Name: horizontal gel electrophoresis for enhanced detection of protein-rna complexes
Uploaded: 2017-07-28T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis for Enhanced Detection of Protein-RNA Complexes at JoVE.com

Damos las gracias a Laura Vanderploeg por la preparación de las cifras. El trabajo en el laboratorio de hojas de cálculo es apoyado por la subvención NSF 1050395 y subvención NIH (R21HD076828). El trabajo en el laboratorio de Ryder es apoyado por las concesiones de NIH R01GM117237 y R01GM117008. Megan Dowdle es apoyada por una Beca de Oportunidades Avanzadas de SciMed GRS a través de la Escuela de Graduados de la Universidad de Wisconsin-Madison y el Programa de Capacitación en Biotecnología a través del Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Generales de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (T32GM008349).

1. Preparación del gel de poliacrilamida nativa horizontal 4 . <ol><li> Preparación de los materiales necesarios. <ol><li> Para el aparato de gel horizontal, utilice una caja de gel (37 cm x 24 cm) con una bandeja de 27 cm x 21 cm y una capacidad para dos peines de 24 pocillos. Esta configuración proporciona un total de 48 muestras que pueden analizarse simultáneamente. </li><li> Preparar los siguientes reactivos: 40% de Acrilamida-Bis 19: 1, 5x TBE (Tris-Borato-EDTA pH 8,0...

<ol>
	<li>Ryder, S. P., Recht, M. I., Williamson, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+analysis+of+protein-RNA+interactions+by+gel+mobility+shift.">Quantitative analysis of protein-RNA interactions by gel mobility shift.</a> Methods Mol Biol. 488, 99-115 (2008).</li><li>Dahlberg, A. E., Dingman, C. W., Peacock, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophoretic+characterization+of+bacterial+polyribosomes+in+agarose-acrylamide+composite+gels.">Electrophoretic characterization of bacterial polyribosomes in agarose-acrylamide composite gels.</a> J Mol Biol. 41 (1), 139-147 (1969).</li><li>Hellman, L. M., Fried, M. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophoretic+mobility+shift+assay+(EMSA)+for+detecting+protein-nucleic+acid+interactions.">Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) for detecting protein-nucleic acid interactions.</a> Nat Protoc. 2 (8), 1849-1861 (2007).</li><li>Pagano, J. M., Farley, B. M., Essien, K. I., Ryder, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNA+recognition+by+the+embryonic+cell+fate+determinant+and+germline+totipotency+factor+MEX-3.">RNA recognition by the embryonic cell fate determinant and germline totipotency factor MEX-3.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 106 (48), 20252-20257 (2009).</li><li>Royer, C. A., Scarlata, S. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fluorescence+approaches+to+quantifying+biomolecular+interactions.">Fluorescence approaches to quantifying biomolecular interactions.</a> Meth Enzymol. 450, 79-106 (2008).</li><li>Su, C., Wang, F., Ciolek, D., Pan, Y. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Electrophoresis+of+proteins+and+protein-protein+complexes+in+native+polyacrylamide+gels+using+a+horizontal+gel+apparatus.">Electrophoresis of proteins and protein-protein complexes in native polyacrylamide gels using a horizontal gel apparatus.</a> Anal Biochem. 