Name: experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia
Uploaded: 2017-07-31T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble finansiert av National Natural Science Foundation of China (81573406, 81373393, 81273506, 81221003, 81473186 og 81402907), Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation (LR15H310001) og programmet for Zhejiang ledende team av S &amp; T innovasjonsteamet (2011R50014).

Alle eksperimenter ble godkjent av og utført i samsvar med de etiske retningslinjene fra Zhejiang University Animal Experimentation Committee og var i full overensstemmelse med National Institutes of Health Guide for pleie og bruk av laboratoriedyr. Det ble gjort anstrengelser for å minimere smerte eller ubehag, og det minste antall dyr ble brukt. 1. OGD av kortikostriatale skiver <ol><li> Løsning forberedelse: <ol><li> Forbered 1000 ml r-ACSF (124 mmol / l, NaCl, 5 mmo...

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	<li>Zhao, H., Sapolsky, R. M., Steinberg, G. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrupting+reperfusion+as+a+stroke+therapy:+ischemic+postconditioning+reduces+infarct+size+after+focal+ischemia+in+rats.">Interrupting reperfusion as a stroke therapy: ischemic postconditioning reduces infarct size after focal ischemia in rats.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 26 (9), 1114-1121 (2006).</li><li>Leconte, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Delayed+hypoxic+postconditioning+protects+against+cerebral+ischemia+in+the+mouse.">Delayed hypoxic postconditioning protects against cerebral ischemia in the mouse.</a> Stroke. 40 (10), 3349-3355 (2009).</li><li>Fan, Y. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+neuroprotective+strategy+for+ischemic+stroke:+transient+mild+acidosis+treatment+by+CO2+inhalation+at+reperfusion.">A novel neuroprotective strategy for ischemic stroke: transient mild acidosis treatment by CO2 inhalation at reperfusion.</a> J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 34 (2), 275-283 (2014).</li><li>Shen, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PARK2-dependent+mitophagy+induced+by+acidic+postconditioning+protects+against+focal+cerebral+ischemia+and+extends+the+reperfusion+window.">PARK2-dependent mitophagy induced by acidic postconditioning protects against focal cerebral ischemia and extends the reperfusion window.</a> Autophagy. , (2017).</li><li>Skolnik, J., Takacs, L., Szende, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+oxygen+consumption+of+slices+from+kidney,+brain,+cortex+and+liver+in+hypoxia.">In vitro oxygen consumption of slices from kidney, brain, cortex and liver in hypoxia.</a> Nature. 209 (5020), 305 (1966).</li><li>Lynch, G., Schubert, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+use+of+in+vitro.+brain+slices+for+multidisciplinary+studies+of+synaptic+function.">The use of in vitro. brain slices for multidisciplinary studies of synaptic function.</a> Annu Rev Neurosci. 3, 1-22 (1980).</li><li>Zheng, S., Zuo, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isoflurane+preconditioning+reduces+purkinje+cell+death+in+an+in+vitro+model+of+rat+cerebellar+ischemia.">Isoflurane preconditioning reduces purkinje cell death in an in vitro model of rat cerebellar ischemia.</a> Neuroscience. 118 (1), 99-106 (2003).</li><li>Yin, B., Barrionuevo, G., Weber, S. 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Her presenterer vi to eksperimentelle modeller for å studere nevrobeskyttelsen av APC mot cerebral iskemi. I hjerneskiver, blir APC oppnås ved inkubering av mus corticostriatal skivene i sur buffer boblet med 20% CO2 etter reperfusjon utbruddet, mens i den MCAO-modellen, er APC oppnås ved å inhalere 20% CO 2 til mus etter reperfusjon. Begge modellene gjenspeiler nevrobeskyttelsen av APC mot cerebral iskemi. Beskyttelsen var sammenlignbar med det som ble oppnådd ved iskemisk etterkondisjonering...

