Name: high fat diet feeding and high throughput triacylglyceride assay in drosophila melanogaster
Uploaded: 2017-09-13T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster at JoVE.com

Vi vil gerne takke Erika Taylor til redigering af dette manuskript. Dette arbejde blev finansieret af tilskud fra National Institutes of Health (P01 HL098053, P01 AG033561 og R01 HL054732) at R.B., en Postdoktoral forskning supplement (R01 HL085481) og fællesskab (AAUW) til S.B.D. og tilskud fra American Heart Association til S.B.D. og R.T.B.

1. HFD fodring protokol <img alt="Table 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/56029/56029table1.jpg" /> tabel 1. Flyve mad opskrift. 
Denne tabel opsummerer de forskellige ingredienser, der anvendes til at forberede vores kontrol mad. Når gjort, 10 mL af fødevaren hældes i hætteglas, afkøles og opbevares ved 4 ° C for langtidsopbevaring.
<ol><li>HFD forberedelse <ol><li>for at gøre 1 kg af højt fedtindhold fødevarer, vejer 700 g af præ-made normal...

<ol>
	<li>Ng, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Global,+regional,+and+national+prevalence+of+overweight+and+obesity+in+children+and+adults+during+1980-2013:+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2013.">Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.</a> Lancet. 384, 766-781 (2014).</li><li>Mortality in the United States, 2014. NCHS data brief, no 229 Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db229.htm">https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db229.htm</a> (2015)</li><li>Bodmer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heart+development+in+Drosophila+and+its+relationship+to+vertebrates.">Heart development in Drosophila and its relationship to vertebrates.</a> Trends Cardiovasc Med. 5, 21-28 (1995).</li><li>Brumby, A. M., Richardson, H. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+Drosophila+melanogaster+to+map+human+cancer+pathways.">Using Drosophila melanogaster to map human cancer pathways.</a> Nat Rev Cancer. 5, 626-639 (2005).</li><li>Chan, H. Y., Bonini, N. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+models+of+human+neurodegenerative+disease.">Drosophila models of human neurodegenerative disease.</a> Cell Death Differ. 7, 1075-1080 (2000).</li><li>Levine, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+DNA+sequences+homologous+to+a+protein+coding+region+conserved+between+homeotic+genes+of+Drosophila.">Human DNA sequences homologous to a protein coding region conserved between homeotic genes of Drosophila.</a> Cell. 38, 667-673 (1984).</li><li>Bier, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila,+the+golden+bug,+emerges+as+a+tool+for+human+genetics.">Drosophila, the golden bug, emerges as a tool for human genetics.</a> Nat Rev Genet. 6, 9-23 (2005).</li><li>Bier, E., Bodmer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila,+an+emerging+model+for+cardiac+disease.">Drosophila, an emerging model for cardiac disease.</a> Gene. 342, 1-11 (2004).</li><li>Noyes, B. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identification+and+expression+of+the+Drosophila+adipokinetic+hormone+gene.">Identification and expression of the Drosophila adipokinetic hormone gene.</a> Mol Cell Endocrinol. 109, 133-141 (1995).</li><li>Rajan, A., Perrimon, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Of+flies+and+men:+insights+on+organismal+metabolism+from+fruit+flies.">Of flies and men: insights on organismal metabolism from fruit flies.</a> BMC Biol. 11, 38 (2013).</li><li>Rulifson, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ablation+of+insulin-producing+neurons+in+flies:+growth+and+diabetic+phenotypes.">Ablation of insulin-producing neurons in flies: growth and diabetic phenotypes.</a> Science. 296, 1118-1120 (2002).</li><li>Birse, R. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-fat-diet-induced+obesity+and+heart+dysfunction+are+regulated+by+the+TOR+pathway+in+Drosophila.">High-fat-diet-induced obesity and heart dysfunction are regulated by the TOR pathway in Drosophila.</a> Cell Metab. 12, 533-544 (2010).</li><li>Musselman, L. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+high-sugar+diet+produces+obesity+and+insulin+resistance+in+wild-type+Drosophila.">A high-sugar diet produces obesity and insulin resistance in wild-type Drosophila.</a> Dis Models Mech. 4, 842-849 (2011).</li><li>Diop, S. B., Bodmer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gaining+Insights+into+Diabetic+Cardiomyopathy+from+Drosophila.">Gaining Insights into Diabetic Cardiomyopathy from Drosophila.</a> Trends Endocrinol Metab. 26, 618-627 (2015).</li><li>Williams, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Obesity-Linked+Gene+Nudt3+Drosophila+Homolog+Aps+Is+Associated+With+Insulin+Signaling.">The Obesity-Linked Gene Nudt3 Drosophila Homolog Aps Is Associated With Insulin Signaling.