223, 93-98 (1994).</li><li>Buczek, P., Horvath, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermodynamic+Characterization+of+Binding+Oxytricha+nova+Single+Strand+Telomere+DNA+with+the+Alpha+Protein+N-terminal+Domain.">Thermodynamic Characterization of Binding Oxytricha nova Single Strand Telomere DNA with the Alpha Protein N-terminal Domain.</a> J Mol Biol. 359 (5), 1217-1234 (2006).</li><li>Zhang, Y., Park, S., Blaser, S., Sheets, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Determinants+of+RNA+binding+and+translational+repression+by+the+Bicaudal-C+regulatory+protein.">Determinants of RNA binding and translational repression by the Bicaudal-C regulatory protein.</a> J Biol Chem. 289 (11), 7497-7504 (2014).</li><li>Gamberi, C., Lasko, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Bic-C+family+of+developmental+translational+regulators.">The Bic-C family of developmental translational regulators.</a> Comp Funct Genomics. , 141386 (2012).</li><li>Saffman, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Premature+translation+of+oskar+in+oocytes+lacking+the+RNA-binding+protein+bicaudal-C.">Premature translation of oskar in oocytes lacking the RNA-binding protein bicaudal-C.</a> Mol Cell Biol. 18 (8), 4855-4862 (1998).</li><li>Chicoine, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bicaudal-C+recruits+CCR4-NOT+deadenylase+to+target+mRNAs+and+regulates+oogenesis,+cytoskeletal+organization,+and+its+own+expression.">Bicaudal-C recruits CCR4-NOT deadenylase to target mRNAs and regulates oogenesis, cytoskeletal organization, and its own expression.</a> Dev Cell. 13 (5), 691-704 (2007).</li><li>Zhang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bicaudal-C+spatially+controls+translation+of+vertebrate+maternal+mRNAs.">Bicaudal-C spatially controls translation of vertebrate maternal mRNAs.</a> RNA. 19 (11), 1575-1582 (2013).</li><li>Maisonneuve, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bicaudal+C,+a+novel+regulator+of+Dvl+signaling+abutting+RNA-processing+bodies,+controls+cilia+orientation+and+leftward+flow.">Bicaudal C, a novel regulator of Dvl signaling abutting RNA-processing bodies, controls cilia orientation and leftward flow.</a> Development. 136 (17), 3019-3030 (2009).</li><li>Tran, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+RNA-binding+protein+bicaudal+C+regulates+polycystin+2+in+the+kidney+by+antagonizing+miR-17+activity.">The RNA-binding protein bicaudal C regulates polycystin 2 in the kidney by antagonizing miR-17 activity.</a> Development. 137 (7), 1107-1116 (2010).</li><li>Pagano, J. M., Clingman, C. C., Ryder, S. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Quantitative+approaches+to+monitor+protein-nucleic+acid+interactions+using+fluorescent+probes.">Quantitative approaches to monitor protein-nucleic acid interactions using fluorescent probes.</a> RNA. 17 (1), 14-20 (2011).</li><li>Foley, T. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Platform+to+Enable+the+Pharmacological+Profiling+of+Small+Molecules+in+Gel-Based+Electrophoretic+Mobility+Shift+Assays.">Platform to Enable the Pharmacological Profiling of Small Molecules in Gel-Based Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays.</a> J Biomol Screen. 21 (10), 1125-1131 (2016).</li></ol>

