Name: primordial germ cell transplantation for crispr/cas9-based leapfrogging in xenopus
Uploaded: 2018-02-01T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus at JoVE.com

이 작품은 보조금의 지원으로 수행 되었다 5R21HD080684-02, 아동 건강의 국가 학회 및 인간 발달에서. 저자 켄 조 그의 지속적인 열정과 지원에 대 한 감사를 기원 합니다. 저자 또한 싶습니다 원고, 숀 맥 나 마라와 국가 Xenopus 자원 (RRID:SCR_013731)에 마 Wlizla의 중요 한 독서에 대 한 그의 카메라, 리브가 Charney의 사용에 대 한 브루스 블 룸 베르크를 인정 하는 가치에 대 한 X. tropicalis 수 유 및 동물 관리 식이요법에 관한 대화.

여기에 설명 된 모든 메서드는 기관 동물 관리 및 사용, Irvine가 주 대학의 위원회에 의해 승인 되었습니다.
1입니다. PGC 식 위한 준비
<ol><li>앞에서 설명한23으로 해 부 도구를 사전에 준비 합니다. 참고: 눈 썹 머리 칼 수술을 수행 하는 동안 태아를 안정 시키기 위해 머리 루프의 도움으로 절 개를 만드는 데 사용 됩니다. 눈 썹 머리와 머리 루프 붕 규 산 ?...