Stroke er en av de viktigste årsakene til dødelighet og funksjonshemming over hele verden. Stor innsats har blitt gjort for å finne effektive behandlinger for slag i de siste tiårene, men prestasjonen er ganske utilfredsstillende. Postkondisjonering er en prosess manipulert av subtoksiske påkjenninger etter en iskemisk episode. Postkondisjonering, inkludert iskemisk, hypoksisk, lav-glukose og fjern iskemisk postkondisjonering, utløser endogene adaptive mekanismer, og har vist seg å være lovende behandlinger mot cerebral iskemi 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 . Imidlertid kan iskemisk postkondisjonering innføre ytterligere skade. Lim fjernkontroll iskemisk postkonditionering trenger vanligvis flere sykluser med 5-20 min okklusjon og reperfusjon på de ipsilaterale eller bilaterale bakbenene 5 , 6 , 7 . thDerfor er disse etterbehandlingsmanipulasjonene farlige eller upraktiske i klinisk praksis. For å overvinne disse ulempene har vi utviklet APC som en terapi for fokal cerebral iskemi hos mus 8 . Inducert ganske enkelt ved å inhalere 20% CO 2 , reduserer APC signifikant iskemisk hjerneskade på en mer gjennomførbar og tryggere måte. Nylig har vi bevist at APC utvider reperfusjonsvinduet, og understreker betydningen av APC for slagbehandling 9 . Her presenterer vi to eksperimentelle modeller for å studere nevrobeskyttelsen av APC mot cerebral iskemi. Den første er oksygen-glukose mangel (OGD) modell i mus kortikostriatale skiver. Hurtig forberedelse og overføring av hjerneskiver til et kunstig miljø, vanligvis kunstig cerebrospinalvæske (ASCF), kan opprettholde cellelevbarhet og neuronalkretser, noe som gjør det mulig å studere hjernens funksjon in vitro 10 &lt;Sup&gt;, 11 . OGD i ASCF etterligner cerebral iskemi og induserer iskemisk skade 12 , 13 , 14 . Etter OGD blir hjernesnittene oppdatert i vanlig ASCF (r-ASCF) for å gi reperfusjon og deretter behandlet med APC ved å bruke sur ASCF boblet med 20% CO 2 . Kortikostriatalskiven opprettholder den intakte histologiske karakteriseringen sammenlignet med primære dyrkede celler. For å studere hjernefunksjon in vivo , er musens midtre cerebral arterie okklusjon (MCAO) modell benyttet. Den midtre cerebrale arterien er blokkert ved å sette inn en flammeformet monofilament via den felles halspulsåren. Som en av de mest brukte stroke-modellene, viser MCAO-modellen klinisk relevans, og anvendelsen av en monofilament gjør det lettere å oppnå reperfusjon. Simpelthen ved å inhalere normoksisk blandet gass inneholdende 20% CO2 etter utbruddet av reperfusioN, viste APC signifikante beskyttende effekter mot cerebral iskemi, indisert ved redusert hjerneinfarktvolum.

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experimental models to study the neuroprotection of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia

Stroke er en av de viktigste årsakene til dødelighet og funksjonshemning over hele verden, med begrensede terapeutiske tilnærminger. Som en endogen strategi for nevrobeskyttelse har etterbehandlinger vist seg å være lovende behandlinger mot cerebral iskemi. Imidlertid begrenser kompliserte prosedyrer og potensielle sikkerhetsproblemer deres kliniske anvendelse. For å overvinne disse ulempene har vi utviklet sur postconditionering (APC) som en terapi for eksperimentell fokal cerebral iskemi. APC refererer til mild acidosebehandling ved inhalering av CO 2 under reperfusjon etter iskemi. Her presenterer vi to modeller for å utføre APC in vitro og in vivo , henholdsvis. Oksygen-glukoseavrivning (OGD) -behandlingen av mus og kortikostriatal okklusjon og midtre cerebral arterie okklusjon (MCAO) av mus ble anvendt for å etterligne cerebral iskemi. APC kan enkelt oppnås ved å overføre hjerneskiver til sur buffer boblet med 20% CO 2 , oR av mus som inhalerer 20% CO 2 . APC viste signifikante beskyttende effekter mot cerebral iskemi, som reflektert av vevslevbarhet og hjerneinfarktvolum.

I den kortikostriatale skivemodellen som er beskrevet ovenfor, ble korticostriatal skivelevbarhet kvantifisert ved TTC-analyse ved 1 time etter reperfusjon. TTC-konvertering ble beregnet ved å normalisere absorpsjonen ved 490 nm til kontrollskiven. I henhold til TTC-konvertering, beskyttes APC mot OGD-indusert reperfusjonsskade i en starttid og varighetsavhengig måte. I detalj ble både 1 og 3 min acidosisbehandling signifikant forbedret levedyktighet ved 5 min etter 15 min OGD, mens 5...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia at JoVE.com

Experimental Models to Study the Neuroprotection of Acidic Postconditioning Against Cerebral Ischemia

Syrenettkondisjonering beskytter mot cerebral iskemi. Her presenterer vi to modeller for å utføre APC. De er oppnådd henholdsvis ved overføring corticostriatal skiver til sur buffer etter oksygen-glukosemangel in vitro, og ved inhalering 20% CO2 etter tilstopping av midtre cerebralarterie in vivo.