Los geles nativos de poliacrilamida son una herramienta invaluable para investigar las interacciones proteína-ARN y tradicionalmente estos geles son sometidos a electroforesis vertical 2 , 3 . Hemos utilizado una modificación del protocolo que sustituye los geles de poliacrilamida nativos creados y electrophoresed horizontalmente 1 , 4 , 6 , <sup class="xre...

Los ensayos electroforéticos de cambio de movilidad (EMSA) han demostrado ser una herramienta bioquímica inestimable para analizar las interacciones proteína-ácido nucleico específicas 1 , 2 , 3 . Estos ensayos pueden proporcionar información importante con respecto a la afinidad de unión de las proteínas al ARN o al ADN 3 , a la estequiometría de componentes de los complejos ácido nucleico-proteína 1 y aportan nuevas e importantes ideas sobre la especificidad de unión de las proteínas de unión al ARN mediante experimentos de competición de sustratos 1 . La configuración experimental tradicional para estos ensayos consiste en mezclar proteína purificada con un sustrato de ARN radiomarcado. Los complejos resultantes se analizan a continuación con geles de poliacrilamida no desnaturalizantes (nativos) vertidos entre dos placas de vidrio seguido por electroforesis de muestra en un aparato vertical 3. Si bien este enfoque se ha utilizado exhaustivamente para proporcionar importantes conocimientos en los mecanismos bioquímicos que subyacen a la unión de proteínas a los ácidos nucleicos, también tiene varias limitaciones. Por ejemplo, esta estrategia básica tiene un rendimiento relativamente bajo y no es fácilmente adaptable para aplicaciones que requieren analizar muchas reacciones de unión en paralelo. Además, con el aparato vertical tradicional es un desafío para potencialmente monitor de complejos en múltiples ocasiones durante la electroforesis [ 3 , 4] . Aquí presentamos una adaptación del ensayo EMSA que utiliza geles nativos de poliacrilamida moldeados en un aparato de superficie plana, electroforesis horizontal y sustratos de ARN marcados fluorescentemente 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 . La incorporación de estas modificaciones relativamente simples a laTegy ofrece algunas ventajas poderosas. En particular, el formato de superficie plana horizontal se presta fácilmente para analizar docenas de muestras simultáneamente 4 . También, para algunos complejos de ARN-proteína, tales como los formados entre la proteína Bicaudal-C y su electroforesis de sustrato de ARN en un gel horizontal proporciona una mayor capacidad para resolver complejos de ARN-proteína distintos y discriminar éstos a partir del sustrato de ARN no unido.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" width="1432">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:373px;">Horizontal Gel Box</td>
			<td style="width:112px;">OWL</td>
			<td style="width:116px;">N/A</td>
			<td style="width:831px;">Product no longer made. Similar gel boxes can be found at Thermo Scientific, A-series gel boxes. Catalog Number: A2-BP</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">24-well large large horizontal gel electrophoresis combs</td>
			<td>OWL</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Product no longer made. Similar gel boxes can be found at Thermo Scientific, A-series gel box combs. Catalog Number: A2-24C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Powerpac 300</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>1655050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Mini-Protean II Electrophoresis Cell</td>
			<td>Bio-Rad</td>
			<td>165-2940</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">InstaPAGE-19 40% 19:1 Acrylamide/Bis</td>
			<td>IBI</td>
			<td>IB70015</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">TEMED</td>
			<td>IBI</td>
			<td>IB70120</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">APS</td>
			<td>IBI</td>
			<td>IB70080</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Yeast tRNAs</td>
			<td>Ambion</td>
			<td>AM7119</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fluorescein labeled RNA</td>
			<td>IDT</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Order can be made custom to length and desired sequence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">EDTA tetrasodium salt hydrate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E5391-1KG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">HEPES</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H4034-500G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tris Base Ultrapure</td>
			<td>US Biological</td>
			<td>T8600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Boric Acid</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP168-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP366-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Tween-20</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>BP337-500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">DEPC</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>1609-47-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>3483 12 3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>9048-46-8</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

horizontal gel electrophoresis for enhanced detection of protein-rna complexes

La electroforesis nativa de gel de poliacrilamida es una herramienta fundamental de la biología molecular que se ha utilizado ampliamente para el análisis bioquímico de las interacciones ARN-proteína. Estas interacciones se han analizado tradicionalmente con geles de poliacrilamida generados entre dos placas de vidrio y muestras sometidas a electroforesis vertical. Sin embargo, los geles de poliacrilamida moldeados en bandejas y sometidos a electroforesis horizontalmente ofrecen varias ventajas. Por ejemplo, los geles horizontales utilizados para analizar complejos entre sustratos de ARN fluorescentes y proteínas específicas pueden ser visualizados múltiples veces a medida que avanza la electroforesis. Esto proporciona la oportunidad única de monitorear los complejos ARN-proteína en varios puntos durante el experimento. Además, la electroforesis en gel horizontal hace posible analizar muchas muestras en paralelo. Esto puede facilitar enormemente los experimentos en el curso del tiempo, así como analizar múltiples reacciones simultáneamente para comparar diferentes componentes y condiciones. Aquí estamosOvide un protocolo detallado para generar y usar electroforesis en gel nativa horizontal para analizar las interacciones ARN-Proteína.

Para demostrar la potencia y versatilidad de la electroforesis horizontal en gel natural se analizó la unión de la proteína Xenopus Bicaudal-C (Bicc1) a un ARN marcado fluorescentemente que contenía un sitio de unión a Bicc1. Las proteínas Bicc1 funcionan como represores translacionales específicos de mRNA para controlar las decisiones de destino celular durante las etapas maternas de desarrollo animal 9 , 10 <sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis for Enhanced Detection of Protein-RNA Complexes at JoVE.com

Horizontal Gel Electrophoresis for Enhanced Detection of Protein-RNA Complexes

La electroforesis en gel de poliacrilamida nativa es una herramienta fundamental para analizar las interacciones ARN-proteína. Tradicionalmente, la mayoría de los experimentos han utilizado geles verticales. Sin embargo, los geles horizontales proporcionan varias ventajas, tales como la oportunidad de monitorizar complejos durante la electroforesis. Proporcionamos un protocolo detallado para generar y usar electroforesis en gel nativa horizontal.

