Name: sagittal plane kinematic gait analysis in c57bl/6 mice subjected to mog35-55 induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Uploaded: 2017-11-04T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

نود أن نعترف شدراوي Sid لمساعدته التقنية مع التصوير. وكان هذا العمل مدعومة بتمويل من جمعية مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد من كندا (EGID 2983).

هذا البروتوكول وفقا "المجلس الكندي" المبادئ التوجيهية "رعاية الحيوان"، ووافقت عليه "لجنة جامعة دالهوزي" على "الحيوانات المختبرية".
 1-"بناء علامات عاكسة": <ol><li>استخدام لكمه ثقب اليد، لكمه العدد المطلوب من دوائر صغيرة من ورقة العاكسة. ويتطلب كل الحيوانات 5 علامات لتسجيل واحد؛ ا...

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(91), e51785 (2014).</li><li>Hetze, S., Romer, C., Teufelhart, C., Meisel, A., Engel, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gait+analysis+as+a+method+for+assessing+neurological+outcome+in+a+mouse+model+of+stroke.">Gait analysis as a method for assessing neurological outcome in a mouse model of stroke.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 206 (1), 7-14 (2012).</li><li>Preisig, D. 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Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Overcoming+unresponsiveness+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+(EAE)+resistant+mouse+strains+by+adoptive+transfer+and+antigenic+challenge.">Overcoming unresponsiveness in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) resistant mouse strains by adoptive transfer and antigenic challenge.</a> J Vis Exp. (62), e3778 (2012).</li><li>Stromnes, I. M., Goverman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Passive+induction+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">Passive induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (4), 1952-1960 (2006).</li><li>Stromnes, I. M., Goverman, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Active+induction+of+experimental+allergic+encephalomyelitis.">Active induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (4), 1810-1819 (2006).</li><li>Fiander, M. D., Stifani, N., Nichols, M., Akay, T., Robertson, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Kinematic+gait+parameters+are+highly+sensitive+measures+of+motor+deficits+and+spinal+cord+injury+in+mice+subjected+to+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Kinematic gait parameters are highly sensitive measures of motor deficits and spinal cord injury in mice subjected to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> Behav Brain Res. 317, 95-108 (2017).</li><li>Jones, M. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Behavioral+and+pathological+outcomes+in+MOG+35-55+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Behavioral and pathological outcomes in MOG 35-55 experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Neuroimmunol. 199 (1-2), 83-93 (2008).</li><li>van den Berg, R., Laman, J. D., van Meurs, M., Hintzen, R. Q., Hoogenraad, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rotarod+motor+performance+and+advanced+spinal+cord+lesion+image+analysis+refine+assessment+of+neurodegeneration+in+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis.">Rotarod motor performance and advanced spinal cord lesion image analysis refine assessment of neurodegeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.</a> J Neurosci Methods. 262, 66-76 (2016).</li><li>Sasaki, M., Lankford, K. L., Brown, R. J., Ruddle, N. H., Kocsis, J. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Focal+experimental+autoimmune+encephalomyelitis+in+the+Lewis+rat+induced+by+immunization+with+myelin+oligodendrocyte+glycoprotein+and+intraspinal+injection+of+vascular+endothelial+growth+factor.">Focal experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the Lewis rat induced by immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and intraspinal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor.</a> Glia. 58 (13), 1523-1531 (2010).</li><li>Merkler, D., Ernsting, T., Kerschensteiner, M., Bruck, W., Stadelmann, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+focal+EAE+model+of+cortical+demyelination:+multiple+sclerosis-like+lesions+with+rapid+resolution+of+inflammation+and+extensive+remyelination.">A new focal EAE model of cortical demyelination: multiple sclerosis-like lesions with rapid resolution of inflammation and extensive remyelination.</a> Brain. 129 (Pt 8), 1972-1983 (2006).</li><li>Franco-Pons, N., Torrente, M., Colomina, M. 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في الفئران مع ع، هي التهديف السريرية الطريقتين الأكثر شيوعاً لقياس العجز الحركي وتقع الكمون من27،روتارود28. هذه التقنيات على قيود عدة. سجل السريرية محدودة على الرغم من ملاءمة والمستخدمة على نطاق واسع، التي تسفر عن بيانات المستوى الترتيبي فقط، مما يعني أن حج?...