<ol>
	<li>Gurdon, J. B., Hopwood, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+introduction+of+Xenopus+laevis+into+developmental+biology:+of+empire,+pregnancy+testing+and+ribosomal+genes.">The introduction of Xenopus laevis into developmental biology: of empire, pregnancy testing and ribosomal genes.</a> Int J Dev Biol. 44 (1), 43-50 (2000).</li><li>Hellsten, U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+genome+of+the+Western+clawed+frog+Xenopus+tropicalis.">The genome of the Western clawed frog Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Science. 328 (5978), 633-636 (2010).</li><li>Session, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genome+evolution+in+the+allotetraploid+frog+Xenopus+laevis.">Genome evolution in the allotetraploid frog Xenopus laevis.</a> Nature. 538 (7625), 336-343 (2016).</li><li>Blitz, I. L., Biesinger, J., Xie, X., Cho, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biallelic+genome+modification+in+F(0)+Xenopus+tropicalis+embryos+using+the+CRISPR/Cas+system.">Biallelic genome modification in F(0) Xenopus tropicalis embryos using the CRISPR/Cas system.</a> Genesis. 51 (12), 827-834 (2013).</li><li>Nakayama, T., Fish, M. B., Fisher, M., Oomen-Hajagos, J., Thomsen, G. H., Grainger, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+and+efficient+CRISPR/Cas9-mediated+targeted+mutagenesis+in+Xenopus+tropicalis.">Simple and efficient CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Genesis. 51 (12), 835-843 (2013).</li><li>Guo, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+RNA/Cas9-mediated+genome+editing+in+Xenopus+tropicalis.">Efficient RNA/Cas9-mediated genome editing in Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Development. 141 (3), 707-714 (2014).</li><li>Wang, F., Shi, Z., Cui, Y., Guo, X., Shi, Y. B., Chen, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+gene+disruption+in+Xenopus+laevis+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">Targeted gene disruption in Xenopus laevis using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Cell Biosci. 5, 15 (2015).</li><li>Jaffe, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=c21orf59/kurly+Controls+Both+Cilia+Motility+and+Polarization.">c21orf59/kurly Controls Both Cilia Motility and Polarization.</a> Cell Rep. 14 (8), 1841-1849 (2016).</li><li>Liu, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+genome+editing+of+genes+involved+in+neural+crest+development+using+the+CRISPR/Cas9+system+in+Xenopus+embryos.">Efficient genome editing of genes involved in neural crest development using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in Xenopus embryos.</a> Cell Biosci. 6, 22 (2016).</li><li>Naert, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9+mediated+knockout+of+rb1+and+rbl1+leads+to+rapid+and+penetrant+retinoblastoma+development+in+Xenopus+tropicalis.">CRISPR/Cas9 mediated knockout of rb1 and rbl1 leads to rapid and penetrant retinoblastoma development in Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Sci Rep. 6 (35264), (2016).</li><li>Ratzan, W., Falco, R., Salanga, C., Salanga, M., Horb, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+Xenopus+laevis+F1+albino+J+strain+by+genome+editing+and+oocyte+host-transfer.">Generation of a Xenopus laevis F1 albino J strain by genome editing and oocyte host-transfer.</a> Dev Biol. 426 (2), (2016).</li><li>Bhattacharya, D., Marfo, C. A., Li, D., Lane, M., Khokha, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9:+An+inexpensive,+efficient+loss+of+function+tool+to+screen+human+disease+genes+in+Xenopus.">CRISPR/Cas9: An inexpensive, efficient loss of function tool to screen human disease genes in Xenopus.</a> Dev Biol. 408 (2), 196-204 (2015).</li><li>Shigeta, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Rapid+and+efficient+analysis+of+gene+function+using+CRISPR-Cas9+in+Xenopus+tropicalis+founders.">Rapid and efficient analysis of gene function using CRISPR-Cas9 in Xenopus tropicalis founders.</a> Genes Cells. 21 (7), 755-771 (2016).</li><li>Hontelez, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryonic+transcription+is+controlled+by+maternally+defined+chromatin+state.">Embryonic transcription is controlled by maternally defined chromatin state.</a> Nat Commun. 6, 10148 (2015).</li><li>Peshkin, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+Relationship+of+Protein+and+mRNA+Dynamics+in+Vertebrate+Embryonic+Development.">On the Relationship of Protein and mRNA Dynamics in Vertebrate Embryonic Development.</a> Dev Cell. 35 (3), 383-394 (2015).</li><li>Owens, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+Absolute+RNA+Copy+Numbers+at+High+Temporal+Resolution+Reveals+Transcriptome+Kinetics+in+Development.">Measuring Absolute RNA Copy Numbers at High Temporal Resolution Reveals Transcriptome Kinetics in Development.</a> Cell Rep. 14 (3), 632-647 (2016).</li><li>Blitz, I. L., Fish, M. B., Cho, K. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leapfrogging:+primordial+germ+cell+transplantation+permits+recovery+of+CRISPR/Cas9-induced+mutations+in+essential+genes.">Leapfrogging: primordial germ cell transplantation permits recovery of CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations in essential genes.</a> Development. 143 (15), 2868-2875 (2016).</li><li>Blackler, A. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+germ-cells+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Transfer of germ-cells in Xenopus laevis.</a> Nature. 185, 859-860 (1960).</li><li>Blackler, A. W., Fischberg, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transfer+of+primordial+germ-cells+in+Xenopus+laevis.">Transfer of primordial germ-cells in Xenopus laevis.</a> J Embryol. Exp Morph. 9, 634-641 (1961).</li><li>Bounoure, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> L'origine des cellules reproductrices et le problem de la lignee germinale. , (1939).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P. D., Sutasurya, L. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Primordial Germ Cells in the Chordates: Embryogenesis and phylogenesis. , (1979).</li><li>Heasman, J., Holwill, S., Wylie, C. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fertilization+of+cultured+Xenopus+oocytes+and+use+in+studies+of+maternally+inherited+molecules.">Fertilization of cultured Xenopus oocytes and use in studies of maternally inherited molecules.