</a> Mol Endocrinol. 29, 1303-1319 (2015).</li><li>Morris, S. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+diet-induced+insulin+resistance+in+adult+Drosophila+melanogaster.">Development of diet-induced insulin resistance in adult Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Biochim Biophys Acta. 1822, 1230-1237 (2012).</li><li>Bodmer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gene+tinman+is+required+for+specification+of+the+heart+and+visceral+muscles+in+Drosophila.">The gene tinman is required for specification of the heart and visceral muscles in Drosophila.</a> Development. 118, 719-729 (1993).</li><li>Erkkila, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dietary+fatty+acids+and+cardiovascular+disease:+an+epidemiological+approach.">Dietary fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: an epidemiological approach.</a> Prog Lipid Res. 47, 172-187 (2008).</li><li>Ganz, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fat+diet+feeding+results+in+gender+specific+steatohepatitis+and+inflammasome+activation.">High fat diet feeding results in gender specific steatohepatitis and inflammasome activation.</a> World J Gastroenterol. 20, 8525-8534 (2014).</li><li>Wang, C. Y., Liao, J. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+mouse+model+of+diet-induced+obesity+and+insulin+resistance.">A mouse model of diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 821, 421-433 (2012).</li><li>Stocker, H., Gallant, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Getting+started:+an+overview+on+raising+and+handling+Drosophila.">Getting started: an overview on raising and handling Drosophila.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 420, 27-44 (2008).</li><li>Mathews, K. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+Dimorphism+of+Body+Size+Is+Controlled+by+Dosage+of+the+X-Chromosomal+Gene+Myc+and+by+the+Sex-Determining+Gene+tra+in+Drosophila.">Sexual Dimorphism of Body Size Is Controlled by Dosage of the X-Chromosomal Gene Myc and by the Sex-Determining Gene tra in Drosophila.</a> Genetics. 205, 1215-1228 (2017).</li><li>Golay, A., Bobbioni, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+dietary+fat+in+obesity.">The role of dietary fat in obesity.</a> Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 21, 2-11 (1997).</li><li>Diop, S. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PGC-1/Spargel+Counteracts+High-Fat-Diet-Induced+Obesity+and+Cardiac+Lipotoxicity+Downstream+of+TOR+and+Brummer+ATGL+Lipase.">PGC-1/Spargel Counteracts High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity and Cardiac Lipotoxicity Downstream of TOR and Brummer ATGL Lipase.</a> Cell Rep. 10, 1-13 (2015).</li><li>Chatterjee, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+metabolic+adaptation+to+fasting+by+dILP6-induced+insulin+signaling+in+Drosophila+oenocytes.">Control of metabolic adaptation to fasting by dILP6-induced insulin signaling in Drosophila oenocytes.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 111, 17959-17964 (2014).</li><li>Palanker, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+HNF4+regulates+lipid+mobilization+and+beta-oxidation.">Drosophila HNF4 regulates lipid mobilization and beta-oxidation.</a> Cell Metab. 9, 228-239 (2009).</li><li>Heinrichsen, E. T., Haddad, G. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+high-fat+diet+in+stress+response+of+Drosophila.">Role of high-fat diet in stress response of Drosophila.</a> PLoS One. 7, 42587 (2012).</li><li>Kitahara, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+between+class+III+obesity+(BMI+of+40-59+kg/m2)+and+mortality:+a+pooled+analysis+of+20+prospective+studies.">Association between class III obesity (BMI of 40-59 kg/m2) and mortality: a pooled analysis of 20 prospective studies.</a> PLoS Med. 11, 1001673 (2014).</li><li>Reis, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparison+of+five+lipid+extraction+solvent+systems+for+lipidomic+studies+of+human+LDL.">A comparison of five lipid extraction solvent systems for lipidomic studies of human LDL.</a> J Lipid Res. 54, 1812-1824 (2013).</li><li>Turne, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Supercritical+fluid+extraction+and+chromatography+for+fat-soluble+vitamin+analysis.">Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography for fat-soluble vitamin analysis.</a> J Chromatogr A. 936, 215-237 (2001).</li><li>Na, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Drosophila+model+of+high+sugar+diet-induced+cardiomyopathy.">Drosophila model of high sugar diet-induced cardiomyopathy.</a> PLoS Genet. 9, 1003175 (2013).</li></ol>

