Name: in situ characterization of shewanella oneidensis mr1 biofilms by salvi and tof-sims
Uploaded: 2017-08-18T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS at JoVE.com

Siamo grati al Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) terra e scienze biologiche (EBD) missione seme laboratorio diretto di ricerca e sviluppo (LDRD) fondo per il sostegno. Accesso strumentale è stata fornita attraverso una proposta di utente generale W. R. Wiley Ambientale Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL). EMSL è una struttura di uso scientifico nazionale sponsorizzata dall'ufficio di biologico e ambientale ricerca (BER) a PNNL. Gli autori ringraziano il Dr. Yuanzhao Ding per prova leggere il manoscritto e fornire un feedback utile. PNNL è gestito da Battelle per il DOE sotto contratto DE-AC05-76RL01830.

1. preparazione dei materiali <ol><li>Preparazione di Medium tubi <ol><li>bottiglie di siero (uno per ogni cultura di biofilm e tre per ogni curva di crescita) Nota: come accennato nell'introduzione, qualsiasi crescita mezzo adatto a fornire i nutrienti necessari per il ceppo di batteri di interesse può essere utilizzato per questa procedura; in questo caso, &#34; nanofili &#34; media e TSB senza supporto di destrosio è stato utilizzato per la crescita di S. oneidensis MR-1 GFP. <sup ...

<ol>
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C., Wingender, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+biofilm+matrix.">The biofilm matrix.</a> Nat Rev Microbiol. 8 (9), 623-633 (2010).</li><li>Aldeek, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Patterned+hydrophobic+domains+in+the+exopolymer+matrix+of+Shewanella+oneidensis+MR-1+biofilms.">Patterned hydrophobic domains in the exopolymer matrix of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms.</a> Appl Environ Microbiol. 79 (4), 1400-1402 (2013).</li><li>Hua, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+situ+molecular+imaging+of+a+hydrated+biofilm+in+a+microfluidic+reactor+by+ToF-SIMS.">In situ molecular imaging of a hydrated biofilm in a microfluidic reactor by ToF-SIMS.</a> Analyst. 139 (7), 1609-1613 (2014).</li><li>Yu, X. Y., Yang, L., Cowin, J. P., Iedema, M., Zhu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systems+and+methods+for+analyzing+liquids+under+vacuum.">Systems and methods for analyzing liquids under vacuum.</a> US Patent. , (2013).</li><li>Yu, X. Y., Liu, B., Yang, L., Zhu, Z., Marshall, M. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+electrochemical+device+and+process+for+chemical+imaging+and+electrochemical+analysis+at+the+electrode-liquid+interface+in+situ.">Microfluidic electrochemical device and process for chemical imaging and electrochemical analysis at the electrode-liquid interface in situ.</a> US Patent. , (2014).</li><li>Yang, L., Yu, X. Y., Zhu, Z. H., Thevuthasan, T., Cowin, J. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Effects of Electron-Transport-System Impairment on Hydrogen Gas Production by the Bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. , (2007).</li><li>McCormick, A. 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J., Peggie, D., Higgitt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluation+of+the+"added+value"+of+SIMS:+A+mass+spectrometric+and+spectroscopic+study+of+an+unusual+Naples+yellow+oil+paint+reconstruction.">Evaluation of the "added value" of SIMS: A mass spectrometric and spectroscopic study of an unusual Naples yellow oil paint reconstruction.</a> Int J mass Spectrom. 284 (1-3), 22-34 (2009).</li><li>Lee, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Mass Spectrometry Handbook. , 988 (2012).</li><li>Petrovic, M., Barcelo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determination+of+anionic+and+nonionic+surfactants,+their+degradation+products,+and+endocrine-disrupting+compounds+in+sewage+sludge+by+liquid+chromatography/mass+spectrometry.">Determination of anionic and nonionic surfactants, their degradation products, and endocrine-disrupting compounds in sewage sludge by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.</a> Anal Chem. 72 (19), 4560-4567 (2000).</li><li>Vickerman, J. 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Dopo inoculando in ritardo-fase, è importante verificare il numero di giorni e la temperatura alla quale il biofilm dovrebbe crescere prima che sia sano e abbastanza spessa per imaging, come descritto al punto 3.1. Questa procedura riguarda in particolare la coltura di un S. oneidensis MR1 biofilm a temperatura ambiente; Tuttavia diverse temperature ambiente possono influenzare il tasso di crescita. Pertanto, è fondamentale utilizzare imaging ottico per capire se il biofilm è pronto prima di procedere all'analisi ToF-...