Eksperimentelle modeller for å studere nevrobeskyttelsen av sur postkonditionering mot cerebral iskemi

Stroke is one of the leading causes of mortality and disability worldwide, with limited therapeutic approaches. As an endogenous strategy for ...

The overall goal of acidosis treatment in a cortico striatal slice model in a middle cerebral artery occlusion model is to study the neuroprotective effect of acidic postconditioning against cerebral ischemia. This method can help answer key questions of how acidosis postconditioning may protect ischemic brain injury, and to develop new strategy for stroke therapy. The main advantage of this technique is being able to use widely available experiment models to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning.Demonstrating the procedure will be Yarong Zheng a graduate student from my lab. Begin by removing the brain from the skull of a decapitated mouse with a thin spatula and dropping it carefully into a beaker containing ice cold regular ACSF equilibrated with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. Apply cryoprecipitate glue to the vibratone plate in two strips.Put a piece of three percent agarose on the glue strip furthest from the blade to support the brain. Then use forceps to transfer the brain to filter paper. Cut off the frontal pole and the cerebellum with a blade.Place the brain tissue vertically on the free strip of glue with the brain leaning against the agarose. Add ice cold ACSF to the cutting reservoir to submerge the brain and add ice to the ice holder area. Keep the ACSF in the reservoir bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen.After setting the vibratone to cut 400 micron sections, and correctly positioning the brain relative to the cutting blade, press the start-stop button to start automatic cutting. Use a Pasteur pipette with a cut tip to transfer five brain slices one by one and place them into the tissue holder in ice cold regular ACSF bubbled with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%oxygen. After 30 minutes at room temperature place the brain slices in a water bath at 37 degrees Celsius for ten minutes to recover synaptic function.Place glucose free ACSF and acidic ACSF into the 37 degree Celsius water bath and bubble the solutions with five percent carbon dioxide and 95%nitrogen and 20 percent carbon dioxide and 80%oxygen respectively for 30 minutes. Carefully transfer four of the five brain slices into a preheated 37 degree Celsius, glucose free ACSF and incubate for 15 minutes. To study the time window for acidic preconditioning transfer one slice directly from glucose free ACSF to acidic ACSF and transfer the other three slices to regular ACSF for reperfusion.After three minutes transfer the slice in acidic ACSF to regular ACSF. Then after five minutes in regular ACSF transfer one of the slices from regular ACSF to the tissue holder in acidic ACSF for three minutes. Transfer another slice in the same manner 15 minutes after reperfusion.The remaining slice that was placed in glucose free ACSF but not acidic ACSF is set as the oxygen glucose deprivation group. Transfer the slices from the ACSF into the wells of a 24 well plate containing TTC solution. Stretch out the slice in the solution.And then incubate at 37 degrees Celsius in a shallow water bath for 30 minutes. Next transfer the slices into clean, weighed, 1.5 milliliter centrifuge tubes covered in foil and measure the dry weight of the slices. After weighing, extract Formazan by adding a one to one solution of ethanol and dimethyl sulphoxide to the tubes at a volume to weight ratio of 10 to one.Incubate away from light for 24 hours. The next day transfer the ethanol dimethyl sulphoxide solution from the tubes to a 96 well plate and measure the absorbance at 490 nanometers using a plate reader. First confirm proper anesthesia by the absence of a toe pinch reflex.Then place the anesthetized mouse with LDF probe attached to its skull in a supine position and fix using sterile cotton threads. Disinfect the shaved skin of the neck with 75%ethyl alcohol. Then after making a peri median skin incision in the neck blunt dissect the soft tissues with forceps to expose the blood vessels.Add one drop of saline to the exposed tissues to keep them hydrated. Next, use ophthalmic forceps to dissect the common carotid artery from surrounding tissue and the vagus nerve. Be careful not to damage the vagus nerve.Place a micro vessel clamp at the distal end of the common carotid artery. And tie a dead knot with 6-0 silk sutures at the proximal end. Then tie a loose knot proximal to the clamp as a temporary suture.Next, use micro ophthalmic scissors to make a small longitudinal incision between the two knots as close to the dead knot as possible. Now insert a 12 millimeter, tip blunted monofilament through the incision into the artery lumen and advance it a few millimeters. Tighten the loose knot around the tip of the monofilament and then remove the clamp.Then use ophthalmic forceps to advance the filament into the internal carotid artery until the LDF software shows a sharp decline in blood flow. Record the start time of occlusion. Then cut off the LDF probe, and put the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius incubator for the one hour duration of occlusion.55 minutes after the start of occlusion reanesthetize the animal with isoflurane and position the animal as before. Then open the neck incision, and reexpose the common carotid artery. After the occlusion period, use ophthalmic forceps to gently pull out the filament to achieve reperfusion.Then turn the temporary suture into a permanent one by tightening the knot. For acidosis treatment change the gas inhaled by the nose cone to 20%carbon dioxide 20%oxygen, and 60%nitrogen for five minutes. After closing the incision with an interrupted surgical suture place the mouse in a 30 degree Celsius heated cage until the mouse regains consciousness.This histogram shows the results from the TTC assay performed on cortical slices after oxygen glucose deprivation and acidic postconditioning as demonstrated in this video. Three minutes of acidosis treatment was neuroprotective if treatment was initiated immediately or five minutes after oxygen glucose deprivation, but not if the slices were reperfused for 15 minutes. Mice were subjected to 60 minutes of middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated by inhaling 20%carbon dioxide for five minutes at five, 50, or 100 minutes after reperfusion.Infarct volume was quantified by two, three, five triphenyltetrazolium hydrochloride staining 24 hours after reperfusion as indicated by the black dotted lines. This histogram shows the percent infarct volume for each condition. The neuroprotection from acidic postconditioning was robust even when the onset time was delayed to 50 minutes after reperfusion.However, acidosis treatment initiated at 100 minutes did not block the ischemic injury. After watching the video you should have a good understanding of how to study the neuroprotection of acidosis postconditioning on OGD model of brain slices, and on MSO model of mice. While attempting the procedures it is important to remember that the extension and the duration of acidosis is very important to reproduce the protective effects.

