Name: determination of the optimal chromosomal location(s) for a dna element in escherichia coli using a novel transposon-mediated approach
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach at JoVE.com

著者は、細菌のストレス応答と永続性 (BASP) ノボ ノルディスク財団とルンドベック財団、中心を通ってデンマークの国立研究財団 (DNRF120) からの助成金で賄われました。

1 トランスポゾン ライブラリのコレクション 注: ミニ Tn 10 に複製された染色体 DARS2 の軌跡-トランスポゾン (pNKBOR) に NKBOR 21 の結果を基。NKBOR:: DARS2 (pJFM1)。pNKBOR オンライン 22 が得られます。pNKBOR は、イニシエーター蛋白質 π をレプリケーション 23 R6K ベース自殺ベクトルです。プラスミド pJFM1 ...

<ol>
	<li>Frimodt-Moller, J., Charbon, G., Lobner-Olesen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+bacterial+chromosome+replication+by+non-coding+regions+outside+the+origin.">Control of bacterial chromosome replication by non-coding regions outside the origin.</a> Curr Genet. , (2016).</li><li>Sherratt, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombination+and+chromosome+segregation.">Recombination and chromosome segregation.</a> Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 359 (1441), 61-69 (2004).</li><li>Bigot, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNA+motifs+that+control+E.+coli+chromosome+segregation+by+orienting+the+FtsK+translocase.">DNA motifs that control E. coli chromosome segregation by orienting the FtsK translocase.</a> EMBO J. 24 (21), 3770-3780 (2005).</li><li>Frimodt-Moller, J., Charbon, G., Krogfelt, K. 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B., Skarstad, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Flow+cytometry+of+bacteria:+a+promising+tool+in+experimental+and+clinical+microbiology.">Flow cytometry of bacteria: a promising tool in experimental and clinical microbiology.</a> J Gen Microbiol. 129 (4), 973-980 (1983).</li><li>Rossignol, M., Basset, A., Espeli, O., Boccard, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NKBOR,+a+mini-Tn10-based+transposon+for+random+insertion+in+the+chromosome+of+Gram-negative+bacteria+and+the+rapid+recovery+of+sequences+flanking+the+insertion+sites+in+Escherichia+coli.">NKBOR, a mini-Tn10-based transposon for random insertion in the chromosome of Gram-negative bacteria and the rapid recovery of sequences flanking the insertion sites in Escherichia coli.</a> Res Microbiol. 152 (5), 481-485 (2001).</li><li>Shafferman, A., Helinski, D. 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E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retrospective+application+of+transposon-directed+insertion+site+sequencing+to+a+library+of+signature-tagged+mini-Tn5Km2+mutants+of+Escherichia+coli+O157:H7+screened+in+cattle.">Retrospective application of transposon-directed insertion site sequencing to a library of signature-tagged mini-Tn5Km2 mutants of Escherichia coli O157:H7 screened in cattle.</a> J Bacteriol. 193 (7), 1771-1776 (2011).</li><li>van Opijnen, T., Bodi, K. 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ここで使用した方法論は、技術遺伝的要素の最適な genomic 位置に関する難しい質問に答えるための活用します。(トランスポゾンを介した) 遺伝的要素のランダムな挿入、お互いの調査遺伝的要素の最適な位置を選択するに対抗するために作ることができるクローンの何千もの迅速かつ簡単のコレクションを有効に (すなわち、適者生存のクローン)。
ここでは、 ...