</a> Methods Cell Biol. 36, 213-230 (1991).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Embryo+dissection+and+micromanipulation+tools.">Embryo dissection and micromanipulation tools.</a> CSH Protoc. , (2007).</li><li>Nakayama, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas9-based+genome+editing+in+Xenopus+tropicalis.">Cas9-based genome editing in Xenopus tropicalis.</a> Methods Enzymol. 546, 355-375 (2014).</li><li>Ogino, H., McConnell, W. B., Grainger, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+transgenesis+in+Xenopus+using+I-SceI+meganuclease.">High-throughput transgenesis in Xenopus using I-SceI meganuclease.</a> Nat Protoc. 1 (4), 1703-1710 (2006).</li><li>Sive, H. L., Grainger, R. M., Harland, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Early development of Xenopus laevis.: a laboratory manual. , (2000).</li><li>Kay, B. K., Kay, B. K., Peng, H. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Injection+of+oocytes+and+embryos.">Injection of oocytes and embryos.</a> Xenopus laevis: Practical Uses in Cell and Molecular Biology (Methods in Cell Biology Vol. 36). , (1991).</li><li>Nieuwkoop, P., Faber, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Normal Table of Xenopus laevis. (Daudin): A Systematical and Chronological Survey of the Development from the Fertilized Egg till the End of Metomorphosis. , (1994).</li><li>Brinkman, E. K., Chen, T., Amendola, M., van Steensel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easy+quantitative+assessment+of+genome+editing+by+sequence+trace+decomposition.">Easy quantitative assessment of genome editing by sequence trace decomposition.</a> Nucleic Acids Res. 42 (22), e168 (2014).</li><li>Sander, V., Reversade, B., De Robertis, E. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+opposing+homeobox+genes+Goosecoid+and+Vent1/2+self-regulate+Xenopus+patterning.">The opposing homeobox genes Goosecoid and Vent1/2 self-regulate Xenopus patterning.</a> EMBO J. 26 (12), 2955-2965 (2007).</li><li>Bedell, V. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+genome+editing+using+a+high-efficiency+TALEN+system.">In vivo genome editing using a high-efficiency TALEN system.</a> Nature. 491 (7422), 114-118 (2012).</li><li>Kim, J. M., Kim, D., Kim, S., Kim, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genotyping+with+CRISPR-Cas-derived+RNA-guided+endonucleases.">Genotyping with CRISPR-Cas-derived RNA-guided endonucleases.</a> Nat Commun. 5, 3157 (2014).</li><li>Kim, H. J., Lee, H. J., Kim, H., Cho, S. W., Kim, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+genome+editing+in+human+cells+with+zinc+finger+nucleases+constructed+via+modular+assembly.">Targeted genome editing in human cells with zinc finger nucleases constructed via modular assembly.</a> Genome Res. 19 (7), 1279-1288 (2009).</li><li>Qiu, P., Shandilya, H., D'Alessio, J. M., O'Connor, K., Durocher, J., Gerard, G. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mutation+detection+using+Surveyor+nuclease.">Mutation detection using Surveyor nuclease.</a> Biotechniques. 36 (4), 702-707 (2004).</li><li>Ota, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+identification+of+TALEN-mediated+genome+modifications+using+heteroduplex+mobility+assays.">Efficient identification of TALEN-mediated genome modifications using heteroduplex mobility assays.</a> Genes Cells. 18 (6), 450-458 (2013).</li><li>Dahlem, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple+Methods+for+Generating+and+Detecting+Locus-+Specific+Mutations+Induced+with+TALENs+in+the+Zebrafish+Genome.">Simple Methods for Generating and Detecting Locus- Specific Mutations Induced with TALENs in the Zebrafish Genome.</a> PLoS Genet. 8 (8), e1002861 (2012).</li><li>Ramlee, M. K., Yan, T., Cheung, A. M., Chuah, C. T., Li, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+genotyping+of+CRISPR/Cas9-mediated+mutants+using+fluorescent+PCR-capillary+gel+electrophoresis.">High-throughput genotyping of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutants using fluorescent PCR-capillary gel electrophoresis.</a> Sci Rep. 5, 15587 (2015).</li><li>Bhattacharya, D., Marfo, C. A., Li, D., Lane, M., Khokha, M. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR/Cas9:+An+inexpensive,+efficient+loss+of+function+tool+to+screen+human+disease+genes+in+Xenopus.">CRISPR/Cas9: An inexpensive, efficient loss of function tool to screen human disease genes in Xenopus.</a> Dev Biol. 408 (2), 196-204 (2015).</li><li>Yu, C., Zhang, Y., Yao, S., Wei, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+PCR+Based+Protocol+for+Detecting+Indel+Mutations+Induced+by+TALENs+and+CRISPR/Cas9+in+Zebrafish.">A PCR Based Protocol for Detecting Indel Mutations Induced by TALENs and CRISPR/Cas9 in Zebrafish.</a> PLoS ONE. 9 (6), e98282 (2014).</li><li>Mock, U., Hauber, I., Fehse, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Digital+PCR+to+assess+gene-editing+frequencies+(GEF-dPCR)+mediated+by+designer+nucleases.">Digital PCR to assess gene-editing frequencies (GEF-dPCR) mediated by designer nucleases.</a> Nat Protoc. 11 (3), 598-615 (2016).</li><li>Varshney, G. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High-throughput+gene+targeting+and+phenotyping+in+zebrafish+using+CRISPR/Cas9.">High-throughput gene targeting and phenotyping in zebrafish using CRISPR/Cas9.</a> Genome Res. 25 (7), 1030-1042 (2015).</li><li>Shi, J., Wang, E., Milazzo, J. P., Wang, Z., Kinney, J. B., Vakoc, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Discovery+of+cancer+drug+targets+by+CRISPR-Cas9+screening+of+protein+domains.">Discovery of cancer drug targets by CRISPR-Cas9 screening of protein domains.</a> Nat Biotechnol. 33 (6), 661-667 (2015).</li><li>Koebernick, K., Loeber, J., Arthur, P. K., Tarbashevich, K., Pieler, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Elr-type+proteins+protect+Xenopus+Dead+end+mRNA+from+miR-18-mediated+clearance+in+the+soma.">Elr-type proteins protect Xenopus Dead end mRNA from miR-18-mediated clearance in the soma.</a> Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107, 16148-16153 (2010).</li><li>Yang, J., Aguero, T., King, M. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Xenopus+maternal-to-zygotic+transition+from+the+perspective+of+the+germline.">The Xenopus maternal-to-zygotic transition from the perspective of the germline.</a> Curr Top Dev Biol. 113, 271-303 (2015).</li></ol>