Electroforesis en gel horizontal para la detección mejorada de los complejos proteína-ARN

Native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is a fundamental tool of molecular biology that has been used extensively for the biochemical analysis of ...

The overall of this protocol is to analyze RNA protein interactions using horizontal native gel electrophoresis. This method can help answer key questions in RNA biochemistry, such as defining the characteristics of specific RNA protein interactions. The main advantage of this technique is that it allows complex formation to be monitored multiple times during electrophoresis.For the horizontal gel apparatus, use a gel box with a 27 centimeter by 21 centimeter casting tray and a capacity for two 24 well combs. This set up provides a total of 48 samples that can be analyzed simultaneously. Prepare two liters of 1x TBE running buffer by diluting 400 milliliters of 5x TBE with 1, 600 milliliters of water and mixing.Place the TBE buffer in the cold room to cool. Prepare the following reagents following standard procedures, 40%acrylamide best 19:1, 5x TBE, temed and 10%ammonium per sulfate. To make a 10%native acrylamide gel, add the following to a 500 milliliter flask:80 milliliters of 5x TBE, 100 milliliters of 40%acrylamide and water to a final volume of 400 milliliters.Add four milliliters of 10%ammonium per sulfate and 400 microliters of temed and mix well. Pour the mix into the horizontal casting tray and allow the gel to polymerize in the fume hood for 30 minutes. The polymerized gel will be approximately two centimeters thick and a thin layer of liquid will remain on top of the gel.Place the gel into the gel box and take it into the cold room. Next, pour the liquid off and rinse with running buffer. Remove the combs carefully, add two liters of cold running buffer to the gel box and then use a syringe to rinse the wells with running buffer.Pre-run the gel at 120 volts for one hour at four degrees celsius in a cold room. While the gel is being prerun, prepare the binding reactions. Add the following binding reaction components to each RNA free microcentrifuge tube in this order:five microliters of 10 millimolar BSA, five microliters of 20 millimolar DTT, five microliters of 10 millimolar yeast tRNAs, 10 microliters of 5x binding buffer, bicaudal-c protein to a final concentration of 250 nanomolar in 50 microliters, DEPC-treated water to a final volume of 45 microliters and five microliters of fluorescently labeled RNA substrate.Close the tubes and flick gently to mix, centrifuge the tubes briefly and incubate in the dark for 30 minutes at room temperature. When the binding reactions are complete, add 15 microliters of 50%glycerol to each reaction and mix gently. Carefully load 30 microliters of each reaction into the wells of the gel, the amount of sample that can be loaded into a single well varies depending on the thickness of the gel and the size of the wells.The power supply to the gel apparatus, switch on the power, adjust the voltage to 120 volts and run the gel in four degree celsius. To prevent damaging or bleaching of the fluorescently labeled RNA, conduct electrophoresis in the dark. Electrophoresis times will vary depending upon the specifics of the RNA protein complex being analyzed.A major advantage of the horizontal electrophorated mobility shift assay analysis, is that electrophoresis can be stopped in the gel image prior to completion of the run. Perform analysis with any instrument designed for detecting an imaging fluorescent substrates. Adjust the imager settings, for fluorescently labeled ligands, use the following settings.Fluorescein wavelength of 473 nanometers, photomultiplier voltage of 750 volts and pixel size of 100 micrometers. Scan the gel to capture the image. After imaging, the gel can be placed back into the apparatus and electrophoresis can be continued for longer times.The binding of the xenopus bicaudal-C or Bicc1 protein to a fluorescently labeled Cripto1 mRNA containing a Bicc1 binding site, was analyzed by both vertical and horizontal native gel electrophoresis, as a negative control, Bicc1 was mixed with a fluorescently labeled RNA derived from CyclinB1 mRNA. It was readily apparent using either method, that Bicc1 binds to the Cripto1 RNA and forms a specific complex. However, the Bicc1, Cripto1 complexes were significantly more distinct when analyzed with the horizontal gel, facilitating their detection and allowing the discrimination of protein RNA complexes from unbound RNA.After imaging, the gel was returned to the gel apparatus, electrophoresis for an additional three and a half hours, and reimaged. As shown here, the complexes had migrated further and were still readily detectable, indicating their stability. Once mastered, this technique can be done in four to five hours, if it is performed properly.After watching this video, you should have a good understanding of how to analyze RNA protein interactions using horizontal native gel electrophoresis.

