strategy for stroke: ischemic postconditioning.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 28 (2), 232-241 (2008).</li><li>Zhang, X., Ding, H. Z., Jiang, S., Zeng, Y. M., Tang, Q. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+in+vitro+study+of+the+neuroprotective+effect+of+propofol+on+hypoxic+hippocampal+slice.">An in vitro study of the neuroprotective effect of propofol on hypoxic hippocampal slice.</a> Brain Inj. 28 (13-14), 1758-1765 (2014).</li><li>Niu, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemical+profiling+with+HPLC-FTMS+of+exogenous+and+endogenous+chemicals+susceptible+to+the+administration+of+chotosan+in+an+animal+model+of+type+2+diabetes-induced+dementia.">Chemical profiling with HPLC-FTMS of exogenous and endogenous chemicals susceptible to the administration of chotosan in an animal model of type 2 diabetes-induced dementia.</a> J Pharm Biomed Anal. 104, 21-30 (2015).</li></ol>

여기에 우리는 뇌 허혈에 대한 APC의 신경 보호를 연구하기위한 두 가지 실험 모델을 제시한다. 뇌 조각에서, APC는 MCAO 모델에서, APC는 재관류 후 마우스에 20 % CO 2 흡입에 의해 달성되는 동안 마우스, 재관류 개시 후 20 % CO 2로 버블 산성 완충액 슬라이스 corticostriatal 배양함으로써 달성된다. 두 모델 모두 대뇌 허혈에 대한 APC의 신경 보호를 반영한다. 보호는 허혈성 후 컨디셔닝에 ?...

뇌졸중은 전 세계적으로 사망률과 장애를 유발하는 주요 원인 중 하나입니다. 지난 수십 년 동안 뇌졸중에 대한 효과적인 치료법을 찾기 위해 많은 노력을 기울 였지만 그 성과는 아주 불만족 스럽습니다. 사후 조절 (postconditioning)는 허혈성 에피소드에 따른 독성 스트레스에 의해 조작되는 과정입니다. 허혈, 저산소증, 저 포도당 및 원격 허혈 후 조절을 포함한 사후 조건 조절은 내인성 적응 메커니즘을 유발하고 뇌허혈에 대한 유망한 치료법으로 입증되었습니다 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . 그러나, 허혈 후 조절은 추가적인 상해를 유발할 수 있습니다. 사지의 원격 허혈성 후 조절은 동측 또는 양측 뒷다리 5 , 6 , 7 에 5 ~ 20 분간의 폐색과 재관류를 반복해야합니다. Th따라서 이러한 사후 조건 조종 조작은 임상 적으로 위험하거나 비실용적입니다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해, 우리는 생쥐 8 국소 뇌허혈에 대한 치료로 APC를 개발했다. 단순히 CO 2 20 %를 흡입에 의해 유도, APC는 훨씬 더 실현 가능한 안전한 방법으로 허혈성 뇌 손상을 줄일 수 있습니다. 최근에 우리는 APC가 뇌졸중 치료 9 APC의 중요성을 강조, 재관류 창을 확장 함을 확인 하였다. 여기에 우리는 뇌 허혈에 대한 APC의 신경 보호를 연구하기위한 두 가지 실험 모델을 제시한다. 첫 번째는 생쥐 corticostriatal 조각에서 산소 - 포도당 박탈 (OGD) 모델입니다. 인공적인 환경으로 신속한 준비 및 뇌 슬라이스 전송 보통 인공 뇌척수액 (ASCF) 가능 체외 10 &lt;뇌 기능을 연구 할 수있는 세포 생존 및 신경 회로를 유지할 수있다11 . ASCF의 OGD는 대뇌 국소 빈혈을 모방하고 허혈성 손상을 유발한다 ( 12 , 13 , 14) . OGD 후 뇌 조각은 재관류를 제공하기 위해 정규 ASCF (R-ASCF)에서 갱신 된 후 20 % CO 2로 버블 산성 ASCF APC를 사용하여 처리 하였다. corticostriatal 조각은 일차 배양 세포와 비교하여 손상되지 않은 조직학 특성을 유지합니다. 생체 내에서 뇌 기능을 연구하기 위해 마우스 중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색 (MCAO) 모델을 사용합니다. 중간 대뇌 동맥은 총 경동맥을 통해 난연성 모노 필라멘트를 삽입하여 막습니다. 가장 널리 사용되는 뇌졸중 모델 중 하나 인 MCAO 모델은 임상 관련성을 보여 주며 monofilament의 적용으로 재관류를보다 쉽게 ​​수행 할 수 있습니다. 전자 reperfusio의 발병 후 20 %의 CO2를 함유하는 정상 산소의 혼합 가스를 흡입하여n, APC는 뇌경색의 감소로 나타나는 뇌허혈에 유의 한 보호 효과를 나타냈다.