مشيه عبارة عن سلسلة من الحركات المتكررة للأطراف المستخدمة لتحقيق الحركة. مشيه يتكون من دورات الخطوة التي تنقسم إلى مرحلتين: المرحلة موقفا، وعندما تتحرك القدم إلى الوراء على الأرض لدفع يرسل الجسم؛ وفي مرحلة سوينغ، حيث القدم الخروج الأرض وتتحرك إلى الأمام. اضطرابات مشيه سمات مميزة للعديد من اضطرابات الأعصاب، مثل إصابات النخاع الشوكي (علوم) والتصلب المتعدد (MS)، والتصلب العضلي الجانبي (المرض)، ومرض باركنسون (PD) والسكتة الدماغية؛ نماذج القوارض الإكلينيكية لهذه الاضطرابات غالباً الخص بهم العاهات مشيه كل منها1. وكانت آليات المراقبة الأساسية للحركة في الفئران دراسة مكثفة2،3. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، هناك نماذج الماوس للعديد من الاضطرابات العصبية البشرية4. ولذلك هو تحليل مشيه في الفئران نهج جذابة لقياس جوانب متعددة من العجز الحركي التي يعرف يرتبط التشريحية. دراسة مشيه في نماذج الفأر قد ثاقبة لاثيل قواعد العجز الحركي في اضطرابات الأعصاب، وتمكين تحديد العلاجات المحتملة.
وتشمل بعض التقنيات التي استخدمت لقياس مشيه في القوارض التفتيش البصري (مثلاً، باسو الماوس مقياس5 وفتح مجال الاختبار6) وتحليل مشيه من الطائرة البطني7. في الآونة الأخيرة، أساليب لقياس الكينماتيكا السهمي الطائرة حركات اللكتات اكتسبت شعبية نظراً لأنها توفر مزيد من المعلومات حول تنفيذ الحركة، وهي بالتالي أكثر حساسية للتغييرات الطفيفة في مشيه8، 9 , 10 , 11-التقنيات الحركية المتقدمة لدراسة حركة اللكتات في الطائرة السهمي بينما كان يسير في حلقة مفرغة9،12 وقد درست على نطاق واسع في سياق الخيال، المرض، الإصابات الرضية القشرية، والسكتة الدماغية، و مرض هنتنغتون8،9،10،11،،من1314،،من1516. وفي المقابل، شهدت هذه التقنيات استخدام محدود في دراسة حالات العجز الحركي لنماذج الماوس من التصلب المتعدد17.
النخاع الذاتية التجريبية (إي) هو النموذج الأكثر استخداماً الماوس من مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد18. طريقتين الرئيسي لتحريض ع عن طريق التطعيم الإيجابي أو السلبي. وفي EAE نشطة، يتم تحصين الفئران مع المستضدات المايلين وتسبب neuroinflammation تي الخلية بوساطة أوتورياكتيفي وديميليناتيون في الحبل الشوكي والمخيخ. من ناحية أخرى، هو فعل EAE السلبي، نقل الخلايا أوتورياكتيفي تي من ماوس مع EAE النشطة ل ماوس السذاجة19. كما هو موضح في مكان آخر، سير المرض وأمراض الأعصاب تتأثر مستضد الجهاز العصبي المركزي (CNS) وضغط الماوس20،21،،من2223،24 ،25. في التجارب إي، وهي حقن الفئران التحكم الكامل فروند الشعبية adjuvant (CFA) دون مستضد المايلين. EAE تتميز بترتيب تصاعدي الشلل الذي يبدأ مع ضعف الذيل، ويمكن أن تنطوي على الأمامية، أسفر عن ترنح والشلل الذي أصاب20. نحن اتسمت مؤخرا تغييرات مشيه في الفئران C57Bl/6 تعرض لبروتين سكري oligodendrocyte المايلين 35-55 (35-55من موج)-التي يسببها ع. وقد أظهرت هذه الدراسات تحليل مشيه أن تكون متفوقة من التحليل السلوكي الكلاسيكي للانحرافات عن حركة الكاحل طبيعية عالية ترتبط بدرجة فقدان هذه المسألة الأبيض في الحبل الشوكي القطني من الفئران ع26. على النقيض من ذلك، قوة العلاقة بين فقدان هذه المسألة الأبيض واثنين الأخرى السلوكية التدابير التقليدية (التهديف السريرية وروتارود) كان أضعف بكثير26.
يصف لنا هنا في استخدام تحليل مشيه الحركية للكشف عن العجز في الحركة في الطائرة السهمي من الفئران ع المشي في حلقة مفرغة. وضعت خمس علامات عاكسة اللكتات تحديد حركة الورك والركبة، والمفاصل الكاحل في تسجيلات الفيديو عالية السرعة. برمجيات تحليل الحركة استخدمت لاستخراج البيانات الحركية عن الرحلات المشتركة. وتناقش جدوى هذه التقنيات لقياس العجز حركة لنموذج35-55 موج EAE. هذه التقنيات تنطبق أيضا على دراسة العجز مشيه في نماذج أخرى الماوس من اضطرابات الأعصاب.