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

Sheathless Capillary Electrophoresis&#8211;Mass Spectrometry for Metabolic Profiling of Biological Samples

Sheathless electroforesis capilar-espectrometría de masas de perfiles metabólicos de muestras biológicas

In metabolomics, a wide range of analytical techniques is used for the global profiling of (endogenous) metabolites in complex samples. In this paper, a ...

Investigación

Bioquímica

Characterization of Multi-subunit Protein Complexes of Human MxA Using Non-denaturing Polyacrylamide Gel-electrophoresis

Caracterización de complejos de proteínas de múltiples subunidades de MxA humano Usando no desnaturalizante en gel de poliacrilamida-electroforesis

The formation of oligomeric complexes is a crucial prerequisite for the proper structure and function of many proteins. The interferon-induced antiviral ...

Tandem Affinity Purification of Protein Complexes from Eukaryotic Cells

Tandem Affinity purificación de complejos de proteínas a partir de células eucariotas

The purification of active protein-protein and protein-nucleic acid complexes is crucial for the characterization of enzymatic activities and de novo ...

Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

Protein-tRNA Agarose Gel Retardation Assays for the Analysis of the N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

Ensayos de Retardo de Gel de ARNt de Proteína-ARNt para el Análisis del<emN</em<sup6</sup&gt; -threonylcarbamoyladenosine TcdA Function

We demonstrate methods for the expression and purification of tRNA(UUU) in Escherichia coli and the analysis by gel retardation assays of the binding of ...

Detection and Visualization of DNA Damage-induced Protein Complexes in Suspension Cell Cultures Using the Proximity Ligation Assay

Detección y visualización de los complejos de proteínas inducidos por daño de ADN en cultivos de células en suspensión usando el ensayo de ligación de proximidad

The DNA damage response orchestrates the repair of DNA lesions that occur spontaneously, are caused by genotoxic stress, or appear in the context of ...

Analyzing Supercomplexes of the Mitochondrial Electron Transport Chain with Native Electrophoresis, In-gel Assays, and Electroelution

Análisis de supercomplexes de la cadena de transporte de electrones mitocondriales con electroforesis nativa, ensayos en gel y electroelución

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) transduces the energy derived from the breakdown of various fuels into the bioenergetic currency of the ...

DNA Polymerase Activity Assay Using Near-infrared Fluorescent Labeled DNA Visualized by Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Ensayo de actividad polimerasa de la DNA usando la DNA etiquetado fluorescente infrarroja visualizado por electroforesis en Gel de acrilamida

For any enzyme, robust, quantitative methods are required for characterization of both native and engineered enzymes. For DNA polymerases, DNA synthesis ...

Use of Two Dimensional Semi-denaturing Detergent Agarose Gel Electrophoresis to Confirm Size Heterogeneity of Amyloid or Amyloid-like Fibers

Uso de dos electroforesis del Gel de la agarosa detergente semi desnaturalización Dimensional para confirmar la heterogeneidad de tamaño de las fibras amiloides o amiloide-como

Amyloid or amyloid-like fibers have been associated with many human diseases, and are now being discovered to be important for many signaling pathways. ...

Analysis of AtHIRD11 Intrinsic Disorder and Binding Towards Metal Ions by Capillary Gel Electrophoresis and Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis

Análisis de AtHIRD11 trastorno intrínseco y vinculante hacia los iones del Metal por electroforesis capilar y afinidad de electroforesis capilar

Plants are strongly dependent on their environment. In order to adjust to stressful changes (e.g., drought and high salinity), higher plants evolve ...

Analysis of Thylakoid Membrane Protein Complexes by Blue Native Gel Electrophoresis

Análisis de los complejos de la proteína de membrana de tilacoides por electroforesis nativa azul

Photosynthetic electron transfer chain (ETC) converts solar energy to chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP. Four large protein complexes embedded ...