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">S5886</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Potassium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P5405</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Potassium phosphate monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">P9791</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Magnesium sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">M2643</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">S5761</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Calcium chloride dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">C5080</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">D-(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">G7021</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Vibratome</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">VT1000 S</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">T8877</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Absolute Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Aladdin Industrial Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">E111993</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Dimethyl sulfoxide</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">D8418</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Laser Doppler Flowmetry</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Moor Instruments Ltd</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">Model Moor VMS-LDF2</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Diethyl ether anhydrous</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">80059618</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">Trichloroacetaldehycle hydrate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sinopharm Chemical Reagent Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">30037517</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:216px;">10% Formalin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Aladdin Industrial Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">F111936</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">24-well plates</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Jet Biofil</td>
			<td style="width:157px;">TCP-010-024</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
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experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia

뇌졸중은 전 세계적으로 사망률과 장애의 주요 원인 중 하나이며 제한된 치료 방법을 사용합니다. 신경 보호를위한 내생 적 전략으로서, 후 조절 (postconditioning treatment)은 뇌 허혈에 대한 유망한 치료법으로 입증되었다. 그러나 복잡한 절차와 잠재적 인 안전 문제로 인해 임상 적용이 제한됩니다. 이러한 단점을 극복하기 위해 우리는 실험적인 국소 뇌 허혈에 대한 치료법으로 산성 후 조절 (acidic postconditioning, APC)을 개발했습니다. APC는 허혈 재관류 동안 CO 2를 흡입하여 온화한 산증의 치료를 의미합니다. 여기서 우리는 각각 in vitro 및 in vivo에서 APC를 수행 할 수있는 두 가지 모델을 제시합니다. 생쥐의 산소 - 포도당 결핍 (OGD) 처리 및 생쥐의 대뇌 피질 선종 및 중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색 (MCAO)을 사용하여 뇌허혈을 모방 하였다. APC는 단지 20 % CO 2로 버블 산성 버퍼 뇌 조각을 전송함으로써 달성 될 수있다 O20 % CO 2 마우스를 흡입하여 R. APC는 조직 생존력 및 뇌경색 양에 의해 반영되는 바와 같이, 뇌허혈에 대한 유의적인 보호 효과를 나타내었다.

위에서 설명한 corticostriatal 슬라이스 모델에서, corticostriatal 슬라이스 생존 능력은 재관류 후 1 시간 TTC 분석에 의해 계량되었다. TTC 변환은 490 nm에서의 흡수를 대조 절편으로 정규화함으로써 계산 하였다. TTC 전환에 따라, APC는 발병 시간과 지속 시간에 따라 OGD 유발 재관류 손상으로부터 보호했다. 구체적으로, 1 분 및 3 분의 산증 치료는 모두 15 분 OGD 후 5 분에서 생존율?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

산성 후 조절은 뇌 허혈을 예방합니다. 여기서는 APC를 실행하는 두 가지 모델을 제시합니다. 이들은 시험 관내에서 산소 - 글루코스 부족 후에 산성 버퍼 corticostriatal 슬라이스를 전달함으로써 생체 내에서 중간 대뇌 동맥 폐색 후 20 % CO 2 흡입에 의해 각각 달성된다.