이 보고서에서는 PGCs. 이식의 PGCs를 포함 하는 식물 조직의 이식에 대 한 상세한 프로토콜을 수정 하는 생식을 게놈 편집 기술 (예: CRISPR/Cas9)와 함께에서 사용 하면서 동물의 거의 모든 그것의 체세포 조직 유전자 야생 유형으로 유지. 성공 하려면 leapfrogging 위해 수행 간이식을 수행 하기 전에 고려해 야 할 중요 한 요인의 수가 있다.
돌연변이 체 대립 유전자와는 생식의...

어떻게 유전자 표현 형 인코딩합니다 Mendel의 법률의 재발견 이후 생물학에서 주요 질문 되었습니다. 인코딩된 제품 약속 잠복 새로운 생물학 및 장황 질병 상태에 대 한 도구를 제공 하기의 기능과 유전자, 그들의 규칙 및 유전자 네트워크 내에서 상호 작용의 역할의 이해. 절반 이상이 세기1, 아프리카 발톱된 개구리, Xenopus, 기초 생물학 및 의학, 발달의 유전 통제를 포함 하 여 다양 한 주제에 대 한 연구에 대 한 선도 모델을 하고있다. 역사적으로, Xenopus 에 대부분의 연구는 allotetraploid 개구리, X. laevis, 사용 하지만 더 최근에, 그것의 diploidy 인 X. tropicalis 개발 되었습니다 양서류 유전자 모델. 완전 한 게놈 시퀀스 두 Xenopus 종2,3에서 조립 되어 있다. "개구리 커뮤니티"입니다 지금 전환점에 어디 기본 게놈 수정 기술 허용 유전자 기능 연구 거의 것입니다. 프로그래밍 가능 CRISPR/Cas9 endonucleases 유전자의 mutagenesis를 biallelic 돌연변이 가능한 대부분의 세포에서 동물4,,56,7의 고효율 만들었습니다. 8,9,,1011. Bhattacharya 외 하 여 강조 하는 이러한 연구 12 및 Shigeta 외. 13, 많은 유전자의 기능 mutagenesis F0 모자이크 동물에 의해 공부 될 수 있다 나타났습니다. 이 접근에는 많은 이점이; 그러나, Cas9-sgRNA-microinjected 배아 종종 기능 (LOF)의 불완전 한 손실로 인해 가변 고기를 표시합니다. 더 크게, 돌연변이 라인의 세대는 매우 일부 응용 프로그램에 대 한 유리한-특히 모성 mRNA 기여 있는 유전자를 공부를 할 때. 모성 mRNAs 및 단백질, 그리고 epigenetics에 그들의 영향 embryogenesis14,,1516, 많은 유전자의 초기 발달 기여를 렌더링으로 오랜된 기간 동안 유지 F0 분석에의 내 화 따라서, 다른 LOF 방법이 제시해 주셔야 합니다.
돌연변이 체 라인을 만들 경우, 경로 homozygous LOF 배아를 얻는 몇 가지 장애물 있다. 첫째, 효율적인 mutagenesis biallelic 돌연변이 생산 하는 필수 유전자 기능의 손실이 가능한 라인의 생산을 방해 하는 성적 성숙에 살아남기 위해 실패에서 하기 때문에 불리 한 될 수 있습니다. 일반적인 솔루션은 Cas9-sgRNA 전달 금액의 주의 적정. 여기, 목표는 또한 생식 mutagenesis 효율성을 극대화 하면서 치 사 율 감소 사이의 균형을 달성 하는. 두 번째 문제 표준 사육 체계에서 발생 하는 phenotypic 분석 F2 세대까지 지연 됩니다. 표준 방식을 사용 하 여, 성적 돌연변이 체 대립 유전자는 생식을 통해 F1 heterozygous "캐리어", 성적 성숙 성장 다음 생산 outcrossed는 전송 하는 F0 동물 성숙. 2 F1 heterozygotes는 다음 25%의 예상된 Mendelian 주파수에서 F2 돌연변이 배아를 생산 하기 위해 intercrossed. 따라서, 번 식의 2 세대 돌연변이 고기의 분석을 위해 필요 하다. 돌연변이 동물 homozygotes 또는 복합 heterozygotes (즉, 자손 포함 하는 두 개의 다른 돌연변이 체 대립 유전자 F1 intercross에서 사용 하는 부모의 동물의 genotypes에 달려 있는) 수 있습니다.
프로그래밍 가능한 nuclease 중재 mutagenesis 세균 세포에 기초가 넘기17라는 새 메서드를 제한 하 여 이러한 장애물을 극복할 수 있습니다. 두 가지 주요 구성 요소는 leapfrogging: Cas mRNA sgRNA, 또는 nuclease sgRNA 단지 (또는, 원리, TALENs 또는 아연 손가락 nucleases)의 (1) microinjection 단일 셀 단계에서 효율적으로 배아 유전자 mutagenize를, 다음 (2) PGCs의 생 PGCs 제거 되었습니다 wildtype 형제 배아로 이식. 두 단계는 돌연변이 세균 세포로 효율적이 고 완전 한 생식 보충 때 얻어질 수 있다. Blackler 1960 년대 Xenopus PGCs 늦은 neurula에서 배아 초기 tailbud 단계18,19사이 이식 될 수 있는 시연. Leapfrogging, Blackler의 접근 PGCs 태아20,21의 식물성 극에 지역화는 blastula 단계17, 간이식을 수행 하 여 수정 되었습니다. Gastrulation 전에 이식 두 가지 주요 장점이 있습니다. 첫째, 이식 및 후속 표준 개발의 engraftment 이식 blastula 단계 (관찰 되지 않은)에서 수행 하는 경우 더 효율적으로 발견 되었다. 둘째, zygotic 녹음 방송 시작 직후 blastula 단계 간이식을 수행, 하나 치 발달 유전자 변이 gastrulation 또는 그 방해를 그렇지 않으면 잘못 된 늦은 neurulae 이어질에서 발생을 피할 수 있다. PGC 이식-베어링 ("사간") 배아는 성적 성숙, 성장 및 이러한 F0 동물 사이 intercrosses는, 많은 경우에, F1 자손의 100% (대부분 되 고 복합 LOF 형 표시 증명 heterozygotes), 대상된 돌연변이와 완전 한 생식 교체를 나타내는.
그것 leapfrogging Xenopus에 유전 접근을 가속화 될 것으로 예상 된다. 또한 임산부 효력 유전자 (게시 되지 않은 관찰) LOF 분석에 대 한 "호스트 전송" 방법22 에 대 한 대안을 제공 leapfrogging. 현재 발행물에서 PGC 이식에 초점 특히 방법에 대 한 자세한 설명을 제공 됩니다 X. tropicalis 에서 ( X. laevis에 대 한 작은 수정). Xenopus작업 다른 실험실에 더 빠른이 기술 이전을 촉진 하기 위하여 여기 PGCs의 식은 설명 했다. 이 방법의 원리 (예: urodeles), 다른 양서류에 성공 해야 하 고 방법론에서 유기 체 관련 수정 효율적인 mutagenesis 달성 될 수 있는 다른 많은 동물을 응용 프로그램에 대 한 허용 해야 하 고 PGCs는 쉽게 transplantable.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Dumont #5 forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>11252-20 or 11252-30</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eyebrow hair knife</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair loop</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homemade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pasteur pipettes, borosilicate glass</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-678-20A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Krazy Glue (Cyanoacrylate-based)</td>
			<td>Elmer&#39;s Products, Inc.</td>
			<td>KG581</td>
			<td>To affix eyebrow hair and hair loops into Pasteur pipettes, other similar glues can be used.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oligodeoxynucleotides, custom ordered</td>
			<td>Integrated DNA Technologies</td>
			<td>Custom ordered</td>
			<td>Template oligos for sgRNA synthesis, see Nakayama et al., 2014 for design details.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Megascript T7 kit</td>
			<td>Ambion/ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>AM1334</td>
			<td>Or use Megashortscript T7 (AM1354) kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol, Tris buffered</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High quality distilled phenol from any commercial supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chloroform</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High quality chloroform from any commercial supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>High quality ethanol from any commercial supplier</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC)</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co.</td>
			<td>D5758-50ML</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cas9 protein, with nuclear localization signal</td>
			<td>PNA Bio, Inc.</td>
			<td>CP01</td>
			<td>Reconstituted using DEPC-treated water according to manufacturer&#39;s recommendations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10X Marc&#39;s Modified Ringers solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Homemade. Recipe (ref 26) for 1X MMR (lacking EDTA) is 100mM NaCl, 2 mM KCl, 1 mM MgSO4, 2 mM CaCl2, 5 mM HEPES. Solution is pH adjusted to 7.4.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agarose</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any Molecular Biology grade agarose is sufficient</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 X15 mm Petri plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>351007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>24-well plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>3047</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-Cysteine</td>
			<td>Sigma Chemical Co.</td>
			<td>C7352-100G</td>
			<td>Free base, not HCl salt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Proteinase K</td>
			<td>Roche</td>
			<td>03 115 828 001</td>
			<td>Typically ~20mg/ml from Roche</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sera Micron</td>
			<td>sera</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Tadpole food. Resuspend in growth medium. Can be purchased from a variety of online retailers</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