Biofilm batterici sono comunità di superficie-associati che si sono evolute nel tempo come una difesa per i batteri di sopravvivere variando negativi stimoli fisici e meccanici, in cui le cellule sono in grado di allegare e sopravvivere in molti ambienti possibili. 1 , 2 i biofilm sono ampiamente studiati e hanno applicazioni in molti campi quali la biomedicina, ingegneria biomedica, l'agricoltura e ricerca industriale e sviluppo. 1 , 2 comprendere la mappatura chimica di queste comunità microbiche complesse, tra cui loro autoprodotti sostanze polimeriche extracellulari (EPS) e il loro ambiente di cluster di acqua locale, è essenziale per ottenere un'accurata e dettagliata rappresentazione della loro attività biologica. 2
Biofilm esistano e crescono all'interno di uno stato altamente idratato. Questo presenta una grande sfida nell'utilizzo di tecniche di analisi delle superfici basate su vuoto come spettrometria di massa di ioni secondari di tempo di volo (ToF-SIMS) dovuto la difficoltà nello studio liquidi volatili nel vuoto. Di conseguenza, tecniche di analisi delle superfici basate su vuoto sono stati limitati quasi esclusivamente a studiare campioni di biofilm al solo allo stato secco. Tuttavia, studiando un biofilm nel suo stato essiccato inibisce l'indagine accurata del suo microambiente biologico vero. Causa spesso drastici cambiamenti alla morfologia EPS integrità e biofilm, che è stata dimostrata dopo aver confrontato i risultati spettrali di massa secca biofilm agli studi in situ di liquido. 3 , 4 questo articolo presenta una soluzione per lo studio di biofilm nel loro naturale stato idratato impiegando l'uso del nostro sistema per l'analisi a liquido vuoto interfaccia (SALVI),5,6 un reattore microfluidici che contiene liquido sotto la sua membrana di nitruro (SiN) di silicio sottile in un microchannel di polidimetilsilossano (PMD), fornendo così accesso diretto per il fascio di ioni secondari sonda pur mantenendo l'integrità strutturale della matrice liquida all'interno di un vuoto camera. 7 , 8
S. oneidensis MR-1 mutato per esprimere proteine di fluorescenza verde (GFP) è stato scelto come organismo modello per questa illustrazione di procedura di biofilm grazie alla sua versatilità metabolica e di uso comune in microbiologia applicata ed ambientale, che è stato basato pesantemente sulla sua capacità uniche per la riduzione del metallo e trasferimento di elettroni extracellulare. 9 , 10 , 11 inoltre, la presenza di GFP ammessi per facile biofilm-spessore continuo monitoraggio mediante microscopia a fluorescenza, utilizzando un filtro di fluoresceina isotiocianato (FITC). Nostri studi precedenti hanno indicato la prova di questo batterio favorendo allegato alla finestra peccato utilizzando l'imaging di fluorescenza in operando per la crescita di biofilm ad uno spessore di fino a 100 micrometri. 4 , 12 mentre questa carta discuterà solo la conferma della presenza di biofilm attraverso microscopia di fluorescenza, la SALVI è compatibile con altri metodi di imaging ottici come super-resolution imaging di fluorescenza (cioè, illuminazione strutturata microscopia (SIM)9) e laser confocale microscopia (CLSM)4di imaging). Imaging ottico può servire per misurare lo spessore del biofilm e ottenere un'immagine 3D di, la forma del biofilm come appare, confermando il suo spessore ed il suo attaccamento alla finestra di peccato. 9 mentre GFP è stato utilizzato nell'analisi SIMS, s. oneidensis senza GFP è stato usato per la curva di crescita, come questa unica misura necessaria della densità ottica e non richiede alcuna formazione immagine fluorescente. Generalmente, la differenza tra la GFP taggati e senza tag specie nella curva di crescita è insignificante. Inoltre, mentre questo protocollo utilizza S. oneidensis MR-1 GFP come organismo modello per descrivere la procedura, questa procedura è stata progettata per qualsiasi ceppo batterico che può essere necessaria per la coltivazione all'interno di SALVI. Anche se, data la conoscenza del ceppo batterico necessario, alcune condizioni di crescita come tempo, temperatura e ossigeno ambiente potrebbero essere necessario essere modificati per accogliere il ceppo di batteri per essere utilizzato. Per mezzo di crescita, questa procedura utilizza il brodo di soia medio, Trittico "nanofili" (TSB) senza destrosio e tryptic soy agar (TSA) senza destrosio per la coltura. La composizione del mezzo "nanofili" è stato appositamente formulata per la crescita e per il monitoraggio delle estensioni della membrana e Periplasma di S. oneidensis che sembrano prendere la forma di piccoli fili e la composizione media è stata stabilito nella precedente ricerca. 13 , 14
Il nostro protocollo precedente su in situ liquido ToF-SIMS ha illustrato il beneficio che SALVI ha da offrire per immobilizzazione della proteina e l'attaccamento al peccato, come pure un protocollo dettagliato sulla riduzione dei dati e analisi ToF-SIMS. 12 piuttosto che ripetere passaggi di riduzione dei dati, questa carta servirà invece focalizzare l'approccio unico di impostazione e coltivando i biofilm all'interno nostro microchannel SALVI, come pure i passaggi imaging per rilevare la presenza di biofilm e spessore preventivo per l'analisi ToF-SIMS. Mentre biofilm sono stati precedentemente limitati solo asciugato campioni all'interno della camera di vuoto-base superficie tecniche analitiche, EPS e biofilm chimica mappatura dettagliata di biofilm live possa ora essere ottenuto in situ a causa di questa nuova funzionalità.