遺伝的要素の機能は、ゲノムでの位置によって影響を受けます。細菌、これは主に、隣接遺伝子、ローカル DNA のトポロジー、および/または複製関連遺伝子量のトランスクリプションによって干渉から結果します。特に、DNA 複製と偏析の過程の制御は、少なくとも一部では、非コーディング染色体領域で1とこれらの地域の適切な機能のゲノム位置/コンテキストに依存します。エシェリヒア属大腸菌、例としては、妹に必要なdifサイト染色体の解像度2KOPS シーケンス、染色体分離3に必要なデータ、 DARS1とDARS2の地域、(以下; 適切な染色体複製制御に必要な4). ここでDARS2非コード領域の研究に代表されるランダムな再配置、選択、および与えられた遺伝的要素の最適な遺伝的コンテキストの定量を可能にする手法を提案します。
大腸菌DnaA は、イニシエーター蛋白質 DNA 鎖、単一のレプリケーションの起源、oriC、開くとヘリカーゼ DnaB5,6、7の採用担当。AAA+ (すなわち、多様な活動に伴う Atpase) に属する DnaA タンパク質同様高い ATP、ADP をバインドできます、親和性5。DnaAATPのレベルのピーク開始時8、DnaAATPが上、多量体を形成oriC DNA 両面開口部9を起動します。開始後oriC hemimethylated に複製蛋白質の結合を含むメカニズムによって隔離のため再開始のため一時的に使用できなくされるoriC10,11。隔離中に DnaAATPのレベルは、少なくとも 2 つのメカニズムによって減少: DnaA (ライダー)12,13とデータの規制不活化-依存 DnaAATP加水分解 (DDAH)14 ,15。ライダーと DDAH の両方は、DnaAATPの DnaAADPへの変換を促進します。開始の新ラウンドは、前に DnaAADPは特定 DnaA 再アクティブ化シーケンス (邸宅) に DnaAATPに再活性化される: DARS1およびDARS216,17。染色体データ DARS1、および DARS2地域非コーディング、DnaAATPを調節するシャペロンのような方法で行動/DnaAADP相互変換。複製の起源の外に位置するこれらの地域はいずれかの複雑な DnaA のアセンブリを有効に不活化 (データ;14) または活性化 (DARS1およびDARS2;17) DnaA の。セルのDARS2を削除する質量の 2 倍の時間が、非同期レプリケーション開始15,16,18の結果を変更しません。ただし、 DARS2-フィットネスがある欠損細胞豊富な媒体で両方の継続的な成長の競争の間にまたはマウス腸18の植民地化の確立の間にそうしないと同質遺伝子野生型に比べてコスト。これは非同期/起源濃度の些細な変更が細菌フィットネスにマイナスの影響であることを示します。大腸菌染色体の対称性 (すなわち、 2 長さがほぼ等しいレプリケーション腕)19を維持する選択的な圧力があります。データ、 DARS1、およびDARS2領域に同じ相対的な間隔があるoriCすべて大腸菌株シーケンス18染色体サイズの大きな変化にもかかわらず。
ここでは、その機能に最適な染色体の位置の同定の例としてエシェリヒア属大腸菌のDARS2領域を用いてください。DARS2が NKBOR トランスポゾンと結果 NKBOR に挿入された:: その後ランダムに MG1655 のゲノムに挿入DARS2トランスポゾン ΔDARS2。我々 はこのように細胞のコレクションを生成された、それぞれの所有しているDARS2は染色体上の別の場所に配置します。体外競争実験、コレクション内のすべてのセルがプール、ポンドで推定 700 世代のための持続的な成長の間に互いに競ったかを行った。競争実験の結果監視/決定された南しみ、簡単な遺伝子を歩いて、全ゲノム シーケンス (WGS; を使用して図 1)。簡単な遺伝子を踏んで解決エンドポイント クローンは細胞周期のパラメーターを評価するフローサイトメトリーにより特徴づけられた.フローサイトメトリー解析、セル サイズ、DNA コンテンツ、および開始同期が多数のセルを測定できます。フローサイトメトリー、単一セルの流通過提供が、同時に放出される蛍光、DNA 含量の測定を収集フォトマルによって登録されますし、ステンド グラスの DNA を刺激する適切な波長の光線、細胞は DNA のステンド グラスします。前方散乱光は、細胞質量20の指標です。
ここでは提示の in vitro競争の実験、染色体の位置および遺伝的要素のゲノムのコンテキストの重要性に関連する質問に対処するため使用されます。メソッドは、公平な使いやすいです。