primordial germ cell transplantation for crispr/cas9-based leapfrogging in xenopus

편집 하는 게놈 돌연변이 라인의 창조 많은 유기 체에서 유전자 분석을 가속. CRISPR/Cas9 메서드가 아프리카 발톱된 개구리, Xenopus, 생물 의학 연구에 대 한 오랜 모델 유기 체에서에서 사용 하기 위해 적응 되었습니다. CRISPR/Cas9-타겟 mutagenesis와 homozygous 돌연변이 라인을 만들기 위한 전통적인 번 식 계획 몇 가지 어렵고 힘 드는 단계 있다. 특히 노크 embryogenesis에 필수적인 유전자와 관련 된 장애를 극복 하기 위해 돌연변이 배아의 생성을 촉진 하기 위하여 leapfrogging 이라는 새로운 방법을 개발 되었다. 이 기술을 활용 하 여 "잘라내기 및 붙여넣기" Xenopus 배아의 견고성 embryological 방법. Leapfrogging PGC 연기나 wildtype 형제에 효율적으로 mutagenized 기증자 배아에서 원시 생식 세포 (PGCs)의 전송을 사용합니다. 이 메서드는 공상 동물 wildtype 체세포 돌연변이 생식을가지고 작성 하 여 필수적인 유전자의 효율적인 돌연변이 대 한 수 있습니다. 때 두 F0 동물 운반 "도약 이식" (즉, 돌연변이 세균 세포)는 intercrossed, 그들은 생산 homozygous, 또는 복합 heterozygous, null F1 배아, phenotypic 데이터를 얻기 위해 전체 생성 시간 절약. F0 phenotypic 분석 CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis 다음 내 화물은 임산부 효력 유전자 분석을 위한 새로운 접근 방법을 제공 합니다 또한 leapfrogging. 이 원고 leapfrogging PGC 이식 성공적으로 수행 하는 방법에 대 한 특별 한 강조와 함께 하는 방법을 자세히 설명 합니다.

이식, 다음 CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis의 효능의 질적 결정 축산 성장과 성적 성숙 동물 유지에 노력을 소비 하기 전에 수행 되어야 합니다. 때문에 들고 토끼 뜀 이식 동물 somatically wildtype는 생식은 직접 측정을 위한 접근 하기 어려운, 기증자 태아의 시체를 저장 중요 해 집니다. 시체에서 DNA 분석 이식된 생식17에서 발생 하는 mutagenesis의 범위에 대 한 프록시 역할...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus at JoVE.com

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

생존을 위해 필수적인 유전자 돌연변이 라인을 만들기 위한 기술 장애물 포즈. Leapfrogging 게놈 야생-타입 동물 생식 변이 들고 만드는 원시 생식 세포 이식으로 편집을 결합 하 여 치 사 율 circumvents. Leapfrogging 또한 F1 세대에서 null homozygous 돌연변이의 효율적인 생성을 허용합니다. 여기, 이식 단계는 보여 줍니다.

Xenopus 에 Leapfrogging CRISPR/Cas9-기반에 대 한 원시 생식 세포 이식

The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the ...