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Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model by Endovascular Suture Occlusion of the Middle Cerebral Artery in the Rat

Stroke is the leading cause of disability and the third leading cause of death in adults worldwide1. In human stroke, there exists a highly variable ...

Experimental Models for Study of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Physiology and Pathophysiology

We have developed a cell culture procedure that can produce large quantities of confluent monolayers of primary human fetal retinal pigment epithelium ...

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound (fTCD)

Assessment of Cerebral Lateralization in Children using Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound fTCD

There are many unanswered questions about cerebral lateralization.  In particular, it remains unclear which aspects of language and nonverbal ability are ...

Strategies for Study of Neuroprotection from Cold-preconditioning

Neurological injury is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality from general anesthesia and related surgical procedures that could be alleviated by ...

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetic Manipulation of Cerebellar Granule Neurons In Vitro and In Vivo to Study Neuronal Morphology and Migration

Genetisk manipulering av Lillehjernen Granule Neuroner<em&gt; In Vitro</em&gt; Og<em&gt; I Vivo</em&gt; Å studere nevrale morfologi og migrasjon

Developmental events in the brain including neuronal morphogenesis and migration are highly orchestrated processes. In vitro and in vivo analyses allow ...

Evaluation of Bioenergetic Function in Cerebral Vascular Endothelial Cells

Evaluering av bioenergetiske Funksjon i Cerebral vaskulære endotelceller

The integrity of the blood-brain-barrier (BBB) is critical to prevent brain injury. Cerebral vascular endothelial (CVE) cells are one of the cell types ...

A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocol for Stroke Onset Time Estimation in Permanent Cerebral Ischemia

En magnetisk resonans Imaging protokoll for hjerneslag utbruddet tid anslag i Permanent Cerebral iskemi

MRI provides a sensitive and specific imaging tool to detect acute ischemic stroke by means of a reduced diffusion coefficient of brain water. In a rat ...

Organotypic Hippocampal Slice Cultures As a Model to Study Neuroprotection and Invasiveness of Tumor Cells

Organotypic hippocampus skive kulturer som en modell å studere Neuroprotection og Invasiveness av kreftceller

In organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSC), the morphological and functional characteristics of both neurons and glial cells are well preserved. ...