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">Camera</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:344px;">Nikon D750</td>
			<td style="width:167px;">Used to film the video</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Reflective tape</td>
			<td>B&#38;L Engineering</td>
			<td>MKR-Tape-2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Fine scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>15023-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Glue gun</td>
			<td>Craftsmart</td>
			<td>E231647</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">scalpel handle #4</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>R5-9884</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Scalpel Blade No.10</td>
			<td>Feather</td>
			<td>2020-12</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">C57BL/6 mice</td>
			<td>Charles River Laboratories</td>
			<td style="width:344px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Anesthetic machine</td>
			<td>EZ Anesthesia</td>
			<td>EZ-AF9000 Auto Flow System</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Recirculating water heating blanket</td>
			<td>Androit</td>
			<td>HTP-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">topical eye lubricant</td>
			<td>Refresh</td>
			<td>DIN00210889</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Shaver</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>78997-010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">High speed camera</td>
			<td>Fastec</td>
			<td>Fastec IL3-100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">High power light</td>
			<td>Smith Victor Corporation</td>
			<td>Model 700 SG (600 Watt quartz light, 120 Volts)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Light Stand</td>
			<td>Promaster</td>
			<td>LS1</td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Treadmill</td>
			<td colspan="2">Custom built at the Zoological Institute, University of Cologne</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Microsoft Excel 2016</td>
			<td>Microsoft</td>
			<td>Version 2016</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">KinemaJ</td>
			<td>Nicolas Stifani</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a script generated for use with ImageJ</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">KinemaR</td>
			<td>Nicolas Stifani</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>This is a script generated for use with Rstudio</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;">Vicon Motus</td>
			<td>Vicon Motus</td>
			<td>Version 9.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">GraphPad Prism</td>
			<td>GraphPad</td>
			<td>Version 6.00</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

sagittal plane kinematic gait analysis in c57bl/6 mice subjected to mog35-55 induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

كثيرا ما استخدمت تحليل مشيه الحركية في الطائرة السهمي لتوصيف حالات العجز الحركي في التصلب المتعدد (MS). يصف لنا تطبيق هذه التقنيات على تحديد العجز مشيه في نموذج الفأر من مرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد، المعروفة باسم النخاع الذاتية التجريبية (ع). يتم تقييم العجز الشلل والحركية في الفئران التي تعرضت إلى ع عادة استخدام مقياس التهديف سريرية. ومع ذلك، هذا المقياس غلة البيانات الترتيبية فقط أن يقدم القليل من المعلومات حول الطبيعة الدقيقة لحالات العجز الحركي. وقسمت أيضا شدة المرض إي بأداء روتارود، الذي يوفر قدرا من التنسيق الحركي العام. على النقيض من ذلك، تحليل مشيه الحركية من أطرافهم هند في الطائرة السهمي يولد معلومات دقيقة جداً عن كيفية حركة البصر. لتنفيذ هذا الإجراء، يتم وضع علامات عاكسة على أطرافهم هند للكشف عن الحركة المشتركة بينما ماوس يسير في حلقة مفرغة. الحركة تحليل البرمجيات المستخدمة لقياس حركة علامات أثناء المشي. معلمات مشيه الحركية ثم مستمدة من البيانات الناتجة. وتبين لنا كيف يمكن استخدام هذه المعلمات مشيه لقياس حركات البصر من مفاصل الورك والركبة والكاحل في ع. يمكن استخدام هذه التقنيات لتحسين فهم آليات المرض وتحديد علاج محتمل لمرض التصلب العصبي المتعدد واضطرابات الأعصاب الأخرى التي تعوق التنقل.