The overall goal of leapfrogging is to facilitate the creation of mutant lines for genes that are essential for embryogenesis. This method can help answer key questions in Developmental Genetics and other fields. The main advantage of this technique is that one can obtain mutants in essential genes in the F1 generation.To begin this procedure, microinject to Xenopus embryos at the one cell stage with Cas9-sgRNA complexes as outlined in the text protocol. When the embryos reach 4.5 hours post-fertilization, at early blastula stage nine, remove them from the 25 degree Celsius incubator to allow them to continue development at room temperature. To begin the transplantation at five hours post-fertilization, use a pasteur pipette to transfer one uninjected embryo to a 60 millimeter agarose dish containing depressions, which will serve as the graft recipient.Also transfer one PGC donor embryo to the dish. Use forceps to manually remove the vitelline envelopes from each embryo. And rotate both embryos so that their vegetal poles are in view and accessible for surgery.Next, while stabilizing the recipient embryo with the hair loop, insert the sharp tip of an eyebrow hair knife into the vegetal pole, just below the surface. And with rapid, upwards slicing movements, make four shallow incisions in the shape of a square, inside the zone where future bottle cells will form that mark the blastopore. Once the four sides of the square are delineated, use the eyebrow hair knife to deepen each incision using similar cutting motions to a depth of approximately 1/3 to 1/2 the distance to the blastocoel floor.Free the vegetal tissue explant from the recipient embryo by making one or more horizontal cuts in the deep vegetal region. Then, working quickly, repeat this procedure on the PGC donor embryo to create a similarly sized vegetal tissue fragment for transplantation. Once the tissue containing PGCs is removed from the donor embryo, use the eyebrow hair knife and hair loop to position the explant in the opening created in the recipient embryo.Use the shaft of the eyebrow hair knife, held parallel to the surface of the graft, to gently press the graft into the opening in the vegetal surface of the recipient embryo. Use the hair loop to gently slide the carcass of the donor embryo across the agarose surface and into a well. Make sure that the open wound of the carcass is facing the bulk liquid.Slide the recipient embryo into an adjacent well, and likewise, make sure that the grafted vegetal pole tissue is facing the bulk liquid. Repeat the transplantation of PGCs with additional embryos to create more transplant carcass pairs, until the embryos reach approximately early gastrula stage 10, transferring embryos to empty wells as the transplants are made. Once grafts have healed into place, typically 30 to 45 minutes after transplantation, use a pasteur pipette to very gently transfer embryos from the depressions to individual wells in an agarose-coated 24-well plate.Rotate the embryos so that they are positioned with the vegetal pole up, facing the bulk solution. Place the donor carcasses and graft recipients in adjacent wells to assist in keeping track of embryo pairs and record this information. Then, transfer the 24-well plate containing embryos to a 25 degree Celsius incubator overnight.The next day, move each graft recipient, now at the early tail bud stage, to an individual well of a fresh, agarose-coated, six-well plate. Raise the leapfrogged embryos and carry out analysis of donor DNA obtained from the carcasses according to the text protocol. Because leapfrogging produces animals that have efficient replacement of their germline with mutant alleles, mutant phenotypes can be obtained in the F1 generation.As presented in this table, Blitz et al. reported that a majority of F0 animals, targeted at the tyrosinase locus, which is required for melanocyte and retinal pigementation, show 100%germline transmission of donor-derived mutant genomes, as measured by outcrossing with tyr minus albino animals. Having watched this video, you should have a good understanding of how to transplant Xenopus primordial germ cells.

primordial-germ-cell-transplantation-for-crisprcas9-based

Research

JoVE Journal

Genetics

Primordial Germ Cell Transplantation for CRISPR/Cas9-based Leapfrogging in Xenopus

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative without tools to study gene function. The development and sharing of detailed protocols for the establishment of new model systems in laboratories, and for tools to carry out functional studies, is thus crucial for leveraging the power of genomics. Coleoptera (beetles) are the largest clade of insects and occupy virtually all types of habitats on the planet. In addition to providing ideal models for fundamental research, studies of beetles can have impacts on pest control as they are often pests of households, agriculture, and food industries. Detailed protocols for rearing and maintenance of D. maculatus laboratory colonies and for carrying out dsRNA-mediated interference in D. maculatus are presented. Both embryonic and parental RNAi procedures-including apparatus set up, preparation, injection, and post-injection recovery-are described. Methods are also presented for analyzing embryonic phenotypes, including viability, patterning defects in hatched larvae, and cuticle preparations for unhatched larvae. These assays, together with in situ hybridization and immunostaining for molecular markers, make D. maculatus an accessible model system for basic and applied research. They further provide useful information for establishing procedures in other emerging insect model systems.

Rearing and Double-stranded RNA-mediated Gene Knockdown in the Hide Beetle, Dermestes maculatus

Here, we present protocols for rearing an intermediate-germ beetle, Dermestes maculatus (D. maculatus) in the lab. We also share protocols for embryonic and parental RNAi and methods for analyzing embryonic phenotypes to study gene function in this species.

양육 및 숨기기 비틀에 RNA 매개 유전자 최저를 두 번 좌초,<em&gt; Dermestes maculatus</em

Advances in genomics have raised the possibility of probing biodiversity at an unprecedented scale. However, sequence alone will not be informative ...

연구

유전학

Detection of Copy Number Alterations Using Single Cell Sequencing

Detection of genomic changes at single cell resolution is important for characterizing genetic heterogeneity and evolution in normal tissues, cancers, and microbial populations. Traditional methods for assessing genetic heterogeneity have been limited by low resolution, low sensitivity, and/or low specificity. Single cell sequencing has emerged as a powerful tool for detecting genetic heterogeneity with high resolution, high sensitivity and, when appropriately analyzed, high specificity. Here we provide a protocol for the isolation, whole genome amplification, sequencing, and analysis of single cells. Our approach allows for the reliable identification of megabase-scale copy number variants in single cells. However, aspects of this protocol can also be applied to investigate other types of genetic alterations in single cells.

Single cell sequencing is an increasingly popular and accessible tool for addressing genomic changes at high resolution. We provide a protocol that uses single cell sequencing to identify copy number alterations in single cells.

단일 셀 시퀀싱을 사용하여 복사 번호 수선의 검출

Detection of genomic changes at single cell resolution is important for characterizing genetic heterogeneity and evolution in normal tissues, cancers, and ...

Single-cell Gene Expression Profiling Using FACS and qPCR with Internal Standards

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those populations. Single-cell gene expression measurements can help assess the role of noise in gene expression, identify correlations in the expression of pairs of genes, and reveal subpopulations of cells that respond differently to a stimulus. Here, we describe a procedure to measure the expression of up to 96 genes in single mammalian cells isolated from a population growing in tissue culture. Cells are sorted into lysis buffer by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and the mRNA species of interest are reverse-transcribed and amplified. Gene expression is then measured using a microfluidic real-time PCR machine, which performs up to 96 qPCR assays on up to 96 samples at a time. We also describe the generation and use of PCR amplicon standards to enable the estimation of the absolute number of each transcript. Compared with other methods of measuring gene expression in single cells, this approach allows for the quantification of more distinct transcripts than RNA FISH at a lower cost than RNA-Seq.