<table width="2446">
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	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">ToF-SIMS</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">IONTOF</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">TOF.SIMS 5</td>
			<td style="width:1675px;">Resolution:&#62;10,000 m/&#916;m for mass resolution;&#62;4,000 m/&#916;m for high spatial resolution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface (SALVI)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>SALVI is a unique, self-contained, portable analytical tool that, for the first time, enables vacuum based scientific instruments such as time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to analyze liquid surfaces in their natural state at the molecular level.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">-80&#176;C Freezer</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>U410 Premium Energy Efficient Ultra-Low Temperature Freezer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">4&#176;C Refrigerator</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BioCold Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>COLDBOX1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Orbital Shaker</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">New Brunswick Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:1675px;">Innova 4900 Multi-Tier Environmental Shaker, set at 30 degrees Celsius for serum bottle and flask culturing, set at 150rpm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Syringe Pump</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Cole-Parmer</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">EW-74905-02</td>
			<td>Cole-Parmer Syringe Pump, Infusion Only, Touchscreen Control 74905-02, used for injecting liquid into the tubing system and SALVI at a constant flowrate.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Incubator</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Barnstead International</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">LT1465X3</td>
			<td>Lab-Line incubator, set at 30 degrees Celsius for plate culturing.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Autoclave</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Getinge</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">533LS</td>
			<td>Used to sterilize PEEK fittings, tubing systems, serum vials, and medium. Model 533LS Vacuum Steam Sterilizer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">4001-000</td>
			<td>GENESYS 20 spectrophotometer for OD600 readings of cuvettes for growth curves.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">1385</td>
			<td>1300 Series AZ Biological Safety Cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Fluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Nikon OPTIPHOT-2 fluorescence microscope with camera and super high pressure mercury lamp power supply.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">pH Meter</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Mettler Toledo</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">51302803</td>
			<td>Used to test the pH of the &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium after finished and before autoclaving.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">PEEK Union</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Valco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">ZU1TPK</td>
			<td>For connecting the inlet and outlet of SALVI, the syringe to the tubing system, and the inlet of the SALVI to the drip chamber of the tubing system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">5 Axes Sample Stage</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">IONTOF</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Stage is self-made for mounting SALVI in ToF-SIMS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Barnstead Nanopure Water Purification System</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">D11921</td>
			<td>ROpure LP Reverse Osmosis filtration module (D2716)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">21-377-821</td>
			<td>Range: 100 to 1,000 &#181;L.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Pipette Tip</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Neptune</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">2112.96.BS</td>
			<td>1,000 &#181;L pipette tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="width:389px;height:20px;">Razor Blade Handle</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Stanley</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Stanley Bostitch Razor Blade Scraper with 5 Single-Edge Blades, used for cutting PTFE tubing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">309659</td>
			<td>1 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">309657</td>
			<td>3 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">309646</td>
			<td>5 mL; Used for making the drip chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">309604</td>
			<td>10 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Syringe</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">302830</td>
			<td>20 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Disposable Pipette</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">13-678-11</td>
			<td>25 mL Fisherbrand&#8482; Sterile Polystyrene Disposable Serological Pipets with Magnifier Stripe, for filling serum bottles.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Electric Pipette Filler</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Pipet-aid</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P-57260</td>
			<td>Vacuum pressure electric serological pipette filler</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Serum Bottle</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">33109-U</td>
			<td>Holds approximately 69 mL of liquid for culture growth, optimum for use of 20mL culture per bottle.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Anaerobic Culture Tube</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">89167-178</td>
			<td>Anaerobic Tubes, 18 x 150 mm, Supplied with 20 mm Blue Butyl Rubber Stopper and Aluminum Seal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Rubber Stopper</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">27235-U</td>
			<td>Silicone stopper, used for sealing serum bottles and for creating the tubing system/drip chamber.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Aluminum Crimp Seal (without septum)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">27227-U</td>
			<td>Aluminum seal for top of serum bottle for use with serum bottle crimper.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Serum Bottle Aluminum Seal Crimper</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Wheaton</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">224307</td>
			<td>30 mm crimper with standard seal.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">PTFE Tubing</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Supelco</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">58697-U</td>
			<td>1.58 mm OD x 0.5 mm ID 50 ft. PTFE Teflon tubing, used for creating the tubing system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Disposable Cuvettes</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">GMBH</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">759085D</td>
			<td>1.5 Ml for use with spectrophotometer.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Needle</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">303015</td>
			<td>22G; used for serum bottle injection.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Needle</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">305120</td>
			<td>23G; used for punching-through rubber stopper to create drip tubing system.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 with GFP</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N/A</td>
			<td>Matthysse AG, Stretton S, Dandie C, McClure NC, &#38; Goodman AE (1996) Construction of GFP vectors for use in Gram-negative bacteria other than Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 145(1):87-94.&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">&#160;S25310A</td>
			<td>95% Denatured</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">TSA</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">212305</td>
			<td>Tryptic soy agar for culturing the model organism (S. oneidensis) used in this protocol</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">PIPES Buffer</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P-1851</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Hydroxide</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S-5881</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Ammonium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A-5666</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P-4504</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Phosphate Monobasic</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S-9638</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S271-3</td>
			<td>Used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium, and used to make mineral solution used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium lactate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">L-1375</td>
			<td>60%(w/w) syrup @ 98% pure, d=1.3 g/mL, 7M, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">S-5761</td>
			<td>Used to make ferric NTA solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Nitrilotriacetic Acid Trisodium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N-0253</td>
			<td>Used to make ferric NTA solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Iron (III) Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">451649</td>
			<td>Used to make ferric NTA solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Magnesium Sulfate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">208094</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Manganese (II) Sulfate Monohydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">M-7634</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Iron(II) Sulfate Heptahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">215422</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Calcium Chloride Dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">223506</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Cobalt(II) Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">60818</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Zinc Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">229997</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">C-8027</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Aluminum Potassium Sulfate Dodecahydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">237086</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Boric Acid</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">B-6768</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Molybdate Dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">331058</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Nickel(II) Chloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">339350</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Sodium Tungstate Dihydrate</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">14304</td>
			<td>Used to make minerals solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">D-Biotin</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">47868</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Folic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">F-7876</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Pyridoxine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">P-9755</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Riboflavin (B2)</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">47861</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Thiamine Hydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T-4625</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Nicotinic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">N4126</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">D-Pantothenic Acid Hemicalcium Salt</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">21210</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Vitamin B12</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">V-2876</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">4-Aminobenzoic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">A-9878</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:389px;height:21px;">Thioctic Acid</td>
			<td style="width:260px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:123px;">T-1395</td>
			<td>Used to make vitamin solution, used for &#8220;nanowires&#8221; medium {Hill, E.A. 2007}</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in situ characterization of shewanella oneidensis mr1 biofilms by salvi and tof-sims