ويمثل الشكل 1 تمثيل تخطيطي للإجراءات المستخدمة لتحليل مشيه الحركية. أولاً، تعكس علامات مصنوعة ووضعها على ماوس عند 5 نقاط تشريحية. ثم يتم تسجيل مشيه بينما الماوس يسير في حلقة مفرغة. الحركة تحليل البرمجيات المستخدمة لاستخراج البيانات الحركية للتحليل اللاحق.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis at JoVE.com

Sagittal Plane Kinematic Gait Analysis in C57BL/6 Mice Subjected to MOG35-55 Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

تحليل مشيه الحركية الطائرة السهمي في الفئران C57BL/6 تعرض إلى MOG35-55 التي يسببها التجريبية النخاع المناعة الذاتية

تحليل مشيه الحركية في الطائرة السهمي تعطي معلومات دقيقة جداً حول كيف يتم تنفيذ الحركة. يصف لنا تطبيق هذه التقنيات على تحديد العجز مشيه للفئران التي تتعرض للمناعة الذاتية بوساطة demyelination. كما يمكن استخدام هذه الأساليب لوصف العجز مشيه لنماذج الماوس أخرى تتميز بضعف الحركة.

Kinematic gait analysis in the sagittal plane has frequently been used to characterize motor deficits in multiple sclerosis (MS). We describe the ...