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			<td height="20" style="width:369px;height:20px;">Autoclaved Mili-Q water</td>
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		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
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			<td height="21" style="width:369px;height:21px;">Rifampicin</td>
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</table>

determination of the optimal chromosomal location(s) for a dna element in escherichia coli using a novel transposon-mediated approach

与えられた DNA 要素の最適な染色体位置/フィットネス選択続いてトランスポゾンを介したランダムな挿入によって定められました。細菌、遺伝的要素の機能に関する遺伝的コンテキストの影響は評価することは困難することができます。近隣の遺伝子や複製関連遺伝子投与量から転写干渉位相効果を含むいくつかのメカニズムは、与えられた遺伝的要素の機能に影響があります。ここでは、大腸菌と単純な成長競争を使用して最も有利な場所実験選択の染色体への DNA 要素のランダムな統合を可能にする手法について述べる。メソッドは、ランダムな挿入、結合で適者生存のクローンの選択成長の利点は、実験のニーズに簡単に調整されているプロシージャのよく説明トランスポゾン ベース システムの利点を受け取ります。適者生存のクローンの性質は、複雑な多クローン集団の全ゲノム シーケンスまたは選択されたクローンの迅速同定のため歩きやすい遺伝子によって決定できます。ここでは、 DARS2、エシェリヒア属大腸菌の染色体複製開始を制御する DNA の非コード領域は例として使用されました。複製関連遺伝子の用量の影響を受けるDARS2の機能は知られています。近いDARS2をさらにアクティブになる、DNA の複製の起源に取得します。DARS2がDARS2の染色体に挿入されたランダムに-ひずみを削除します。個々 の挿入を含む結果のクローンはプールされ、何百世代のため互いに競った。最後に、適者生存のクローンは、特徴し、 DARS2元のDARS2の場所の近くに挿入が含まれて発見されました。

南しみはDARS2がトランスポゾン ライブラリでは染色体の中でランダムに配布されたことを確認する行われていた (t = 0) と適者生存のクローンを時間をかけて永続化でしょう。南しみは初期トランスポゾン プールから抽出した DNA を行った (t = 0) と (図 3) の競争の 700 世代からすべての推定 100。ここでは、それぞれの時点から全細胞 DNA は?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach at JoVE.com

Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Locations for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

ここでは、非コーディング DNA 要素のトランスポゾンを介したランダム挿入の力は、その最適な染色体の位置の解決に使用されました。

新規トランスポゾンを介したアプローチを使用してエシェリヒア属大腸菌DNA 要素の最適な染色体の場所の決定

The optimal chromosomal position(s) of a given DNA element was/were determined by transposon-mediated random insertion followed by fitness selection. In ...

