Name: in vivo evaluation of the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the rat tongue
Uploaded: 2017-07-06T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue at JoVE.com

Questa indagine è stata sostenuta da due istituti nazionali di assistenza sanitaria: HL089447 (&quot;Obesità e OSA: Comprendere l&#39;importanza della tongue grasso e funzione metabolica&quot;) e HL094307 (&quot;Comprendere la relazione tra obesità e grasso tongue&quot;)

Tutte le procedure che comprendono soggetti animali sono stati approvati dal Comitato istituzionale per la cura e l&#39;uso degli animali (IACUC) dell&#39;Università della Pennsylvania (protocollo numero 805822). La procedura descritta è terminale e non richiede l&#39;utilizzo di condizioni asettiche o di prodotti farmaceutici. 1. Procedure chirurgiche <img alt="Figura 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56006/56006fig1.jpg...

<ol>
	<li>Sanders, I., Mu, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+three-dimensional+atlas+of+human+tongue+muscles.">A three-dimensional atlas of human tongue muscles.</a> Anat Rec (Hoboken). 296 (7), 1102-1114 (2013).</li><li>Ciucci, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tongue+force+and+timing+deficits+in+a+rat+model+of+Parkinson+disease.">Tongue force and timing deficits in a rat model of Parkinson disease.</a> Behav Brain Res. 222 (2), 315-320 (2011).</li><li>Easterling, C., Antinoja, J., Cashin, S., Barkhaus, P. 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P., Konopacki, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+in+contractile+properties+of+tongue+muscles+in+old+rats.">Alterations in contractile properties of tongue muscles in old rats.</a> Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 114 (10), 799-803 (2005).</li><li>Schwarz, E. C., Thompson, J. M., Connor, N. P., Behan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Effects+of+Aging+on+Hypoglossal+Motoneurons+in+Rats.">The Effects of Aging on Hypoglossal Motoneurons in Rats.</a> Dysphagia. 24 (1), 40 (2008).</li><li>Pae, E. -. K., Wu, J., Nguyen, D., Monti, R., Harper, R. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In-situ+mechanical+characteristics+of+the+tongue+are+not+altered+in+the+obese+Zucker+rat.">In-situ mechanical characteristics of the tongue are not altered in the obese Zucker rat.</a> Sleep. 32 (7), 957 (2009).</li><li>Brennick, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tongue+fat+infiltration+in+obese+versus+lean+Zucker+rats.">Tongue fat infiltration in obese versus lean Zucker rats.</a> Sleep. 37 (6), 1095-1102 (2014).</li><li>Stedman, H. H., Sweeney, H. L., Shrager, J. B., Maguire, H. C., Panettieri, R. A., Petrof, B., Narusawa, M., Leferovich, J. M., Sladky, J. T., Kelly, A. 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H., Wolf, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skeletal+muscle+lipid+accumulation+in+obesity,+insulin+resistance,+and+type+2+diabetes.">Skeletal muscle lipid accumulation in obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes.</a> Pediatr Diabetes. 5 (4), 219-226 (2004).</li><li>Loro, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-15R&#945;+is+a+determinant+of+muscle+fuel+utilization,+and+its+loss+protects+against+obesity.">IL-15R&#945; is a determinant of muscle fuel utilization, and its loss protects against obesity.</a> Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 309 (8), R835-R844 (2015).</li><li>Rahemi, H., Nigam, N., Wakeling, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+intramuscular+fat+on+skeletal+muscle+mechanics:+implications+for+the+elderly+and+obese.">The effect of intramuscular fat on skeletal muscle mechanics: implications for the elderly and obese.</a> J R Soc Interface. 12 (109), 20150365 (2015).</li><li>Kim, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tongue+fat+and+its+relationship+to+obstructive+sleep+apnea.">Tongue fat and its relationship to obstructive sleep apnea.</a> Sleep. 37 (10), 1639-1648 (2014).</li><li>Kim, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Metabolic+activity+of+the+tongue+in+obstructive+sleep+apnea.+A+novel+application+of+FDG+positron+emission+tomography+imaging.">Metabolic activity of the tongue in obstructive sleep apnea. A novel application of FDG positron emission tomography imaging.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 189 (11), 1416-1425 (2014).</li><li>Gilliam, E. E., Goldberg, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+properties+of+the+tongue+muscles:+effects+of+hypoglossal+nerve+and+extracellular+motoneuron+stimulation+in+rat.">Contractile properties of the tongue muscles: effects of hypoglossal nerve and extracellular motoneuron stimulation in rat.</a> J Neurophysiol. 74 (2), 547-555 (1995).</li><li>Sokoloff, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Localization+and+contractile+properties+of+intrinsic+longitudinal+motor+units+of+the+rat+tongue.">Localization and contractile properties of intrinsic longitudinal motor units of the rat tongue.</a> J Neurophysiol. 84 (2), 827-835 (2000).</li><li>Becker, B. J., Russell, J. A., Connor, N. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+aging+on+evoked+retrusive+tongue+actions.">Effects of aging on evoked retrusive tongue actions.</a> Arch Oral Biol. 60 (6), 966-971 (2015).</li><li>Connor, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tongue+muscle+plasticity+following+hypoglossal+nerve+stimulation+in+aged+rats.">Tongue muscle plasticity following hypoglossal nerve stimulation in aged rats.</a> Muscle Nerve. 47 (2), 230-240 (2013).</li><li>Seo, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nerve+cuff+electrode+using+embedded+magnets+and+its+application+to+hypoglossal+nerve+stimulation.">Nerve cuff electrode using embedded magnets and its application to hypoglossal nerve stimulation.</a> J Neural Eng. 13 (6), 066014 (2016).</li><li>Friedman, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+hypoglossal+nerve+stimulation+for+the+treatment+of+obstructive+sleep+apnea:+Six-month+results.">Targeted hypoglossal nerve stimulation for the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea: Six-month results.</a> Laryngoscope. 126 (11), 2618-2623 (2016).</li><li>Heiser, C., Maurer, J. T., Steffen, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+outcome+of+tongue+motions+with+selective+hypoglossal+nerve+stimulation+in+patients+with+obstructive+sleep+apnea.">Functional outcome of tongue motions with selective hypoglossal nerve stimulation in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.</a> Sleep Breath. 20 (2), 553-560 (2016).</li><li>Syme, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+viscoelastic+work+of+isolated+rat,+Rattus+norvegicus,+diaphragm+muscle.">Passive viscoelastic work of isolated rat, Rattus norvegicus, diaphragm muscle.</a> J Physiol. 424, 301-315 (1990).</li><li>Connor, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+tongue+exercise+on+protrusive+force+and+muscle+fiber+area+in+aging+rats.">Effect of tongue exercise on protrusive force and muscle fiber area in aging rats.</a> J Speech Lang Hear Res. 52 (3), 732-744 (2009).</li><li>Schaser, A. J., Stang, K., Connor, N. P., Behan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+age+and+tongue+exercise+on+BDNF+and+TrkB+in+the+hypoglossal+nucleus+of+rats.">The effect of age and tongue exercise on BDNF and TrkB in the hypoglossal nucleus of rats.</a> Behav Brain Res. 226 (1), 235-241 (2012).</li><li>Puhan, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Didgeridoo+playing+as+alternative+treatment+for+obstructive+sleep+apnea+syndrome:+randomised+controlled+trial.">Didgeridoo playing as alternative treatment for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: randomised controlled trial.</a> BMJ. 332 (7536), 266-270 (2006).</li><li>Guimar&#227;es, K. C., Drager, L. F., Genta, P. R., Marcondes, B. F., Lorenzi-Filho, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+oropharyngeal+exercises+on+patients+with+moderate+obstructive+sleep+apnea+syndrome.">Effects of oropharyngeal exercises on patients with moderate obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.</a> Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 179 (10), 962-966 (2009).</li><li>Ueda, H., Almeida, F. R., Chen, H., Lowe, A. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Upper-airway+stimulation+for+obstructive+sleep+apnea.">Upper-airway stimulation for obstructive sleep apnea.</a> N Engl J Med. 370 (2), 139-149 (2014).</li><li>Perrier, P., Payan, Y., Zandipour, M., Perkell, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influences+of+tongue+biomechanics+on+speech+movements+during+the+production+of+velar+stop+consonants:+A+modeling+study.">Influences of tongue biomechanics on speech movements during the production of velar stop consonants: A modeling study.</a> J Acoust Soc Am. 114 (3), 1582-1599 (2003).</li><li>Connor, N. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tongue+muscle+plasticity+following+hypoglossal+nerve+stimulation+in+aged+rats.">Tongue muscle plasticity following hypoglossal nerve stimulation in aged rats.</a> Muscle &amp; nerve. 47 (2), 230-240 (2013).</li><li>Brady, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AlphaB-crystallin+in+lens+development+and+muscle+integrity:+a+gene+knockout+approach.">AlphaB-crystallin in lens development and muscle integrity: a gene knockout approach.</a> Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 42 (12), 2924-2934 (2001).</li><li>Spassov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+myosin+heavy+chain+isoforms+in+the+masticatory+muscles+of+dystrophin-deficient+mice.">Differential expression of myosin heavy chain isoforms in the masticatory muscles of dystrophin-deficient mice.</a> Eur J Orthod. , ciq113 (2010).</li><li>Lever, T. 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I cambiamenti nel metabolismo e / o nella composizione della lingua, ad esempio l&#39;infiltrazione di grassi della lingua come conseguenza dell&#39;obesità, sono preveduti per causare variazioni quantificabili dei parametri valutati dal nostro protocollo. La quantificazione della forza della lingua è di grande interesse in quanto uno squilibrio tra attività protrusiva e retrusiva o indebolimento della lingua generale può provocare l&#39;occlusione della via aerea superiore 15 . Le t...