The overall goal of this procedure is to measure functional motor impairments in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis or EAE, mouse model multiple sclerosis using kinematic gait analysis. The application of kinematic gait analysis to mouse-walking behavior has been previously established and described by others. Neurological deficits in an EAE result from neural inflammation and sporadic white matter loss throughout the spinal cord and the cerebellum.Traditionally, motor stability in EAE mice has been assessed using clinical scoring systems, in which mice are assigned a clinical score based on the observer's impression of the severity of motor deficits. Data from clinical scores are ordinal and do not correlate well with the spinal cord histopathology. Kinematic gait analysis has recently been shown to be a better behavioral correlate of white matter loss than clinical scores, in addition to providing an objective description of walking deficits in the EAE mice.This technique involves placing reflective markers on the high limbs of mice and allowing them to walk on a treadmill while being recorded with a high-speed camera. Kinematic parameters are then extracted from the video using motion analysis software. The first step is to make the markers that will be placed on the animal's hind leg.The reflection of light off of these markers allows the coordinates of anatomical points on the leg to be extracted from the videos. To begin, punch the desired number of circles from the sheet of reflective paper. Each mouse requires five markers per recording, two large and three small.Using fine scissors, make a cut extending from the perimeter to the center of the circle. Peel off the paper backing to reveal the adhesive surface using fine forceps. Grip the marker with forceps and using your finger, roll the marker in on itself to form a cone.To make a small marker, make a longer cut and curl the cone more tightly. To make a large marker, make a shorter cut and curl the cone more loosely. Using a hot glue gun, fill the inside of the cone with glue and adhere it to a piece of cardboard.It is important to fully fill the marker with glue to prevent the marker from collapsing when handling during recording. Once the glue is dry, cut the marker off using a scalpel. Ensure that you cut away from your body.The next step is to prepare the animal for recording. To do this, the reflective markers must be adhered to the hind limb of the mouse at the proper anatomical locations. This is conducted under light anesthesia.Place the mouse in an induction chamber and anesthetize with 2.5%isoflurane. Once unconscious, transfer the mouse from the induction chamber to a nose cone or a recirculating water heating pad. Apply a topical lubricant to both eyes.Shave the desired hind limb extending from the ankle to the spine and the bottom of the ribs. In this demonstration, we are recoding movements of the right hind limb, but either or both limbs may be used. Locate the iliac crest by bringing both knees together with your thumb and forefinger and palpating just below the ribs.Mark this location using a permanent marker. Locate the hip by extending the leg and moving it back and forth. Place a marker over the hip joint, which is the point of articulation between the head of the femur and the pelvis.Using a flexible ruler, measure and record the length of the tibia or shank of the mouse. Measure and record the length of the femur or thigh as well. To isolate the fourth toe for marker placement, tape down the rest of the foot.Grasp a small marker with forceps and dip the flat end in glue. Place the small marker on the tip of the fourth toe. Place another small marker on the metatarsophalangeal joint.Place the last small marker on the ankle. Place a large marker on the hip joint directly over the mark on the skin. Place the second large marker on the mark over the iliac crest.Remove the tape from the foot. Place the mouse in a recovery cage and transport immediately to the gait recording room. The next step is recording the mouse walking on a treadmill.This picture is of our treadmill recording setup, showing the light, high-speed camera, and treadmill. Prior to recording the mouse's gait, take a picture of a calibration block with known dimensions on the treadmill. This will allow the pixels in the video to be converted to real measurements.It is critical that the camera angle and position at which the calibration picture is taken remains the same during the recording of walking behavior. Place the mouse in the treadmill. Increase the treadmill's speed gradually to orient the mouse in the correct direction.Slowly accelerate to 20 centimeters per second, which is the ideal running speed for obtaining recordings of steady gait. For accurate analysis, it's best to record eight to 12 step cycles of steady walking behavior. This is an example of consistent walking.The following is the same video shown at half speed. Because mice walk so quickly, it can be useful to view the videos at slower speeds to count step cycles and to better appreciate the gait pattern. This is one example of an EAE mouse walking on the treadmill.This mouse is unable to support its body weight as its pelvis is very low to the ground. Additionally, it is having difficulty lifting its foot off the ground during the swing phase. This is an example of another EAE mouse that has less severe motor deficits.The EAE mouse is walking on its toes with reduced movement at the ankle joint. This gives the mouse an uneven gait. The following are examples of behaviors that will compound analysis.Recordings, including these behaviors, should not be used. Lagging occurs when the mouse stops walking and travels to the back of the treadmill, but then resumes walking. This may occur in any mouse, but will occur more frequently at lower speeds.Rearing occurs when the mouse shifts its weight on its back hind limbs and raises its head and upper body. This behavior is common in anxious mice. The following are examples of poor lighting that will lead to issues with analysis of the markers'position in time and space.If the lighting is too dim, markers may not reflect enough light to be recognized by the computer software. In this video, the toe markers are not easily visible due to insufficient lighting. If the lighting is too bright, objects other than the markers may reflect too much light and be recognized as a marker.In this video, the toe markers appear to be merging with the reflective parts of the treadmill. Data from the reflective markers on mice walking can be used to create stick models of the leg from which kinematic parameters can be extracted. This is a recording of a mouse walking with a stick model of the leg superimposed.Note that in this video, there is a sixth marker on the knee, which is not necessary because the location of the knee can be triangulated from the positions of the hip and ankle joints, and the measured lengths of the femur and tibia. Because markers over the knee joint are often inaccurate due to skin slippage, triangulation is the preferred method. A mouse's step cycle can be divided into two main phases.The stance phase and the swing phase. This stick diagram can be used to qualitatively illustrate the movement of the hind limb in time and space. An example of this could be to assess the movement of the hind limb at different times points throughout the study.This example shows that the hind leg is compressed during the stance phase, indicating that the mouse has difficulty supporting its body weight. This is reflected by increased flexion of the knee and ankle joints. At the later time point, this has partially recovered.This video illustrates the relationship between the walking behavior and joint angles over time. The hip, knee, and ankle angle waveforms can be extracted from each recording. The joint angles can then be averaged over eight to 12 consecutive step cycles, resulting in an average step cycle that can be used for further analysis.This graph represents a knee joint waveform averaging from 10 consecutive step cycles. The data has been normalized, so that the length of the stance and swing phases are 100 frames respectively. The clear background represents the swing phase and the green background represents the stance phase.For this mouse, the walking behavior from week to week was very consistent and the step-cycle waveforms from each week overlapped considerably. However, there can also be substantial variability in gait in healthy mice as seen in this graph. The degree of variability shown here is acceptable and within the range of what might be expected from a mouse.This graph represents the knee step cycle from the EAE mouse recorded on three consecutive weeks. There is a slight change in the shape of the step cycle at week two and a substantial deviation by week three, which the mouse's knee is much more flexed and does not extend during walking. There are numerous parameters that can be measured using this technique.We'll briefly describe three. The average angle is obtained by averaging all angles throughout the normalized step cycle. In this instance, the average angle decreases throughout the study, suggesting that the mice are not extending their knees as much as normal.The range of motion is obtained by subtracting the smallest angle from the largest angle in the normalized step cycle. This parameter can give you insight into joint flexibility, rigidity, or weakness. In this example, the knee range of motion decreases throughout the study indicating that the mice are not able to move their knee normally, possibly due to muscle weakness.Root-Mean-Square difference is a method used to measure deviation of step-cycle waveforms from the baseline recording. This parameter tells you how much deviation there is from the initial recording. Kinematic gait analysis is a valuable technique that can be used to sensitively detect and describe changes in gait.The application of kinematic gait analysis to EAE studies may be a valuable tool in understanding the functional consequences of spinal cord pathology in this model. It may facilitate discovery of novel treatments for multiple sclerosis. Additionally, kinematic gait analysis is not limited to the context of EAE.This technique has previously been used in mouse models with spinal cord injury, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease and stroke, and can be applied to other mouse models with neurological disorders, including Parkinson's disease.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Experimental Methods for Testing the Effects of Neurotrophic Peptide, ADNF-9, Against Alcohol-induced Apoptosis during Pregnancy in C57BL/6 Mice