대뇌 허혈에 대한 산성 후행 조절의 신경 보호를 연구하기위한 실험 모델

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

The overall goal of acidosis treatment in a cortico striatal slice model in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model is to study the neuroprotective effect of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia. This method can help answer key questions of how acidosis postconditioning may protect ischemic brain injury, and to develop new strategy for stroke therapy. The main advantage of this technique is being able to use widely available experiment models to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning.Demonstrating the procedure will be Yarong Zheng a graduate student from my lab. Begin by removing the brain from the skull of a decapitated mouse with a thin spatula and dropping it carefully into a beaker containing ice cold regular ACSF equilibrated with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. Apply cryoprecipitate glue to the vibratone plate in two strips.Put a piece of three percent agarose on the glue strip furthest from the blade to support the brain. Then use forceps to transfer the brain to filter paper. Cut off the frontal pole and the cerebellum with a blade.Place the brain tissue vertically on the free strip of glue with the brain leaning against the agarose. Add ice cold ACSF to the cutting reservoir to submerge the brain and add ice to the ice holder area. Keep the ACSF in the reservoir bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen.After setting the vibratone to cut 400 micron sections, and correctly positioning the brain relative to the cutting blade, press the start-stop button to start automatic cutting. Use a Pasteur pipette with a cut tip to transfer five brain slices one by one and place them into the tissue holder in ice cold regular ACSF bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. After 30 minutes at room temperature place the brain slices in a water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for ten minutes to recover synaptic function.Place glucose free ACSF and acidic ACSF into the 37 degree Celsius water bath and bubble the solutions with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%nitrogen and 20 percent carbon dioxide and 80%oxygen respectively for 30 minutes. Carefully transfer four of the five brain slices into a preheated 37 degree Celsius, glucose free ACSF and incubate for 15 minutes. To study the time window for acidic preconditioning transfer one slice directly from glucose free ACSF to acidic ACSF and transfer the other three slices to regular ACSF for reperfusion.After three minutes transfer the slice in acidic ACSF to regular ACSF. Then after five minutes in regular ACSF transfer one of the slices from regular ACSF to the tissue holder in acidic ACSF for three minutes. Transfer another slice in the same manner 15 minutes after reperfusion.The remaining slice that was placed in glucose free ACSF but not acidic ACSF is set as the oxygen glucose deprivation group. Transfer the slices from the ACSF into the wells of a 24 well plate containing TTC solution. Stretch out the slice in the solution.And then incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a shallow water bath for 30 minutes. Next transfer the slices into clean, weighed, 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes covered in foil and measure the dry weight of the slices. After weighing, extract Formazan by adding a one to one solution of ethanol and dimethyl sulphoxide to the tubes at a volume to weight ratio of 10 to one.Incubate away from light for 24 hours. The next day transfer the ethanol dimethyl sulphoxide solution from the tubes to a 96 well plate and measure the absorbance at 490 nanometers using a plate reader. First confirm proper anesthesia by the absence of a toe pinch reflex.Then place the anesthetized mouse with LDF probe attached to its skull in a supine position and fix using sterile cotton threads. Disinfect the shaved skin of the neck with 75%ethyl alcohol. Then after making a peri median skin incision in the neck blunt dissect the soft tissues with forceps to expose the blood vessels.Add one drop of saline to the exposed tissues to keep them hydrated. Next, use ophthalmic forceps to dissect the common carotid artery from surrounding tissue and the vagus nerve. Be careful not to damage the vagus nerve.Place a micro vessel clamp at the distal end of the common carotid artery. And tie a dead knot with 6-0 silk sutures at the proximal end. Then tie a loose knot proximal to the clamp as a temporary suture.Next, use micro ophthalmic scissors to make a small longitudinal incision between the two knots as close to the dead knot as possible. Now insert a 12 millimeter, tip blunted monofilament through the incision into the artery lumen and advance it a few millimeters. Tighten the loose knot around the tip of the monofilament and then remove the clamp.Then use ophthalmic forceps to advance the filament into the internal carotid artery until the LDF software shows a sharp decline in blood flow. Record the start time of occlusion. Then cut off the LDF probe, and put the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius incubator for the one hour duration of occlusion.55 minutes after the start of occlusion reanesthetize the animal with isoflurane and position the animal as before. Then open the neck incision, and reexpose the common carotid artery. After the occlusion period, use ophthalmic forceps to gently pull out the filament to achieve reperfusion.Then turn the temporary suture into a permanent one by tightening the knot. For acidosis treatment change the gas inhaled by the nose cone to 20%carbon dioxide 20%oxygen, and 60%nitrogen for five minutes. After closing the incision with an interrupted surgical suture place the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius heated cage until the mouse regains consciousness.This histogram shows the results from the TTC assay performed on cortical slices after oxygen glucose deprivation and acidic postconditioning as demonstrated in this video. Three minutes of acidosis treatment was neuroprotective if treatment was initiated immediately or five minutes after oxygen glucose deprivation, but not if the slices were reperfused for 15 minutes. Mice were subjected to 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated by inhaling 20%carbon dioxide for five minutes at five, 50, or 100 minutes after reperfusion.Infarct volume was quantified by two, three, five triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride staining 24 hours after reperfusion as indicated by the black dotted lines. This histogram shows the percent infarct volume for each condition. The neuroprotection from acidic postconditioning was robust even when the onset time was delayed to 50 minutes after reperfusion.However, acidosis treatment initiated at 100 minutes did not block the ischemic injury. After watching the video you should have a good understanding of how to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning on OGD model of brain slices, and on MSO model of mice. While attempting the procedures it is important to remember that the extension and the duration of acidosis is very important to reproduce the protective effects.

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