Fedme induktion i mus kan tage måneder19,20. I fluer tillader denne HFD fodring protokol for induktion af overskydende fedt ophobning i løbet af dage eller mindre, forårsager en stigning i fedtophobning kun efter 18 h (Se figur 2). HFD fodring med den beskrevne protokol øger glukose indhold 12 og mindsker Bmm lipase og PGC-1 udtryk24. Dette er i modsætning til fastende af ...

Vi befinder os i en tid, hvor fedme og dens tilknyttede økonomiske byrder, er et verdensomspændende problem1. To ud af hver tre amerikanere er overvægtige eller fede med relaterede hjerte patologier, den primære dødsårsag i den voksne befolkning2. Nye effektive metoder er nødvendige for at tilstrækkeligt undersøger de genetiske og molekylære komponenter, der er impliceret i reguleringen af metabolisk syndrom ved hjælp af modelorganismer. Derfor vælger vi frugtflue Drosophila model, fordi det deler de mest basale biologiske processer med pattedyr, herunder mus og mennesker3,4,5,6. Drosophilagenom er meget bevaret under udvikling, men generelt meget mindre med mindre gen dobbeltarbejde og metaboliske kompleksitet, hvilket gør den ideel til at forstå de grundlæggende mekanismer, der er impliceret i mange menneskelige sygdomme4 , 7 , 8. også karakteristiske processer udføres af fedtvæv, tarmen og bugspytkirtlen er repræsenteret i flue og mægle myndighedsopgaver i glukose og lipid metabolisme, for eksempel, der ligner for mennesker9, 10,11. Desuden, den grundlæggende molekylære veje involveret i bekæmpelse af overvægt, insulinresistens og diabetes i mennesker er funktionelt bevaret i Drosophila melanogaster12,13,14 , 15 , 16. som højere organismer, Drosophila har et bankende hjerte, der er dannet under udvikling af lignende processer som pattedyr hjerte3,17. Således er udviklingen af en pålidelig HFD fodring protokol og høj overførselshastighed TAG assay, tilpasset til effektiv screening formål ved hjælp af boksen genetiske værktøj i Drosophila, give et vigtigt middel til at studere og forstå de grundlæggende genetiske grundlag underliggende komplekse metaboliske sygdomme.
HFD fødevarer i sig selv er lavet af en standard laboratorium flyve mad suppleret med kokosolie, som er sammensat primært af mættede fedtsyrer kendt for at være forbundet med metabolisk syndrom18. Mens inducerende fedme i pattedyr modeller, såsom gnavere, kan tage måneder19,20, øger vores optimeret HFD fodring protokol i Drosophila , effektivt og reproducerbar kropsligt fedtindhold i løbet af dage12,14. Denne protokol, tillader i forbindelse med en høj overførselshastighed TAG assay, effektiv masse screening for virkningerne af genetiske faktorer, miljømæssige påvirkninger og lægemiddelkandidater til at opdage nye modulatorer af fedtstofskiftet. Derfor, disse protokoller er sandsynligvis relevant at forstå og/eller bekæmpe overvægt og fedme-associerede menneskelige patologier.
Fodring protokollen er alsidig og kan anvendes til at studere de metaboliske og funktionelle virkninger af enkelt mættet eller umættet fedtsyre. Brugen af denne høje overførselshastighed TAG assay er ikke begrænset til D. melanogaster, men kan tilpasses til en lang række små modelorganismer med neglebånd eller hård ekstracellulære matricer (f.eks., andre Drosophila arter, C. elegans og andre nye hvirvelløse modelorganismer) til at måle fedt indhold under forskellige miljømæssige, genetiske eller fysiologiske forhold, på ethvert stadium af udviklingen, voksenalderen eller fase af metabolisk sygdom. TAG analysen er baseret på en kolorimetrisk måling af en serie af enzymatiske reaktioner, der nedbrydes TAGs til frie fedtsyrer, glycerol, Glycerol-3-fosfat og endelig H2O2 , der reagerer med 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) og 3,5- dichlor-2-hydroxybenzen sulfonat (3,5 DHBS) til at producere en rød farvet produkt, der måles ved hjælp af Spektrofotometer 96-brønd.