<html> La lingua fornisce sostegno essenziale per la masticazione, la deglutizione, la sensazione del gusto e il parlare. La presenza di muscolatura estrinseca e intrinseca, con innervazione e anatomia / funzione distinte, rappresenta l&#39;unicità di questo idrostatico muscolare. I recenti progressi nelle tecniche di imaging hanno fornito una visione più dettagliata della sua complessa anatomia 1 . La diminuita funzionalità della lingua, l&#39;atrofia della lingua, la disfagia e gli impedimenti di parlare sono anche manifestazioni comuni di condizioni myopatiche quali Parkinson 2 , Sclerosi laterale amyotrofica (ALS) 3 , Distrofia mioottonica (MD) 4 e altre miopatie. I cambiamenti nella composizione muscolare associati a stati comuni di malattia influenzano le proprietà meccaniche e viscoelastiche della lingua. Ad esempio, l&#39;analisi funzionale della forza della lingua ha scoperto cambiamenti nelle proprietà contrattuali associate all&#39;invecchiamentoSs = &quot;xref&quot;&gt; 5 , 6 , ipossia 7 , 8 e l&#39;obesità 9 , 10 . Nel caso della distrofia muscolare, l&#39;aumento della fibrosi porta ad una maggiore rigidità muscolare, che si traduce in una minore conformità alla deformazione quando viene applicato un protocollo di deformazione Lissajous 11 . Viceversa, i cambiamenti nel contenuto di grassi muscolari, come quelli documentati nei pazienti obesi, alterano entrambe le proprietà metaboliche 12 e le proprietà meccaniche dei muscoli scheletrici 13 e 14 e si prevede di aumentare la conformità muscolare alla deformazione. L&#39;aumento del grasso della lingua è correlato anche allo sviluppo dell&#39;apnea ostruttiva del sonno (OSA) negli esseri umani 17 aumentando il volume della lingua fino al punto di occlusione parziale delle vie aeree (apnea) 15 , 16 . SimIlarly all&#39;uomo, l&#39;infiltrazione di grasso della lingua è stata documentata negli obesi Zucker 10 , suggerendo che questo modello è uno strumento prezioso per studiare gli effetti dell&#39;infiltrazione di grasso sulla fisiologia della lingua. La forza della lingua di misura richiede tecniche delicate da chirurgia per isolare e stimolare bilateralmente i nervi ipoglossi 17 , 18 . Tali tecniche sono state precedentemente descritte nei ratti 5 , 17 , 19 , 20 , conigli 21 e umani 22 , 23 , ma con accessi visivi limitati per l&#39;investigatore. A causa della sua natura altamente tecnica, la disponibilità di un protocollo dettagliato migliorerà in modo significativo l&#39;accessibilità e la riproducibilità di questa tecnica. L&#39;obiettivo del nostro paradigma sperimentale è quello di ammalarsiRealizzare una tecnica valida e affidabile per misurare la resistenza e le proprietà viscoelastiche della lingua in un modello di ratto. Per far ciò, il ratto viene anestetizzato, i nervi ipoglossi vengono esposti e la trachea è culminata per garantire l&#39;accesso libero alla lingua dell&#39;animale. Un anello di sutura quindi collega la punta della linguetta ad un trasduttore di forza, in grado di controllare sia la forza che la lunghezza, mentre due elettrodi bipolari stimolano i nervi ipoglossali per indurre la contrazione della lingua. Una volta completata la misurazione della forza, le capacità di controllo della lunghezza del trasduttore di forza vengono utilizzate per modificare rapidamente la lunghezza della lingua, secondo un protocollo sinusoidale con ampiezza fissa (curve Lissajous), durata e frequenza, consentendo di derivare Le sue proprietà viscoelastiche 11 , 24 . Il protocollo guida l&#39;investigatore attraverso i passaggi di dissezione, il posizionamento dell&#39;animale sul platfo sperimentaleRm, il posizionamento degli elettrodi e infine l&#39;acquisizione e l&#39;analisi dei dati di forza e viscoelasticità.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="577">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">SurgiSuite (heated Surgical tray)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">SurgiSuite-LG</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Includes heated platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">LED Lighting and Magnification Kit</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Kent Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">SURGI- 5003</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">RC2 Rodent Circuit Controller</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">VetEquip</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">922100</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Isoflurane</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Butler Schein Animal Health Supply</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">29405</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Alcohol Prep</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Webcol</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">6818</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Cotton-tipped applicators</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">MediChoice</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">WOD1002</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Hair clipper</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Conair</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Hair remover lotion</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Nair</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Medical