Biofilm batterici sono comunità di superficie-collegati che sono ampiamente studiata per capire la loro auto-prodotti sostanze polimeriche extracellulari (EPS) e i loro ruoli in microbiologia ambientale. Questo studio descrive un metodo per coltivare biofilm allegato al sistema per l'analisi all'interfaccia liquido di vuoto (SALVI) e raggiungere in situ chemical mapping di un biofilm vivente mediante spettrometria di massa di ioni secondari di tempo di volo (ToF-SIMS). Questo viene fatto attraverso la coltura di batteri sia all'esterno che all'interno del canale SALVI con la nostra installazione specializzata, nonché attraverso tecniche di imaging ottici per rilevare la presenza di biofilm e spessore prima analisi ToF-SIMS. I nostri risultati mostrano picchi caratteristici del biofilm Shewanella nel suo stato naturale idrata, evidenziando al suo ambiente cluster d'acqua localizzate, come pure di EPS frammenti, che sono drasticamente diversi di biofilm stesso disidratato stato. Questi risultati dimostrano la capacità di innovazione di SALVI che permette per l'imaging di biofilm in situ con uno strumento di imaging chimico basati su vuoto.

Questi risultati rappresentativi servono a mostrare come il profilo chimico del biofilm allegato può essere identificato e interpretato, come ottenuta attraverso ToF-SIMS. Dopo aver tracciato spettri di massa da acquisizione dati ToF-SIMS, brevemente evidenziato nella sezione procedure, identificazione del picco dovrebbe essere condotta al fine di assegnare le identità di ogni valore rispettivo m/z. Questo può essere fatto attraverso la revisione di una vasta letteratura sulla spettrom...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS at JoVE.com

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

Questo articolo presenta un metodo per la coltivazione di un biofilm per in situ spettrometria totale di ione secondaria tempo di volo per la mappatura chimica allo stato idratato, attivata da un reattore di microfluidica, sistema per analisi presso l'interfaccia liquida di vuoto. Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 con proteine di fluorescenza verde è stato usato come modello.

In Situ Caratterizzazione di Shewanella oneidensis MR1 biofilm di SALVI e ToF-SIMS