The overall goal of this experiment is to determine the optimal chromosomal position of any given DNA element using transposon-mediated random insertion, competition experiments and whole genome sequencing. This method can help answer key questions in the DNA replication field such as the importance of a chromosomal location of a genetic element. The advantage of this technique is that is couples transposon-based random insertion with the selection of the fittest clone by growth advantage.Here, it's simplified by the E.coli DARS2 region. Though this method can provide insight into the chromosomal organization of Escherichia coli, it can also be applied to other bacteria. After preparing electrocompetant cells such as MG1655 delta DARS2 according to the text protocol, add one microgram of pNKBOR DARS2 to 40 microliters of cells and transfer the mixture to a pre-chilled sterile 0.2-centimeter gap cuvette.Insert the cuvette into the electroporation chamber. Then, electroporate the cells at 18 kilovolts, 500 ohm and 25 microfarad. The time constant should be about five milliseconds and no arcing should occur.Quickly recover the bacterial suspension by re-suspending it in one milliliter of pre-warmed LB broth and transfer to a 15-milliliter test tube. Incubate the cells under aerated growth conditions at 37 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes without antibiotic selection. Then, plate the bacteria onto the LB agar plates supplemented with 50 micrograms per milliliter of kanamycin and incubate the plates at 37 degrees Celsius overnight.The following day, count the colonies from the electroporation. One colony is considered equal to one chromosomal transposon insertion. Add one milliliter of LB broth to each plate and wash off all the colonies.Reuse the same one milliliter of LB broth to increase the bacterial concentration. Then, pool all the colonies in the same 50-milliliter tube. Vortex the tube to freeze the starting material and mix one milliliter of cell suspension with one milliliter of 50%glycerol on ice.Transfer the tubes to dry ice for 10 minutes. Once the cultures are frozen, transfer them to a negative 80-degree-Celsius freezer. Thaw the transposon library from negative 80 degrees Celsius on ice.Mix by pipetting, then transfer 100 microliters of the transposon library to 10 milliliters of LB in a 15-milliliter test tube. Grow the cells aerated with continuous shaking at 37 degrees Celsius for eight hours to stationary phase. Adjust the parameters to different growth conditions as desired.To propagate the bacterial population at approximately every 10 generations, transfer 10 microliters of the previously stationary phase into 10 milliliters of fresh pre-warmed medium and grow the culture for another eight hours to stationary phase. After each 100 generations of competition, save five one-milliliter samples and store them in negative 80 degrees Celsius. Prepare the probe for the Southern blot against a one-kilobyte section of the NKBOR by PCR amplification using specific primers as listed here.Run the samples using the following program. Label the resultant PCR fragment with P32-labeled dATP using the random primer system according to Smith and prepare total cellular DNA according to the text protocol. Digest the total cellular DNA with Pvul which cuts NKBOR containing the region of interest outside of a region covered by the probe.Perform a Southern blot using 0.7%agarose gel according to Loebner-Olsen and von Freiesleben. To use easy gene walking to identify DARS2 insertion sites from single clones, after 700 estimated generations of competition, isolate genomic DNA for the PCR template by first spreading bacteria on an LB agar plate and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius overnight. Inoculate LB broth with single colonies and grow them overnight at 37 degrees Celsius.Then, transfer 20 microliters into 200 microliters of autoclaved distilled water. Vortex the colonies into solution, then heat the mixture at 100 degrees Celsius for 10 minutes. Centrifuge the samples at maximum speed for five minutes, then save the cell lysate at negative 20 degrees Celsius for future use.Next, design three nested primers to anneal within the transposon of choice as shown here. Use 200 nanograms of genomic DNA, nested primer one and a random primer to prepare a 20-microliter PCR reaction. Then, run the samples using the following program.For the second amplification, use one microliter of the first reaction as the template and use nested primer two and the same random primer. Carry out a third reaction in a similar manner using nested primer three, the same random primer and one microliter from the second reaction as the template. Run the products from the final PCR reaction on a 1.5%agarose gel and statin with ethidium bromide.Cut out a band in the range of 100 to 800 base pairs and isolate the DNA using any commercial DNA gel extracting kit according to the manufacturer's directions. To carry out flow cytometry, balance each bacterial culture by maintaining it in the exponential growth phase for at least 10 generations. Measure the OD600 and ensure that it never exceeds 0.3.To carry out rifampicin run-out per the text protocol, transfer one milliliter of culture to a 15-milliliter tube containing 30 microliters of RIF-CEF. Incubate the tube at 37 degrees Celsius with a shaking for a minimum of four hours. For the EXP sample, transfer one milliliter of exponentially growing culture to a 1.5 milliliter tube on ice.Then, harvest the cells by centrifugation at 15, 000 times G and four degrees Celsius for five minutes. Re-suspend the pellet in 100 microliters of ice-cold 10 millimolar tris pH 7.5 and add one milliliter of ice-cold 77%ethanol. Store the samples at four degrees Celsius until use.Stain the cells by harvesting 100 to 300 microliters of fixed cells by centrifugation at 15, 000 times G for 15 minutes. Remove the supernatant and use 130 microliters of DNA staining solution to re-suspend the pellet. Then, incubate the samples on ice and in the dark for 10 minutes.Finally, use flow cytometry to determine the origin per cell, the relative cell mass and the relative DNA content. Following the extraction of DNA from the initial transposon pool and every estimated 100 out of 700 generations of competition, the DNA was cut with Pvul which is known to cut transposon NKBOR DARS2 once in a region not covered by the probe and a Southern blot was performed. As shown here, the initial DARS2 pool lacked distinct bands which shows that DARS2 was inserted randomly throughout the chromosome.Over time, a pattern emerged where the initial large pool of DARS2 clones developed into only one or a few persisting DARS2 clones. Whole genome sequencing was used to identify DARS2 insertion sites from the start pool. And after 400, 500, and 700 generations of competition in a representative subset of insertion sequenced, 98%of all DARS2 insertions were found close to the wild type DARS2 chromosomal location.And 2%were found elsewhere on the chromosome. DARS2-deficient cells were previously shown to initiate replication in a synchrony and to have a decrease in origin concentration relative to wild-type cells. Here, the presence of a DARS2 element in the terminus does not restore synchrony or the cellular origin content to wild-type levels while the selected DARS2 clones IR and RPPH do initiate replication in synchrony.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to determine the optimal chromosomal position of a given DNA element. This is done by transposon-based random insertions followed by competition experiments and finally whole genome sequencing.