We describe a method to sort single mammalian cells and to quantify the expression of up to 96 target genes of interest in each cell. This method includes the use of internal qPCR standards to enable the estimation of absolute transcript counts.

내부 기준에 FACS 및 qPCR에 사용 단일 세포 유전자 발현 프로파일 링

Gene expression measurements from bulk populations of cells can obscure the considerable transcriptomic variation of individual cells within those ...

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex determination, venom synthesis, and host-symbiont interactions, among others. A major limitation of working with this organism is the lack of effective protocols to perform directed genome modifications. An important part of genome modification is delivery of editing reagents, including CRISPR/Cas9 molecules, into embryos through microinjection. While microinjection is well established in many model organisms, this technique is particularly challenging to perform in N. vitripennis primarily due to its small embryo size, and the fact that embryonic development occurs entirely within a parasitized blowfly pupa. The following procedure overcomes these significant challenges while demonstrating a streamlined, visual procedure for effectively removing wasp embryos from parasitized host pupae, microinjecting them, and carefully transplanting them back into the host for continuation and completion of development. This protocol will strongly enhance the capability of research groups to perform advanced genome modifications in this organism.

Embryo Microinjection and Transplantation Technique for Nasonia vitripennis Genome Manipulation

Microinjection of Nasonia vitripennis embryos is an essential method for generating heritable genome modifications. Described here is a detailed procedure for microinjection and transplantation of Nasonia vitripennis embryos, which will greatly facilitate future genome manipulation in this organism.

태아 Microinjection 및 Nasonia vitripennis 게놈 조작을 위한 이식 기술

The jewel wasp Nasonia vitripennis has emerged as an effective model system for the study of processes including sex determination, haplo-diploid sex ...

An Optogenetic Method to Control and Analyze Gene Expression Patterns in Cell-to-cell Interactions

Cells should respond properly to temporally changing environments, which are influenced by various factors from surrounding cells. The Notch signaling pathway is one of such essential molecular machinery for cell-to-cell communications, which plays key roles in normal development of embryos. This pathway involves a cell-to-cell transfer of oscillatory information with ultradian rhythms, but despite the progress in molecular biology techniques, it has been challenging to elucidate the impact of multicellular interactions on oscillatory gene dynamics. Here, we present a protocol that permits optogenetic control and live monitoring of gene expression patterns in a precise temporal manner. This method successfully revealed that intracellular and intercellular periodic inputs of Notch signaling entrain intrinsic oscillations by frequency tuning and phase shifting at the single-cell resolution. This approach is applicable to the analysis of the dynamic features of various signaling pathways, providing a unique platform to test a functional significance of dynamic gene expression programs in multicellular systems.

Here, we present a protocol to analyze cell-to-cell transfer of oscillatory information by optogenetic control and live monitoring of gene expression. This approach provides a unique platform to test a functional significance of dynamic gene expression programs in multicellular systems.

제어 하 고 셀 상호 작용에서 유전자 표현 패턴을 분석 하는 Optogenetic 메서드

Cells should respond properly to temporally changing environments, which are influenced by various factors from surrounding cells. The Notch signaling ...

Endogenous Protein Tagging in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or C-terminal fluorescent tags. The prokaryotic CRISPR/Cas9 system (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated 9) may be used to introduce large exogenous sequences into genomic loci via homology directed repair (HDR). To achieve the desired knock-in, this protocol employs the ribonucleoprotein (RNP)-based approach where wild type Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 protein, synthetic 2-part guide RNA (gRNA), and a donor template plasmid are delivered to the cells via electroporation. Putatively edited cells expressing the fluorescently tagged proteins are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Clonal lines are then generated and can be analyzed for precise editing outcomes. By introducing the fluorescent tag at the genomic locus of the gene of interest, the resulting subcellular localization and dynamics of the fusion protein can be studied under endogenous regulatory control, a key improvement over conventional overexpression systems. The use of hiPSCs as a model system for gene tagging provides the opportunity to study the tagged proteins in diploid, nontransformed cells. Since hiPSCs can be differentiated into multiple cell types, this approach provides the opportunity to create and study tagged proteins in a variety of isogenic cellular contexts.

Described here is a protocol for tagging endogenously expressed proteins with fluorescent tags in human induced pluripotent stem cells using CRISPR/Cas9. Putatively edited cells are enriched by fluorescence activated cell sorting and clonal cell lines are generated.

인간에서 태그 생 단백질 유도 만능 줄기 세포를 사용 하 여 CRISPR/Cas9

A protocol is presented for generating human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) that express endogenous proteins fused to in-frame&#160;N- or ...

Intraventricular Transplantation of Engineered Neuronal Precursors for In Vivo Neuroarchitecture Studies

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in vivo gene control of neocortical projection neuron morphology. This method is based on (1) in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors as "test" and "control" cells, (2) their co-transplantation into wild-type brains, and (3) paired morphometric evaluation of their neuronal derivatives. Specifically, E12.5 pallial precursors from panneuronal, genetically labeled donors, are employed for this purpose. They are engineered to take advantage of selected promoters and tetON/OFF technology, and they are free-hand transplanted into neonatal lateral ventricles. Later, upon immunofluorescence profiling of recipient brains, silhouettes of transplanted neurons are fed into NeurphologyJ open source software, their morphometric parameters are extracted, and average length and branching index are calculated. Compared to other methods, this one offers three main advantages: it permits achieving of fine control of transgene expression at affordable costs, it only requires basic surgical skills, and it provides statistically reliable results upon analysis of a limited number of animals. Because of its design, however, it is not adequate to address non cell-autonomous control of neuroarchitecture. Moreover, it should be preferably used to investigate neurite morphology control after completion of neuronal migration. In its present formulation, this method is exquisitely tuned to investigate gene control of glutamatergic neocortical neuron architecture. Taking advantage of transgenic lines expressing EGFP in other specific neural cell types, it can be re-purposed to address gene control of their architecture.