Bacterial biofilms are surface-associated communities that are vastly studied to understand their self-produced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to culture bacteria in the system for analysis at the liquid vacuum interface, or SALVI, for subsequent imagining of the biofilms in their natural hydrated state with vacuum-based techniques such as Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry. We present a method that helps answer key questions in environmental microbiology by visualizing the chemical-spatial distribution of living biofilms using imaging mass spectrometry like SIMS. The main advantage of this technique is that we can introduce biofilms alive to a mass spectrometer and many other analytical platforms to obtain multiplex measurements.Although Shewanella oneidensis is used in this video, this method can also be applied to anaerobic chambers for biofilm growth. The latter requires a more stringent growth environment. Visual demonstration of this method is critical as the tubing setup steps are difficult to learn.Specific placement of tubing and care are necessary when transferring to the biosafety cabinet. Using a 22 gauge needle, carefully punch a hole through a serum bottle rubber stopper. Cut 20 inches of 1/32 inch PTFE tubing with a razor, such that one end of the tubing is pointed.Using the pointed end, thread the PTFE tubing through the hole in the top portion of the rubber stopper. Push the tube through until roughly two centimeters is through the stopper and cut the pointed end of the PTFE tube with a razor to have a flat end. Remove the plunger of a five milliliter syringe and fit the rubber stopper into the open end of the syringe.The two centimeter end of PTFE tubing is within the barrel of the syringe. This is the bubble trap. Wrap the bubble trap with aluminum foil and secure it with autoclave tape.Then autoclave the foil package to sterilize the tubing with a gravity cycle at 121 degrees celsius for 30 minutes. Store the sealed foil package at room temperature until it is ready for use. This procedure specifically covers culturing a Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm at room temperature after 24 hours of incubation.However, different strains of bacteria require different growth conditions and lengths to achieve a desirable thickness for analysis. The SALVI tubing system is made up of the syringe containing the liquid reservoir, which is attached with a PEEK injector to the PTFE tubing. This is attached to the drip chamber, which has a PEEK injector fitting attached to the SALVI inlet tubing.The drip chamber is also attached to the outlet container that the SALVI outlet tubing is sealed to. To promote sterility of the tubing system, detach the syringe from the syringe pump by unscrewing the metal syringe holder. Then bring the syringe with the attached tubing to a sterile biological safety cabinet.Use a new SALVI device and attach a PEEk fitting and injector to one end of a PTFE tubing. SALVI devices are prepared fresh for each experiment following the device fabrication, which is detailed in previous research and patents. Next, aspirate two milliliters of 70%ethanol and deionized water into a syringe and connect the syringe to the PEEK fitting on the SALVI.After connecting the syringe to a syringe pump and attaching the outlet of the SALVI to a waste bottle, allow the ethanol solution to run through the SALVI at 20 microliters per minute for one and a half hours. Then aspirate four milliliters of sterilized deionized water into a syringe and connect it to the inlet of the same SALVI. After connecting the syringe to a syringe pump, allow the water to run through the SALVI at 20 microliters per minute for at least three hours.Within a biosafety cabinet, open the prepared foil packet and connect a sterile PEEK injector and fittings to the end of the PTFE tubing. Aspirate approximately three milliliters of sterile medium into a syringe and attach it to the PTFE tube. Invert the five milliliter drip chamber and using a sterile syringe inject the growth medium into the drip chamber until it reaches a total volume of one milliliter.Next, connect the end of the five milliliter syringe drip chamber to the inlet of the SALVI. Aspirate 10 milliliters of growth medium into a sterile syringe and connect it to the inlet of the drip tubing. Allow the drip tubing to be vertical.The syringe pump should be placed on an elevated surface with drip tubing secured by tape and with