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			<td height="21" style="width:400px;height:21px;">Triton X-100</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"># 9002-93-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:400px;height:21px;">Gas-permeable Foil</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Macherey-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"># 740675</td>
			<td>50 pieces</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:400px;height:21px;">filter Paper</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"># 28317-241</td>
			<td>Pack of 100</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:400px;height:21px;">Drosophila vials</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Genesee Scientific</td>
			<td>Cat #: 32-116SB</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Quick Start Bovine Serum Albumin Standard</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Bio-Rad</td>
			<td># 5000206</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="width:400px;height:21px;">FlyNap Anesthetic</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Carolina</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"># 173025</td>
			<td>100 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Kimwipes Low-Lint</td>
			<td style="width:209px;">Uline</td>
			<td style="width:148px;"># S-8115</td>
			<td>1-Ply, 4.4 x 8.4&#34;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

high fat diet feeding and high throughput triacylglyceride assay in drosophila melanogaster

Hjertesygdom er den største årsag til menneskers død over hele verden. Talrige undersøgelser har vist stærke forbindelser mellem fedme og hjerte funktionsfejl i mennesker, men flere værktøjer og forskning er nødvendig for at bedre belyse de involverede mekanismer. For over et århundrede, Drosophila genetisk meget tractable modellen har været medvirkende til opdagelsen af vigtige gener og molekylær veje, der viste sig at være særdeles bevaret på tværs af arter. Mange biologiske processer og sygdomsmekanismer er funktionelt bevares i fluen, som udvikling (f.eks., organ planen, hjertet), kræft og neurodegenerative sygdomme. For nylig, undersøgelse af fedme og sekundære patologier såsom hjertesygdomme i modelorganismer, har spillet en meget afgørende rolle i identificeringen af centrale myndigheder involveret i Metaboliske syndrom hos mennesker.
Her, foreslår vi at bruge denne model organisme som et effektivt redskab til at fremkalde fedme, dvs, overdreven fedtophobning, og udvikle en effektiv protokol for at overvåge fedtindhold i form af TAGs ophobning. Ud over den yderst velbevarede, men mindre kompleks genom har flyve også en kort levetid for hurtig eksperimenter, kombineret med omkostningseffektivitet. Dette papir giver en detaljeret protokol for høj fedt diæt (HFD) fodring i Drosophila at fremkalde fedme og en høj overførselshastighed triacylglyceride (TAG) analyse til måling af den dermed forbundne forhøjelse fedtindhold, med formålet at være yderst reproducerbare og effektiv for omfattende genetiske eller kemisk screening. Disse protokoller tilbyder nye muligheder til effektivt undersøge regulerende mekanismer involveret i fedme, samt yde en standardiseret platform for drug discovery forskning til hurtige test lægemiddelkandidater virkning på udviklingen eller forebyggelse af fedme, diabetes og beslægtede metaboliske sygdomme.