tape</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Transpore</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">3M</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">D-PBS</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">21-030-CM</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Operating Scissors</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">503717-12</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Hemostatic Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Merit</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">97-458</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Any tissue forceps can be used instead</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Microdissecting Forceps, Angled, Serrated, 10.2cm, SS</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">504479</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Suture Tying Forceps</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">18025-10</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Blunt Micro Hook</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">10062-12</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Microhemostat</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">12075-14</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Thermal cautery</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">WPI</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">501292</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Disposable cauteries are available at lower cost</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">IV 14g x 3.25&#34; cannula</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">B-D382268H</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For tracheal cannulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Braided silk non-absorbable suture size 4-0</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">SP104</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For stabilization of the tracheal cannula</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Braided non-absorbable silk 5/0 suture</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Surgik LC, USA</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">ESILRC15387550</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For suturing the tongue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Plastic-coated metal twist-tie (or electrical wire)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For securing the rat&#39;s nose to the platform</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:203px;">Camera stick</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">3 way-swivel and Trilene 9Kg test monofilament line</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Berkley</td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For securing the jaw and maintaining the mouth open</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Camera stick with adjustable angle</td>
			<td style="width:99px;"></td>
			<td style="width:89px;"></td>
			<td style="width:187px;">For supporting the 3 way-swivel and maintaining the mouth open.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="85">
			<td height="85" style="height:85px;width:203px;">in situ Muscle Test System</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aurora Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">809C</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">This system is designed for mice and was modified by extending the platform. Alternatively the rat-specific 806D system can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="119">
			<td height="119" style="height:119px;width:203px;">Dual-Mode Muscle lever (force transducer)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">Aurora Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">305C-LR</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">309C offers higher excursion capabilities than 305C-LR. Link for more information and specifications: http://aurorascientific.com/products/muscle-physiology/dual-mode-muscle-levers/</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Needle Electrodes (surgical steel, 29 gauge)</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">AD Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">MLA1204</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">300C is recommended for use in mice.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Magnetic Stands</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">M10</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Used for making the bipolar stimulating hook electrodes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="51">
			<td height="51" style="height:51px;width:203px;">Kite Manual Micromanipulator</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">KITE-R and KITE-L</td>
			<td style="width:187px;">Require a steel plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="34">
			<td height="34" style="height:34px;width:203px;">Stackable Double Binding Post with Banana Jack x BNC Jack</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">McMaster Carr</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">6704K13</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:203px;">Carbon fiber composites digital caliper</td>
			<td style="width:99px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:89px;">36934-152</td>
			<td style="width:187px;"></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo evaluation of the mechanical and viscoelastic properties of the rat tongue