the SALVI secured on a flat surface below. Cover the outlet bottle with foil or plastic paraffin film to minimize the probability of medium contamination. Allow the medium to run through the SAVLI at 20 microliters per minute for 12 hours.This ensures that all traces of ethanol have been removed from the microchannel and tubing of the SALVI before inoculating with bacteria. For added protection, keep the SALVI microchannel chamber within a sterilized petri dish with the sides cut to fit the inlet and outlet tubing. Additionally, keep tape always on the window to protect the silicone nitride membrane and channel prior to image analysis.We move the whole tubing system from the syringe pump to bring it to a sterilized biosafety cabinet. Additionally, remove the serum bottle from the incubator that has been inoculated as described in the text protocol. Clean the surface of the serum bottle stopper with 70%ethanol to prevent any contamination.Then use a sterile syringe with an attached sterile 22 gauge needle to extract four milliliters of bacteria from the bottle. Detach the SALVI from the five milliliter chamber of the drip tubing and connect the syringe with inoculated medium directly to the inlet of the SALVI. Leave the drip tubing within the sterile aluminum foil packet or within the biosafety cabinet.Attach the syringe with the SALVI and outlet bottle to the syringe pump. Run at 20 microliters per minute for three hours to inoculate the channel of the SALVI and allow for a multiple volume changes of the liquid contained within the SALVI. Following inoculation, disconnect the syringe with the SALVI from the syringe pump and bring it to the biosafety cabinet.Attach the inlet of the SALVI back to the five milliliter drip chamber. Then aspirate 20 milliliters of growth medium into a sterile syringe and attach it to the inlet of the drip tubing. The flow rate should never be increased or decreased, as changing the flow rate would create sheer stress within the channel and detach the biofilm.To avoid flow rate changes ensure there are no bubbles in the tubing the day before SIMS. It is important to be cautious of bubbles within the bottom of the five milliliter drip tubing where it connects to the SALVI tubing. Fresh medium can be injected into the end of the PEEK injector to ensure that no air will be forced into the SALVI.Bring the tubing attached to the SALVI from the biosafety cabinet to the syringe pump. Allow the medium to pass through the tubing at at rate of two microliters per minute for six to ten days. Refill the SALVI with fresh medium as it runs out within the biosafety cabinet by attaching a new sterile syringe filled with 10 milliliters of growth medium to the SALVI.Using light microscopy or confocal fluorescence imaging, the presence of a biofilm can be detected on the window of the SALVI. Shown here is the negative mass spectrum of a hydrated Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilm within the microfluidic channel. It's obtained by NC2 liquid Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.The deionized water spectrum is also shown. A comparison of 2-D images of peaks of interest in the MR-1 biofilm to deionized water are shown. Once interesting m over z values can be identified from studying the mass spectra potential peak identification is performed through the software library, in lab reference spectra, and a literature survey.Once mastered, this technique takes three days to set up, in addition to the specific time required for the biofilm to grow within the microchannel, which is about five to six days at room temperature for Shewanella. After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to grow insatiable biofilms in SALVI devices. Generally, individuals new to this method will struggle because bubbles may form within the growth medium due to bacteria growth.It is necessary to get rid of bubbles before the SIMS analysis. While attempting this procedure, it's important to remember to never change the flow rate after inoculation of bacteria is completed. Even in fluorofil dying steps before optical imaging.Following this procedure, other methods like confocal fluorescence imaging can be performed in order to answer additional questions, like how thick the biofilm was at the time the SIMS took place. After it's development, the technique paved the way for researchers in analytical chemistry and microbiology to explore the chemical profiles of biofilms in their naturally hydrated states.