Based on in vitro lentiviral engineering of neuronal precursors, their co-transplantation into wild-type brains and paired morphometric evaluation of "test" and "control" derivatives, this method allows accurate modeling of in vivo gene control of neocortical neuron morphology in a simple and affordable way.

생체 내 신경 아키텍처 연구를 위한 엔지니어링된 신경 전구체의 내 측 통 이식

Gene control of neuronal cytoarchitecture is currently the subject of intensive investigation. Described here is a simple method developed to study in ...

Purification and Transplantation of Myogenic Progenitor Cell Derived Exosomes to Improve Cardiac Function in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophic Mice

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by a lack of functional dystrophin protein. The disease cannot be cured, and as the disease progresses, the patient develops symptoms of dilated cardiomyopathy, arrhythmia, and congestive heart failure. The DMDMDX mutant mice do not express dystrophin, and are commonly used as a mouse model of DMD. In our recent study, we observed that intramyocardial injection of wide type (WT)-myogenic progenitor cells-derived exosomes (MPC-Exo) transiently restored the expression of dystrophin in the myocardium of DMDMDX mutant mice, which was associated with a transient improvement in cardiac function suggesting that WT-MPC-Exo may provide an option to relieve the cardiac symptoms of DMD. This article describes the technique of MPC-Exo purification and transplantation into hearts of DMDMDX mutant mice.

Here, we present a protocol to transiently improve cardiac function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy mice by transplanting exosomes derived from normal myogenic progenitor cells.

정화와 조직적 조상 세포의 이식 파생 듀 켄 씨 근 Dystrophic 쥐에서 심장 기능을 개선 하기 위해 Exosomes

Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked recessive genetic disease caused by a lack of functional dystrophin protein. The disease cannot be cured, ...

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the flexible and efficient GreenGate cloning system with the proven and benchmarked LhGR system (here termed GR-LhG4) for the inducible expression, we have generated a set of transgenic Arabidopsis lines that can drive the expression of an effector cassette in a range of specific cell types in the three main plant meristems. To this end, we chose the previously developed GR-LhG4 system based on a chimeric transcription factor and a cognate pOp-type promoter ensuring tight control over a wide range of expression levels. In addition, to visualize the expression domain where the synthetic transcription factor is active, an ER-localized mTurquoise2 fluorescent reporter under control of the pOp4 or pOp6 promoter is encoded in driver lines. Here, we describe the steps necessary to generate a driver or effector line and demonstrate how cell type specific expression can be induced and followed in the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem and the cambium of Arabidopsis. By using several or all driver lines, the context specific effect of expressing one or multiple factors (effectors) under control of the synthetic pOp promoter can be assessed rapidly, for example in F1 plants of a cross between one effector and multiple driver lines. This approach is exemplified by the ectopic expression of VND7, a NAC transcription factor capable of inducing ectopic secondary cell wall deposition in a cell autonomous manner.

Inducible, Cell Type-Specific Expression in Arabidopsis thaliana Through LhGR-Mediated Trans-Activation

Here, we describe the generation and application of a set of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana lines enabling inducible, tissue-specific expression in the three main meristems, the shoot apical meristem, the root apical meristem, and the cambium.

유도할 수 있는, 애기 thaliana 통해 LhGR 중재 트랜스에 셀 형식 관련 식-활성화

Inducible, tissue-specific expression is an important and powerful tool to study the spatio-temporal dynamics of genetic perturbation. Combining the ...

Designing Automated, High-throughput, Continuous Cell Growth Experiments Using eVOLVER

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring fitness phenotypes and improving our understanding of how genotypes are shaped by selection. Extensive recent efforts to develop and apply niche continuous culture devices have revealed the benefits of conducting new forms of cell culture control. This includes defining custom selection pressures and increasing throughput for studies ranging from long-term experimental evolution to genome-wide library selections and synthetic gene circuit characterization. The eVOLVER platform was recently developed to meet this growing demand: a continuous culture platform with a high degree of scalability, flexibility, and automation. eVOLVER provides a single standardizing platform that can be (re)-configured and scaled with minimal effort to perform many different types of high-throughput or multi-dimensional growth selection experiments. Here, a protocol is presented to provide users of the eVOLVER framework a description for configuring the system to conduct a custom, large-scale continuous growth experiment. Specifically, the protocol guides users on how to program the system to multiplex two selection pressures &#8212; temperature and osmolarity &#8212; across many eVOLVER vials in order to quantify fitness landscapes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants at fine resolution. We show how the device can be configured both programmatically, through its open-source web-based software, and physically, by arranging fluidic and hardware layouts. The process of physically setting up the device, programming the culture routine, monitoring and interacting with the experiment in real-time over the internet, sampling vials for subsequent offline analysis, and post experiment data analysis are detailed. This should serve as a starting point for researchers across diverse disciplines to apply eVOLVER in the design of their own complex and high-throughput cell growth experiments to study and manipulate biological systems.

The eVOLVER framework enables high-throughput continuous microbial culture with high resolution and dynamic control over experimental parameters. This protocol demonstrates how to apply the system to conduct a complex fitness experiment, guiding users on programming automated control over many individual cultures, measuring, collecting, and interacting with experimental data in real-time.

에 버 버를 사용 하 여 자동화 된 고 처리량, 지속적인 세포 성장 실험 설계

Continuous culture methods enable cells to be grown under quantitatively controlled environmental conditions, and are thus broadly useful for measuring ...