I D. melanogaster, som er tilfældet med andre arter, er der seksuel dimorphism mellem hanner og hunner22. Det er velkendt, at hunnen er større, med mere fedt i deres underliv, end mænd22. For at teste effektiviteten af vores protokol, udførte vi TAG assays for at finde ud af forskellene i TAG indholdet mellem hanner og hunner af standard laboratorium vildtype (w1118) flyver. Dataene viser, at kvinder har fler...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster at JoVE.com

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

Høj fedt diæt fodring og High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay i Drosophila Melanogaster

Dette er en høj fedt diæt fodring protokol for at fremkalde fedme i Drosophila, en model for forståelse grundlæggende molekylære mekanismer involveret i lipotoxicity. Det giver også en høj overførselshastighed triacylglyceride analyse til måling af fedt ophobning i Drosophila og potentielt andre (insekt) modeller under forskellige ernæringsmæssige, miljømæssige, genetiske eller fysiologiske forhold.

Heart disease is the number one cause of human death worldwide. Numerous studies have shown strong connections between obesity and cardiac malfunction in ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

High Fat Diet Feeding and High Throughput Triacylglyceride Assay in Drosophila Melanogaster

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation

En robot platform for High-throughput protoplastisolering og Transformation

Over the last decade there has been a resurgence in the use of plant protoplasts that range from model species to crop species, for analysis of signal ...

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

High-Throughput Robotically Assisted Isolation of Temperature-sensitive Lethal Mutants in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

High-Throughput robotersvejsede Assisted Isolering af temperaturfølsomme Lethal mutanter i<em&gt; Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</em

Systematic identification and characterization of genetic perturbations have proven useful to decipher gene function and cellular pathways. However, the ...

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

Quantifying Abdominal Pigmentation in Drosophila melanogaster

Kvantificering af abdominal pigmentering i<em&gt; Drosophila melanogaster</em

Pigmentation is a morphologically simple but highly variable trait that often has adaptive significance. It has served extensively as a model for ...

Generation of Native Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Libraries for Nucleosome Density Analysis

Generation af indfødte kromatin Immunoprecipitation sekventering biblioteker for Nucleosome tæthed analyse

We present a modified native chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) experimental protocol compatible with a Gaussian mixture distribution ...

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

High Resolution Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization in Drosophila Embryos and Tissues Using Tyramide Signal Amplification

Høj opløsning fluorescerende In Situ hybridisering i Drosophila fostre og væv ved hjælp af Tyramide Signal forstærkning

In our efforts to determine the patterns of expression and subcellular localization of Drosophila RNAs on a genome-wide basis, and in a variety of ...

Robust DNA Isolation and High-throughput Sequencing Library Construction for Herbarium Specimens

Robust DNA isoleret og høj overførselshastighed sekventering bibliotek konstruktion til Herbarium prøver

Herbaria are an invaluable source of plant material that can be used in a variety of biological studies. The use of herbarium specimens is associated with ...

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

High-throughput Identification of Synergistic Drug Combinations by the Overlap2 Method

Høj overførselshastighed identifikation af synergistiske Drug kombinationer af overlapning2 metode

Although antimicrobial drugs have dramatically increased the lifespan and quality of life in the 20th century, antimicrobial resistance threatens our ...

High-throughput DNA Extraction and Genotyping of 3dpf Zebrafish Larvae by Fin Clipping

Høj overførselshastighed DNA-ekstraktion og genotypebestemmelse af 3dpf zebrafisk larver af Fin klipning

Zebrafish (Danio rerio) possess orthologues for 84% of the genes known to be associated with human diseases. In addition, these animals have a short ...

High-Throughput DNA Plasmid Multiplexing and Transfection Using Acoustic Nanodispensing Technology

High-gennemløb DNA plasmid multiplexing og Transfection ved hjælp af akustisk Nanodispenserings teknologi

Cell transfection, indispensable for many biological studies, requires controlling many parameters for an accurate and successful achievement. Most often ...

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Digitalt PCR-baseret konkurrencemæssigt indeks til analyse af egnethed til salmonella med høj gennemløb

A competitive index is a common method used to assess bacterial fitness and/or virulence. The utility of this approach is exemplified by its ease to ...