Research

JoVE Journal

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Determination of the Optimal Chromosomal Location(s) for a DNA Element in Escherichia coli Using a Novel Transposon-mediated Approach

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Replication of the genome occurs during S phase of the cell cycle in a highly regulated process that ensures the fidelity of DNA duplication. Each genomic ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

堅牢な DNA の隔離および標本の高スループット シーケンス ライブラリーの構築

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

A Novel Saturation Mutagenesis Approach: Single Step Characterization of Regulatory Protein Binding Sites in RNA Using Phosphorothioates

ホスホロチオエートを使用して RNA の結合蛋白質の新規飽和突然変異誘発方法: シングル ステップの特性

Gene regulation plays an important role in development. Numerous DNA- and RNA-binding proteins bind their target sequences with high specificity to ...

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

Producing Gene Deletions in Escherichia coli by P1 Transduction with Excisable Antibiotic Resistance Cassettes

物品税課税対象の抗生物質耐性カセット P1 伝達による大腸菌の遺伝子の削除を生産

A first approach to study the function of an unknown gene in bacteria is to create a knock-out of this gene. Here, we describe a robust and fast protocol ...

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

Determining the Egg Fertilization Rate of Bemisia tabaci Using a Cytogenetic Technique

細胞遺伝学的手法を用いたタバココナジラミの卵の受精率を決定します。

A few species of sap-sucking whiteflies are some of the most damaging terrestrial pests worldwide because of the crop damage they inflict and plant ...

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

体内の内因性遺伝子操作のリモート制御システムのアプリケーション

Here we describe a protocol for implementing the REMOTE-control system (Reversible Manipulation of Transcription at Endogenous loci), which allows for ...

Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics Analyses Using the OpenProt Database to Unveil Novel Proteins Translated from Non-Canonical Open Reading Frames

非正規の開いたリーディング ・ フレームから翻訳された蛋白質を発表する OpenProt データベースを利用した質量分析を用いたプロテオミクス解析

Genome annotation is central to today's proteomic research as it draws the outlines of the proteomic landscape. Traditional models of open reading frame ...

Use of Frozen Tissue in the Comet Assay for the Evaluation of DNA Damage

DNA損傷評価のための彗星アッセイにおける凍結組織の利用

The comet assay is gaining popularity as a means to assess DNA damage in cultured cells and tissues, particularly following exposure to chemicals or other ...