الطرق التجريبية لاختبار آثار الببتيد عصبية، ADNF-9، ضد موت الخلايا المبرمج الناجم عن الكحول أثناء فترة الحمل في C57BL / 6 الفئران

Experimental designs for investigating the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure during early embryonic stages in fetal brain growth are challenging. This ...

Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury

تحليل مشيه الآلي في الفئران مع الإصابات المزمنة انقباض

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some ...

A Simple Approach to Induce Experimental Autoimmune Neuritis in C57BL/6 Mice for Functional and Neuropathological Assessments

نهج بسيط للحث على العصب الذاتية التجريبية في الفئران C57BL/6 للتقييمات الفنية ولاثيل

Experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN) is a well-appreciated experimental model of autoimmune peripheral demyelinating diseases. EAN disease is induced by ...

Cochlear Implant Surgery and Electrically-evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Recordings in C57BL/6 Mice

جراحة زرع cochlear وتسجيلات استجابة جذع الدماغ السمعية أثارت كهربائياً في الفئران C57BL/6

Cochlear implants (CIs) are neuroprosthetic devices that can provide a sense of hearing to deaf people. However, a CI cannot restore all aspects of ...

Comprehensive Understanding of Inactivity-Induced Gait Alteration in Rodents

فهم شامل لتغيير المشية الناجم عن الخمول في القوارض

It is well known that disuse affects neural systems and that joint motions become altered; however, which outcomes properly exhibit these characteristics ...

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

Imaging CD19+ B Cells in an Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model using Positron Emission Tomography

تصوير خلايا CD19 + B في نموذج فأر تجريبي لالتهاب الدماغ والنخاع المناعي الذاتي باستخدام التصوير المقطعي بالإصدار البوزيتروني

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) disease affecting young adults, often resulting in neurological ...

تحريض وتقييم التهاب الدماغ والنخاع المناعي الذاتي التجريبي في الفئران

Modeling Multiple Sclerosis in the Two Sexes: MOG35-55-Induced Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: إنشاء نموذج تجريبي متعدد الاستخدامات لالتهاب الدماغ والنخاع المناعي الذاتي مناسب لكل من الفئران الذكور والإناث 

نمذجة التصلب المتعدد في الجنسين: MOG35-55-التهاب الدماغ المناعي الذاتي التجريبي الناجم عن

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS). It is characterized by different ...

نموذج الإجهاد الاجتماعي للمراهقين في الفئران C57BL / 6 للبحث السلوكي

Social Defeat Stress Model for Adolescent C57BL&#47;6 Male and Female Mice

تسليط الضوء على المؤلف: فهم آثار الشدائد الاجتماعية للمراهقين على النمو العصبي في الفئران

نموذج الإجهاد للهزيمة الاجتماعية للمراهقين C57BL / 6 ذكور وإناث الفئران

Social adversity in adolescence is prevalent and can negatively impact mental health trajectories. Modeling social stress in adolescent male and female ...