La lingua è un idrostatico muscolare altamente innervato e vascolarizzato sul pavimento della bocca della maggior parte dei vertebrati. Le sue funzioni primarie includono il sostegno della masticazione e della deglutizione, così come il sensore di gusto e la fonetica. Di conseguenza, la forza e il volume della lingua possono influenzare la capacità dei vertebrati di compiere attività di base come l&#39;alimentazione, la comunicazione e la respirazione. I pazienti umani con apnea del sonno hanno lingue allargate, caratterizzate da toni muscolari ridotti e un aumento del grasso intramuscolare che possono essere visualizzati e quantificati mediante la risonanza magnetica (MRI). Le capacità di misurare la forza e le proprietà viscoelastiche della lingua costituiscono importanti strumenti per ottenere informazioni funzionali correlate ai dati di imaging. Qui presentiamo tecniche per misurare la produzione di forza della lingua nei ratti Zucker anestetizzati tramite stimolazione elettrica dei nervi ipoglossi e per determinare le proprietà viscoelasticheF la lingua applicando le curve passive di forza / deformazione Lissajous.

<img alt="Figura 3" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/56006/56006fig3.jpg" /> Figura 3: Risultati rappresentativi. (A) Esempi di successo tracce di forza e torsione tetanica. La corrispondente stimolazione è rappresentata dalla traccia rossa. (B) Esempio di contrazione tetanica della lingua nonsufficiente dovuto alla contrazione submaximale (traccia blu) e stimolazione indiretta dei muscoli del collo. Entrambe le condiz...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue at JoVE.com

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

Descriviamo una procedura chirurgica in un modello di ratto anestetizzato per determinare il tono muscolare e le proprietà viscoelastiche della lingua. La procedura prevede una stimolazione specifica dei nervi ipoglossi e l&#39;applicazione di curve passive di forza / deformazione Lissajous al muscolo.

Valutazione in vivo delle proprietà meccaniche e viscoelastiche del linguaggio del ratto

The tongue is a highly innervated and vascularized muscle hydrostat on the floor of the mouth of most vertebrates. Its primary functions include ...

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Medicine

In Vivo Evaluation of the Mechanical and Viscoelastic Properties of the Rat Tongue

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