Research

JoVE Journal

Chemistry

In Situ Characterization of Shewanella oneidensis MR1 Biofilms by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS and IR Spectroscopy of Well-defined Surfaces Prepared by Soft Landing of Mass-selected Ions

In Situ SIMS e IR Spettroscopia di superfici ben definite Preparato da atterraggio morbido di ioni Mass-selezionati

Soft landing of mass-selected ions onto surfaces is a powerful approach for the highly-controlled preparation of materials that are inaccessible using ...

Ricerca

Chimica

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Valutazione del Boro Doped Diamante elettrodi Qualità e applicazioni per<em&gt; In Situ</em&gt; Modifica del pH locale da acqua Elettrolisi

Boron doped diamond (BDD) electrodes have shown considerable promise as an electrode material where many of their reported properties such as extended ...

Radiolabeling and Quantification of Cellular Levels of Phosphoinositides by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-coupled Flow Scintillation

Radiomarcatura e quantificazione dei livelli cellulari di fosfoinositidi da alte prestazioni cromatografia liquida accoppiata flusso scintillazione

Phosphoinositides (PtdInsPs) are essential signaling lipids responsible for recruiting specific effectors and conferring organelles with molecular ...

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

In Situ Characterization of Hydrated Proteins in Water by SALVI and ToF-SIMS

In Situ Caratterizzazione di idrate proteine ​​in acqua da Salvi e TOF-SIMS

This work demonstrates in situ characterization of protein biomolecules in the aqueous solution using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum ...

Characterizing Electron Transport through Living Biofilms

Caratterizzazione di trasporto dell'elettrone attraverso biofilm vivente

Here we demonstrate the method of electrochemical gating used to characterize electrical conductivity of electrode-grown microbial biofilms under ...

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

In Situ Characterization of Boehmite Particles in Water Using Liquid SEM

In Situ Caratterizzazione delle particelle Boehmite in acqua usando liquido SEM

In situ imaging and elemental analysis of boehmite (AlOOH) particles in water is realized using the System for Analysis at the Liquid Vacuum Interface ...

DNA-magnetic Particle Binding Analysis by Dynamic and Electrophoretic Light Scattering

DNA-magnetoscopico associazione analisi di dispersione della luce dinamica ed elettroforetica

Isolation of DNA using magnetic particles is a field of high importance in biotechnology and molecular biology research. This protocol describes the ...

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Microfluidic Chips for In Situ Crystal X-ray Diffraction and In Situ Dynamic Light Scattering for Serial Crystallography

Chip microfluidici per dispersione della luce dinamica In Situ diffrazione di raggi x di cristallo ed In Situ per la cristallografia seriale

This protocol describes fabricating microfluidic devices with low X-ray background optimized for goniometer based fixed target serial crystallography. The ...

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Rapid Nanoprobe Signal Enhancement by In Situ Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Segnale Nanosonda rapido aumento di sintesi di nanoparticelle di oro In Situ

The use of nanoprobes such as gold, silver, silica or iron-oxide nanoparticles as detection reagents in bioanalytical assays can enable high sensitivity ...

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F&#8722;

Imaging di fotoelettroni di anioni illustrato da 310 Nm distaccamento di F−

Anion photoelectron imaging is a very efficient method for the study of energy states of bound negative ions, neutral species and interactions of unbound ...